WASTE WATER TREATMENT 1.pdf environmental engineering
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About This Presentation
Environmental engineering
Size: 303.98 KB
Language: en
Added: Aug 26, 2024
Slides: 66 pages
Slide Content
2/25/2008
B. Sc. Environmental Science and
Technology and Environmental
Health Year 4
Wastewater Treatment Sources and Characteristics of
Wastewater
H. W. T. Mapoma, M.Sc
http://haroldmapoma.tripod.com/id10.html
Academic Year 2008
Reference
W
Lin S (2001) Water and Wastewater
Calculations Manual, McGraw Hill, NY,
USA
W
Mara D (2003) Domestic Wastewater
Treatment in Developing Countries,
Earthscan, London, UK
W
Droste R. L (1997), Theory and Practice
of Water and Wastewater Treatment,
John Willy and Sons, Inc, NY, USA
Whttp://en.wikipedia.org
Presentation Outline
2
Definition
2
Origin and Composition
2
Need for WW Treatment & Selection Criteria
2
Physical Characteristics
/
Solids
/
Color
/
Turbidity
/
Odour
/
Temperature
2
Chemical Characteristics
/
Organic matter
/
Sulfur
/
Chlorides
/
Nitrogen
/
Phosphorus
2
Biological Characteristics
/
Bactria
/
Viruses
/
Algae
/
Protozoa
/
Fungi
Definition
2
WW = combination of water and water
carried wastes aka “sewage” 2
from households, human and animal
wastes, industrial wastewaters, storm
water and groundwater infiltration.
2
99.94 % water by weight
2
0.06 % dissolved or suspended materials
in the water 2
= largely the water supply of a
community after it has been fouled by
various uses.
2/25/2008
B. Sc. Environmental Science and
Technology and Environmental
Health Year 4
Origin and Composition
Origin and Composition Domestic wastewater composition W
human body wastes (faeces and urine)
together with water used from flushing
toilets,
W
sullage ~resulting from personal
washing, laundry, food preparation and
the cleaning of kitchen utensils
DWW is unstable, biodegradable and may
liberate offensive smell.
Origin and Composition Fresh wastewater →
a grey turbid liquid
→
has an earthly but inoffensive odour
→
contains large floating and suspended solids (such as
faeces, rags, plastics containers, and maize cobs etc.),
smaller suspended solids (such as partially
disintegrated faeces, paper, and vegetable peel etc.)
and very small solids in colloidal (i.e. non-settleable)
suspension, as well as pollutants in true solution.
→
is objectionable in appearance and hazardous in
content, high
≈
Contains high disease-causing (‘pathogenic’) organisms
≈
Easily become ‘stale’ or ‘septic’ in warm climate ~ DO is
easily lost
→SWW has offensive odour, usually of hydrogen sulphide.
Origin and Composition composition of faeces and urine in domestic wastewater
Origin and Composition
Origin and Composition
→
organic fractions esp. carbohydrates and
proteins are useful diet for bacteria and
other microscopic organisms.
⇒useful tool in treatment of wastewater
→
Also found in DWW = millions of intestinal
bacteria and smaller numbers of other
microorganisms from faeces and urine.
→majority are harmless, minority is
harmful to human health
Origin and Composition Sullage 2
Contributes a wide range of
household chemicals, food remains,
vegetable leavings and sand to
DWW
Origin and Composition Industrial wastewater →
varied in its composition ⇒varied industrial activities.
→some relatively clean water, some heavily laden with org anic and
inorganic matter or with corrosive or poisonous substances.
→Some so objectionable ~ cannot be allowed to be discharg ed in
public sewerage systems.
→
Poisonous chemicals upset the biological treatment plants, kill useful
aquatic plants and endanger water supplies.
→
Toxic gases or vapours are hazardous to workmen and operators of
sewage works and those involved in re-use activities.
Storm wastewater
→
also varied in composition ⇒the surface on which it flows.
→Some so organic ⇒point discharges of organic matters from the
houses built near the streams.
→Predominantly turbid and may contain high concentratio ns of
pathogens-typical of waters from disease outbreak areas.
2/25/2008
B. Sc. Environmental Science and
Technology and Environmental
Health Year 4
Need for WW Treatment &
Selection of Treatment Processes
and Unit Combinations
Need For Wastewater Treatment
2
Traditionally ~ the natural degradation process of micro-organisms
present in the environment to decompose waste materials effectively.
