Water

Water Conservation and it's advantages
Water Pollution
Environmentalist and their movements
Narmada Movement

1. WATER
presentationby-
GEETIKA SINGLA

2. Withonly1%ofwateravailableforhuman
consumption,doesn’titmakesensethatwe
shouldtreatourwatersupplywithmore
respect?
INTRODUCTION

3. WATER–a unique resource
•High Specific Heat-cools down and heat up
slowly.
•It also has High Latent Heat Of Evaporation –
takes high energy for vaporization.
•Excellent solvent –carrier of nutrients. (O2
and Pathogenic Micro-organisms).
•Anomalous expansion behavior –expands
when cooling.

4. Energy
Supply
26%
Transport
13%
Industry
19%
Agriculture
14%
Forestry
17%
Wasteage
3%
Residential &
Commercial
buildings
8%
CONSUMPTION RATE

5. WATER CONSERVATION

6. WHAT–is water conservation?
•Water conservation encompasses the policies,
strategies and activities to manage fresh water as a
sustainable resource.
•To protect the water environment and to meet
current and future human demands.
•Climatic changes, population growth, household size
all factors influence the rate of water used.

7. OBJECTIVES –of water conservation?
•Toensureavailabilityforfuturegenerations,thewithdrawalof
freshwaterfromanecosystemshouldnotexceeditsnatural
replacementrate.
•Energyconservation
Waterpumping,deliveryandwastewatertreatmentfacilities
consumeasignificantamountofenergy.Insomeregionsofthe
worldover15%oftotalelectricityconsumptionisdevotedto
watermanagement.
•Habitatconservation
Minimizinghumanwaterusehelpstopreservefreshwater
habitatsforlocalwildlifeandmigratingwaterfowl,aswellas
reducingtheneedtobuildnewdamsandotherwaterdiversion
infrastructures.

8. WHY–water conservation?
• Today the earth is in the need of water
conservation as the quantity of water is going down
day by day.
• Though we say that the Earth is a Blue Planet ,the
reality is that only 3% of the total water available is
fit for drinking.
• Out of that 3% also , 2.997% is locked up in polar
ice caps, and only 0.003 % is there in form of
surface & ground water.
• The rate is still declining and the reason is water pollution

9. ADVANTAGES OF WATER CONSERVATION
I don’t think anyone can say that water
conservation has disadvantages.
•Factories produce harmful waste products
which if purified and discarded help in keeping
the surrounding of the factories safe and keep
local residents out of health problems.
•Rivers and lakes will remain clean. Hence can
be used for irrigation and cultivation
purposes.

10. •Fishes and other aquatic life forms can breathe
well in the water.
•Various treatment methods like trickling filter
method, activated sludge process and RBC help
in purifying sewage water.
•Nitrogen and phosphorus in sewage remains
in the effluent from secondary treatment.
These inorganic nutrients can cause
eutrophication. (use of such pesticides and
insecticides should be prohibited)
ADVANTAGES OF WATER CONSERVATION

11. ADVANTAGES OF WATER CONSERVATION
•Saves money.
•Minimizes water pollution and health risks.
•Protects drinking water resources.
•Reduces the need for costly water supply and
new wastewater treatment facilities.

12. WATER POLLUTION

13. WATER POLLUTION
•Water pollution is a major global problem which
requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water
resource policy at all levels (international down to
individual aquifers and wells).
•It has been suggested that it is the leading
worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that
it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000
people daily.

15. HUMAN WASTE

16. INDUSTRIAL WASTE

17. EFFECTS -OF WATER POLLUTION
•
•Drought
•Desertification
•Conflicts Over Water
•Water Borne Disease

18. Droughtisanextendedperiodwhenaregionnotes
adeficiencyinitswatersupplywhethersurfaceor
undergroundwater.Adroughtcanlastformonths
oryears,ormaybedeclaredafterasfewas15days
1) When annual rain fall is below normal and less than
evaporation, drought conditions are created.
2) Unlike flood, it is not a distinct event.
3) It is often caused by the complex factor.
DROUGHT

