WASSCE Introduction to Biology Lecture Slides (Part 2)

Introduction to Biology Lecture slides for WASSCE. Designed for West African Syllabus (WAEC). First topic in Elective Biology Textbook.

1. INTRODUCTION
TO BIOLOGY
LECTURE 2
WASSCE BIOLOGY

2. The scientific method
Body Symmetry
Sectioning
Orientation
Objectives

3. The
Scientific
Method

4. The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a systematic way of
conducting experiments or studies so that you can
explore the things you observe in the world and
answer questions about them
The process of objectively establishing facts
through testing and experimentation.

5. Steps of The Scientific
Method
1. State the Problem - Create a short, meaningful title of
your project. Write out a statement of purpose that
describes what you want to do.
2. Form a Hypothesis - This is a possible solution to the
problem formed after gathering information about the
problem/researching

6. 3. Prediction - This step involves determining the logical
consequences of the hypothesis. What you expect to
happen if the hypothesis is true.
4. Test the Hypothesis - An experiment is performed to
determine if the hypothesis solves the problem or not.
Experiments are done to gather data. It is very important
that good observations and records are made during an
experiment.

7. 5. Data/results: Numerical data obtained from your procedure
usually is presented as a table. Data encompasses what you
recorded when you conducted the experiment. Sometimes the
Results section is combined with the Discussion.
6. Discussion or Analysis: The Data section contains numbers.
The Analysis section contains any calculations you made based
on those numbers. This is where you interpret the data and
determine whether or not a hypothesis was accepted. This is also
where you would discuss any mistakes you might have made
while conducting the investigation.

8. 7. Conclusions: Is a single paragraph that sums up
what happened in the experiment, whether your
hypothesis was accepted or rejected, and what this
means.
8. References: If your research was based on
someone else's work or if you cited facts that
require documentation then you should list these
references.

9. Body
Symmetry

10. Body Symmetry
Body Symmetry Symmetry is the
balanced arrangement of body parts
around a central point or axis. It shows
how a body can be divided into two
equal parts. There are three basic kinds
of symmetry: radial, bilateral or
spherical.

11. Radial Symmetry
Radial symmetry is division in which an
organism can be divided equally about a
central point, much like a pie cut into equal
parts. That is body of the organism can be cut
along more than one plane to produce
identical halves. Organisms that exhibit radial
symmetry tend to be immobile. Radial
symmetry allows them to reach out in all
directions.

12. This is where the body of the organism can
be cut along only one plane to produce
identical halves. The right and left sides of
an item (e.g., a shape or an animal) are
mirror images of one another. For example,
since the right side of the human body
generally mirrors the left side, humans are
bilaterally symmetric.
Bilateral Symmetry

13. Spherical Symmetry
In spherical Symmetry, shaped like a sphere, and all
parts must be arranged or radiate equally around a
center point. Spherical symmetry is characterised by
the ability to draw an endless number of symmetry
axes through the body. This means that spherical
symmetry occurs in an organism if it is able to be cut
into two identical halves through any cut that runs
through the organism's center.

14. Asymmetry
Asymmetrical
animals have no
pattern of
symmetry.

15. Sectioning
and
Orientation

16. Sectioning
IA section is a cut made through an organism to see
internal features. Biological specimen can be
sectioned or cut in three forms
Transverse Section
Longitudinal Section
Vertical Section

17. Types of Sections
a cut that runs crosswise through the whole or
part of an organism.(Horizontally)
Transverse Section
Longitudinal Section
Vertical Section
a section that runs through the length of the
organism (from top to bottom/vertically).
a section that runs through whole or part of an
organism which has no distinct length or breadth

19. Orientation
Orientation describes the position of an
organism or viewed when being drawn.
1. Anterior view – head end of an organism.
2. Posterior view - caudal or tail end of an
organism.
3. Dorsal view – the upper part or back of the
organism.

20. 4. Ventral view – the underside or belly of an
organism.
5. Lateral view -the left side and right side
of the organism.
6. Pectoral - toward the forelimbs
7. Pelvic - toward the rear limbs
8. Distal - far from, farther from the origin
10 Proximal - near, closer to the origin.

22. Careers Associated with
Biology
1. Public Health
2. Medicine
3. Pharmaceutical
4. Pathology
5. Zoology and
Botany
6. Farming and
agricultural engineering
7. Physiotherapy
8. Microbiology and
Biotechnology industries
etc.

23. Thank
You
MOATAPARI
AGBERE @WA.VIRTUAL
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