2
solid and liquid wastes discharged to soil and water is an effective
method of disposal provided that the load imposed upon the natural
process is not excessive. 2
industrial revolution and urban community growth resulted in high
volumes of wastes to be deposed of within the confined areas without
significantly destroying the local environment.
⇒need for treatment of the wastewater realized
2
Purpose
1.
control diseases
2.
control pollution of receiving waters ~ avoid physical, chemical and
biological degradation of water supplies
3.
reduce the offensiveness to sight and smell of the wastewater
4.
reduce enrichment of nutrient content of ponds and lakes
(eutrophication) leading to degradation and eventual death to such
receiving bodies of water 5.
control destruction of fish and other valuable aquatic life and
6.
control impairment of recreational and agricultural use of natural
waters
Need For Wastewater Treatment
→
Modern WWT done in three phases.
→Primary, Secondary and Tertiary (Advanced) treatment.
→
Primary treatment = removal of SS ~ includes screening and
sedimentation
→
Secondary treatment = removal of OM and residual SS
→biological processing unit
→involves decomposition of OM by microorganisms
~ done by either activated-sludge processes, trickling fi lters,
or rotating biological contactors.
→
Advanced WWT = processes that remove contaminants that affect
aquatic life, accelerate eutrophication, hinder use of surface waters
for municipal supplies, and restrict direct use of wastewa ter for
irrigation, groundwater recharge, or other beneficia l applications.
~ ensure water reclamation for agricultural use, indust rial
use and potable supplies.
~ degree of purification varies according to the spec ific use.
Selection of Treatment Processes and
Unit Combination
→
Influent wastewater characteristics ~ pH, color, odour etc.
→
Effluent characteristics ~ quality of treated wastewater for
reclamation
→for irrigation consider salts content e.g. sodium and nitrogen
~ convert nitrogen to nitrates for easy removal
→for industrial use free from hardness
→for safe disposal satisfy environmental standards
→
Reliability = output efficiency
→
Sludge handling and disposal ~ easy and cost effective to dewater
→
Process compatibility ~ pH and recycled waste streams effect on
operational sequence.
→ammonia stripping ~ effective and efficient at higher pH while
chlorination requires low pH.
→Other factors are concentrates, filtrates, backwash water and
other return flows.
→
Economic feasibility ~ capital and operational costs.
→electric power consumption, recovery and reuse of chemicals,
carbon regeneration, methods for sludge disposal and separation
or combination of biological and chemical treatment also human
resource
2/25/2008
B. Sc. Environmental Science and
Technology and Environmental
Health Year 4
Physical Characteristics of
WW
Physical Characteristics of WW Solids Content 2
comprise matter suspended or dissolved
in water and wastewater.
1.
Suspended solids: More than 10
-3
mm
diameter
2.
Colloidal matter: Between 10
-6
to 10
-3
mm diameter
3.
Dissolved matter: Less than 10
-6
mm
diameter
4.
Solids can further be divided into total,
volatile and settleable solids
Physical Characteristics of WW Total solids (TS) 2
Residue left in the drying dish after
evaporation of a sample of wastewater
and subsequent drying.
2
determination
1.
Put the volume of the sample in a
porcelain dish
2.
Evaporate the water from the dish on a
steam bath
3.
Transfer dish to oven and dry to constant
mass weight at 103
0
C to 105
0
C
Physical Characteristics of WW
Physical Characteristics of WW Total Volatile Solids (VS) and
Fixed Solids (FS)
→
VS ~ solids which are organic and oily in
nature. →when burnt at a high
temperature they evaporate
→
determination involves
1.
igniting the dry total solids at 550
0
C
2.
residues remaining after burning = FS
and the loss of weight on ignition = VS
Physical Characteristics of WW
whereC = weight of residue plus crucible before ignition, mg
D = weight of residue plus crucible or filter after ignit ion, mg
E = weight of dish or filter, mg
Physical Characteristics of WW Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 2
non-filterable residue retained on a glass-
fiber disk after filtration. 2
Determination of this is done as follows
1.
Suction filtration of a measured portion of
a sample through a glass-fiber 2.
Transfer filter with damp suspended solids
adhering to the surface to a stainless
steel planchet as a support.
3.
dry at 103 – 105
0
C in an oven
4.
Weigh filter with the dry suspended solids
Physical Characteristics of WW
Physical Characteristics of WW Dissolved Solids (DS) W
solids that pass through the glass fiber
W
equals TS minus TSS.
where H = weight of filter and crucible plus dried
residue, mg
I= weight of filter and crucible, mg
W
Volatile dissolved solids equals total volatile solids
minus volatile suspended solids.
(
)
mL volume, sample
1000
DS/L mg
x H - I
=
Physical Characteristics of WW Color 2
domestic sewage ~ normally greyish
2
industrial sewage varies from dark grey to dark black.
2
Dark black wastewater is considered to have
undergone decomposition.
2
Sometimes colour in wastewater may be due to
colouring matter like dyes ~ called true colour.
2
Apparent colour due to presence of suspended matter
is principally of human and animal origin.
2
significance of colour = aesthetically unacceptable for
fish farming and irrigation
2
Colour in WW associated with presence of faecal
matter.
Physical Characteristics of WW Determination of colour 1.
Centrifugation ~ pre-treatment to remove the
suspended matter
2.
Color produced by 1 mg L
-1
of potassium chloro-
platinate is taken as the natural colour of water
→standard unit of colour (1 true colour unit:
T.C.U)
→
This pre-treatment is done to apparent colour
3.
a stock solution containing 500mg L
-1
of platinum
is prepared to give 500 T.C.U.
4.
Stock solution diluted to prepare a series of tubes
containing a range of 0 to 70 T.C.U
5.
Visually compare pre-treated WW with the
standard
Physical Characteristics of WW Turbidity →
from OM decomposition.
→
first concern of the public relative to the implementation of
wastewater treatment.
→
In the maturation pond of waste stabilisation ponds, turbidity
originates from alga concentration.
→
It affects light penetration in receiving waters if untreated ~
reduces DO at the bottom
→may cause fish degradation if water is used for fish
culturing
→
∴Ecological criteria is always a preference when wastewater
is being treated.
→
discharge of effluent into a surface water should not exceed
the self purification capacity of the recipient water.
→
Turbidometeris used in determining turbidity and is
expressed in NTU (Napthalometric turbidity unit)
Physical Characteristics of WW Odour 2
Results from by-products of micro-organisms, presence
of not properly treated wastewater and decaying
vegetation on the treatment plant like on trickling filters.
2
hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and ammonia gases
are products of decomposition
2
Odour containing WW effluent = not properly treated WW
2
smell produced by such WW inconveniences people
staying around the treatment plant
2
If used in a fish culturing pond fish may end up absorbing
the smell ~ may be liberated from the fish during cooking.
2
degree of odour release must be below the nuisance
threshold.
2
∴no part of the treated wastewater should become
aesthetically offensive.
Physical Characteristics of WW
2
Measurement of odour depend on the quantitative
tests that employ the human senses.
2
threshold odour number (TON) test involves
1.
taking varying amount of odour WW detected with
other free distilled water to make a 200 cm
3
(200ml) mixture.
2.
a panel of 5 to 10 is used to detect the mixture in
which the odour is just bearing detectable to the
senses of smell
3.
then the threshold odour number (T.O.N) is
calculated
T.O.N = A + B / A
2
where A = volume of odour wastewater
B = volume of the free distilled water
required to produce 200cm
3
mixture
Physical Characteristics of WW Temperature →
It is believed that bacteria in wastewater
work better in higher temperatures.
→i.e. degree of sewage decomposition
increases with increase in temperature
→
However the best temperature for most
bacteria is the mesophillic temperature
until temperature drops to 12
0
C
→
Predators multiply faster at higher
temperature ~ reduce the number of
bacteria
2/25/2008
B. Sc. Environmental Science and
Technology and Environmental
Health Year 4
Chemical Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics Organic Matter 2
derived from plants, animals and human activities.
2
inflows and infiltration WW introduces mineral
concentrations.
2
composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur and
phosphorus.
2
2
principle groups in WW (domestic) = proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, or and oils, surfactants and
detergents.
2
biodegradable ones decomposed by bacteria
aerobically and anaerobically
Chemical Characteristics OM 2
bacteria need oxygen to decompose OM - Oxygen
taken from wastewater.
→
depleting WW’s oxygen ⇒anaerobic conditions
→
supplying oxygen to bacteria = treatment of WW
~ bacteria utilize the WW content as food
• nature of WW is so complex for a complete analysis.
• easy to measure the amount of oxygen used by the
bacteria as they oxidize the WW
⇒concentration of organic matter in WW ~ easily
expressed in terms of oxygen amount
bacteria new r wastewate treated oxygen wastewater
bacteria
+ → +
Chemical Characteristics Theoretical Oxygen Demand 2
theoretical amount of oxygen required to oxidize the
organic fraction of the WW completely to carbon
dioxide and water.
2
example ThOD for a 300 mg L
-1
solution of glucose
2
2
Bcoz WW is so complex in nature, ThOD in practice
is approximated by COD
OH CO O OHC
2 2 2 6 12 66 6 6
+
→
+
(
)
-1
L ThOD mg 321 300
180
192
= x
Chemical Characteristics Chemical Oxygen Demand 2
measure amount of both biodegradable and non-
biodegradable organic matter.
2
measure of oxygen equivalent of the OM susceptible
to oxidation by strong oxygen chemical oxidant.
2
OM destroyed by the mixture of chromic and sulfuric
acids is converted to CO2and H2O.
2
test based upon the fact that all organic compounds
can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents.
2
amount of K2Cr2O7used →amount of oxygen used.
2
generally, COD >BOD
/
all organic compounds oxidized (biodegradable or
non–biodegradable)
2
COD is not time consuming compared to BOD
Chemical Characteristics
(
)
mL volume, sample
8000
/L O mg as COD
2
xMx J - K
=
~ J = mL standard solution used for blank e.g. FAS
~ K = mL standard solution used for sample e.g. FAS
~ M = molarity of solution (e.g. FAS) to be determined
daily against standard K 2Cr2O7solution ≈0.25 mol
FAS = Standard ferrous ammonium sulfate
Chemical Characteristics Biochemical Oxygen Demand 2
= amount of oxygen required by bacteria while
degrading OM under aerobic conditions.
2
is mainly the measurement of bOM present.
2
OM serves as food for the bacteria.
2
In theory to make the test quantitative,
- sample must be protected from air ~ prevent
re-aeration,
- toxic substances must be absent,
- necessary nutrients for bacterial growth must
be present (manganese, nitrogen, phosphorus)
besides OM
Chemical Characteristics BOD
Chemical Characteristics BOD 2
for practical purposes, the reaction is complete
within 20 days
2
However, 20 days period is too long
2
a large percentage of BOD is exerted in 5 days
/
60 - 70% of OM is oxidized hence BOD5test has
been developed on the basis of 5 days
incubation.
2
rate of oxygen used greatly depends on
temperature.
2
rate increases as temperature increases.
2
20
0
C is considered suitable for mesophillic
bacteria.
Chemical Characteristics BOD 2
After 8 - 10 days, BOD increases
2
Because usually in a mixed group of bacteria you
have
/
Saprophytic bacteria ~ utilise COM to produce
energy /
Autotrophic bacteria ~ utilizes non-COM to
produce energy.
2
present in very small numbers and their rate
of reproduction is small at 20
0
C 2
population becomes large after 8 days of
incubation →increases OD yet they oxidize
non-carbonaceous material
2
interference by autotrophic bacteria = major reason
for selecting a 5 day incubation period for the BOD
test known as CBOD (Carbonaceous BOD)
Chemical Characteristics
Kinetics of Oxygen Demand W
BOD rxns – 1
st
order rxns
i.e. rate of OM utilization is proportional to amount of
bOM remaining at any time
δ
C /
δ
t
∝
C
δ
C /
δ
t = kC
W
C= concentration of OM, k = rate constant
W
Lis used in place of C
W
∴L = amount of oxygen remaining at that time
δ
L /
δ
t = kL
∫δ
L / L =
∫
-k
δ
t
Lt= Loe
-kt
Lo= BOD remaining at time t= 0 ~ BOD
∞
=BOD before
oxidation occurs. Lt= BOD remaining at any time t.
Chemical Characteristics
Kinetics of Oxygen Demand W
BOD removed plus BOD remaining at any time =
ultimate BOD (= initial amount of organic matter)
y = Lo- Lt
W
Substituting this Eqn into Eqn in th previous slide
y = Lo(1 - e
-kt
)
Note Lt= Loe
-kt
is also written as Lt= Lo10
-Kt
where K= k/2.3
W
BOD5∴is
y5= Lo(1 - e
-kt
)
Chemical Characteristics
Kinetics of Oxygen Demand
Chemical Characteristics Kinetics of Oxygen Demand →
rate oxygen consumed is greatly dependent on temperature
→
kvaries with temperature
kt= k20(1.05)
t-20
@ 15
0
C k15= 0.27(1.05)
15-20
→
order of greatness
ThOD > COD > BOD∞> BOD5
→
no general relationship btwn these various oxygen demands.
→
However, for untreated DWW large number of measurements
indicates
BOD5/COD = 0.5
BOD5/BOD∞≈2/3 (y5/Lo)
→
IWW presence can considerably alter these ratios
Chemical Characteristics Determination of BOD
∞∞∞∞
from →COD
→
from difference btwn influent COD and
effluent COD. →
done if WWT reactor is wholly
microbiological no non-microbiological
BOD removal exists.
→
because COD equals BOD∞defined by
bCOD plus non-bCOD.
CODi = (BOD∞)i+ (non-bCOD)
CODe = (BOD∞)e+ (non-bCOD)
⇒0COD = (BOD∞)i- (BOD∞)e
Chemical Characteristics Strength of WW 2
BOD and COD indicate strength of WW
2
strength of WW from a community is governed
to a very large degree by its water consumption
2
tropical countries consumption of water is much
lower (40 – 100 L person
-1
day
-1
) compared to
USA (350 – 400 L person
-1
day
-1
).
/
reason why the wastewater in tropical countries
is stronger (BOD5= 300 – 700 mg L
-1
) than
that of USA (200 – 250 mg L
-1
).
2
The other factor for country to country
differences in strength is quantity and quality of
sullage produced rather than body wastes (see
following slides)
Chemical Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics Sulphur 2
The sulfate ions occur in natural waters and WW
2
Sulfates - reduced to sulfides and H2S by bacteria under
anaerobic conditions.
2
Sulfates - reduced to H2SO4causing corrosion in pipes.
2
H2S induces offensive smell
/
also causes bubbling of solids in sedimentation tanks
~ bubbling effects results in re-suspension of the
sediments.
Chlorides
2
Chlorides occur in most wastewater especially domestic
wastewater
2
due to human excreta and urine.
2
Agricultural and industrial wastewaters also have a
considerable amount of chlorides.
2
6g on average of chloride per person per day is excreted.
−2
4
SO
Chemical Characteristics Nitrogen 2
exists in several forms i.e. as nitrites, nitrates and nitrogen
gas.
2
N cycle illustrates the relationships between these forms.
2
Nitrogen data gives indication of the sanitary quality of WW
2
bacteriological test are more recent compared to chemical
tests in case of providing evidence of recent contamination.
2
Water containing mostly organic-N and ammonium nitrate
means recently contamination = great danger.
2
All biological tmt processes are dependent on reproduction of
organisms
2
Sufficient nitrogen for organisms is vital in planning WWT
facilities
/
N is one of the limiting nutrients for algae.
/
Excessive discharge of N stimulates aquatic growth of
algae eventually inducing odor.
Chemical Characteristics
Nitrogen
Chemical Characteristics Nitrogen removal through nitrification/
denitrification process
2
Nitrification
2NH4+ 3O2→2NO2
-
+ 4H
+
+ 2H2O
2NO2
-
+ O2→2NO3
-
2
Denitrification
6NO3
-
+ 5CH2OH →3N2+ 5CO2+ 7H2O + 6OH
-
2
to remove Nitrogen through nitrification
denitrification process both aerobic and anaerobic
processes must be present
Chemical Characteristics
Nitrogen
Chemical Characteristics Phosphates 2
not toxic to aquatic life
2
but often limiting nutrients in surface
waters 2
increased supply = rapid growth of
aquatic plants →severe consequences
same as the case of nitrogen
2
Polyphosphates mostly found in
detergents and fertilizers ⇒domestic and
storm WW can contain high
concentrations of phosphates
Chemical Characteristics
2
At slightly acidic pH
orthophosphates combine with tri-
valentiron or aluminum cationsto
form insoluble precipitates FePO4
and AlPO4
Fe
3+
+ (HnPO4)
(3-n)
→FePO4+ nH
+
Al
3+
+ (HnPO4)
(3-n)
→AlPO4+ nH
+
2/25/2008
B. Sc. Environmental Science and
Technology and Environmental
Health Year 4
Biological Characteristics
Biological Characteristics Importance of Microbes W
raw community WW carries pathogenic bacteria, viruses,
protozoa and helminthes excreted by clinical cases and
carriers associated with enteric diseases endemic in a
community.
W
Some are of prime importance for biological WWT
a
include bacteria, algae and protozoa
W
belong to a class of organisms called protists.
W
Since some of these are human pathogens,
a
∴control of their occurrence is important
W
efficient sewage tmt can achieve this
W
WWT is extremely effective in reducing incidence of
disease due to worms and other intestinal parasites.
W
Knowledge of fecal bacteria is vital in proper WWT works
design
a
help minimize the risk to public health from
uncontrolled disposal of poorly treated WW
Biological Characteristics Bacteria 2
Most bacteria are non photosynthetic single celled
organisms
2
multiply by binary fission into 2 daughter cells.
2
have different shapes and sizes
/
as regards WWT, rod-shaped bacteria are very dominant
2
Most of them obtain energy for growth by oxidation of OC
2
Oxygen is important for bacteria esp to aerobic bacteria.
2
Classes according to optimal temperature
psychrophils (t < 20
0
C)
mesophils (20
0
C – 45
0
C)
thermophils (t > 45
0
C)
2
In tropical and sub-tropical WW rod shaped facultative
mesophils dominate
/
excellent oxidizers of dead OM (saprophytes)
/
capable of exuding a slimy flocculent layer very
important mechanism in some units e.g. activated
sludge
Biological Characteristics Growth of Bacteria 2
Bacteria can grow in an environment only if
1.
sufficient nutrients are available:
→require relatively large amounts of C, N, H
and O and smaller quantities of P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Mn
2.
toxic compounds are absent ~ common in IWW
→DWW toxic substances are due to domestic
detergent use
3.
environment itself is suitable.
→Few bacteria can tolerate acid and alkaline
conditions
→most grow only in range of pH 5 - 9 with
optimum growth occurring between pH 6 - 8
Biological Characteristics Bacteria pathogenicity 2
important disease causing bacteria commonly found in WW are
those that cause disease e.g. cholera, dysentery, typhoid,
paratyphoid fever and diarrhea.
2
Not all pathogenic organisms in WW are bacteria
2
it is difficult and time consuming to look for pathogenic organisms
in WW
2
designers look for a group of non pathogenic bacteria which are
easy to detect.
2
include TC, FC and FS.
2
NOTE unknown pathogen can at times be detected in WW since
the organisms may be excreted in high concentrations on regular
basis by undetected carriers
2
Test for enumeration of TC, FC and FS includes
2
multiple-tube fermentation (MPN) or membrane filter methods.
2
most agencies have adopted FC density as an effluent standard
because FC is mostly from faecal material.
Biological Characteristics Viruses 2
peculiar microbes
2
do not directly use organic or non organic
compounds during growth
2
reproduce by invading the host cell
2
Enteroviruses present a particularly problem in
sewage ~ they are resistant to inactivation by
natural factors in the water environment and to
most water and WWT processes.
2
DWW carries from one to hundred enteric
viruses per milliliter.
2
Very low levels of EV in water or in irrigated
crops may present a potential health risk
Biological Characteristics Algae W
multicellular photosynthetic micro-organisms
W
are extremely varied in their shapes and sizes
W
Use CO2as energy source for synthesis of new cells.
W
growth is stimulated by phosphates and nitrates present
in WW effluents
W
These salts cause nutrient enrichment (eutrophication) of
a body of water and extensive alga growth occurs; a
process called alga blooming.
W
Alga growth in rivers and lakes is a simple natural
process.
W
Algae that grow unattached in WW = phytoplankton
W
alga blooms are essential part of the treatment process in
waste stabilization pond
W
Algae and bacteria live symbiotically
Biological Characteristics Protozoa 2
single celled animals
2
reproduce by binary fission
2
significant in biological treatment systems
2
strict aerobes found in activated sludge, trickling filters and
oxidation ponds.
2
complex digestive systems and use solid OM as energy and
carbon source.
2
three main groups i.e. amoebae, ciliates and flagellates.
2
Amoebae and flagellates not important in WWT
2
Ciliates more important, extremely common in WWT works
/
consume considerable number of bacteria.
/
Lab experiments show that they are responsible for
considerable proportion of purification of WW.
2
Unlike bacteria, protozoa ingest solid particles for food ~ can
utilize the bacterial cells as their food source.
Biological Characteristics Fungi 2
refer to microscopic non photosynthetic plants.
2
are aerobic multicellular organisms and are
heterotrophic.
2
more tolerant to acidic conditions than bacteria (can
exist in the pH range of 2 - 9)
2
Require much less nitrogen than that bacteria
/
so tend to dominate in N deficient WW or low pH
2
Difficult to remove by sedimentation because of
their filamentous shape
/
are undesirable in biological treatment plants
BOD
Biological Characteristics
Intestinal Parasites 2
There are a large number of parasites
which invade the human intestines
and cause diseases of varying
severity.
2
Water related parasites include
Entomoebahystolytica, and worms of
various kinds.
2
The spread of these parasitic worms
occur largely through the improper or
uncontrolled disposal of feces