20. DESERTIFICATION
• It is the extreme deterioration of land in arid and
dry sub-humid areas due to loss of vegetation and
soil moisture.
• It results chiefly from man-made activities and
influenced by climatic variations.
Consequence Of Desertification:
1. Economic loss
2. Worsening drought
3. Lowering living standards
4. Environmental refuges

22. CONFLICTS OVER WATER
Waterconflictisatermdescribingaconflict
betweencountries,states,orgroupsoveranaccess
towaterresources.
1.Local Level: Example: Between villages or
streets or houses
2.National level: Example: Cauvery river –
between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
3.International level: Example: Jordan river water
conflict between Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia.
LEVELS OF CONFLICTS

23. WATER BORNE DISEASE
Typhoid Fever
Giardia
Cholera
Salmonella
HepatitisA
Dysentery

26. RAINWATER HARVESTING
•RainWaterHarvestingiscapturingandstoring
rainfalltoirrigateplantsortosupplypeopleand
animals.
•Awell-designedsystemwillalsodecreaseyour
landscapemaintenanceneeds.
•Allyouneedforawaterharvestingsystemisrain,
andaplacetoputit.
•A"catchment"isanylargesurfacethatcancapture
and/orcarrywatertowhereitcanbeused
immediatelyorstored.

27. RAINWATER HARVESTING
• Cost less than Rs.1500 to build
• Softer Water: 5mg/gal of dissolved minerals as
compared to 500 in city water.
• Cut water use by 95%.
• Many use similar system for laundry and toilets.

29. •Wash laundry and dishes with sufficient amount
of water only
•Always turn off running water
•Take shorter showers
•Eliminate all leakages.
•Reduce the flow of toilets and showerheads
STEPS TO SAVE WATER

30. Case Study:

31. Narmadameans‘ever-delightful’,oneoftheholiest
riversinthecountryofIndia
“they say that even the site of the river will
cleanse all of your sins”

33. ThefirstofthedamstobebuiltistheSardarSarovar.Itis
consideredtobeoneofthemostimportantdamsinthe
projectandthebiggestwaterdevelopmentprojectin
India.
Accordingtothegovernment,theSardarSarovarDam
willdothefollowing:
•Providesafedrinkingwaterto30millionpeople
•Irrigate4.8millionhectaresofland
•Produce550megawattsofpower
•Provide1,300cubic-metersofwaterperyr.formunicipaland
industrialpurposes
•Provideadrainagesystemtocarryawayfloodwaters
•Itwillalsotakethelandof320,000people
THE NARMADA DAM PROJECT

34. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF DAMS
Relocation of communities:impactson health, economic,
social, cultural well-being
Loss of community control over water: -transfer of control from
local level to central government or
corporate control
Diseases: -encouraged by dam projects (creating habitat
for parasites), e.g.schistosomiasis, mosquitoes
Increasing cost of dams: -problems encountered in building dams
(ex. sedimentation).
-cost of mitigating
social, environmental impacts.
-delays -best sites already taken --only more
remote, more difficult sites left.

35. •DalitsandAdivasi(indigenouspeople).In
accordancetotheircastesystemtheyare
oftenreferredtoas‘untouchables’.Manyof
thesepeopleareuneducatedandveryfew
canreadandwrite.
•NarmadaBachaoAndolan,theSavethe
NarmadaMovement(NBA).Themovement
startedin1986whentheWorldBanklent
India$450millionfortheSardarproject.It
wasstartedbyasocialworkernamedMedha
Patkar.SheistherepresentativefortheNBA
movement.
OPPONENTS

36. •ArundhatiRoy;BookerPrize-winningauthor
supporteroftheSavetheNarmadaMovement;
wroteabookabouttheDamsinIndiacalled
‘TheGreaterCommonGood’.
•BabaAmte;asocialworkerwhoseworkwith
leprosyhasearnedhimmuchrespectinthe
countryamongthetribalpeopleand
governmentofficials.
“NobodybuildsBigDamstoprovidedrinking
watertoruralpeople.Nobodycanaffordto.”
“There'salotofmoneyinpoverty.”
ArundhatiRoy
OPPONENTS

37. •IndianGovernmentsupportsthebuildingofdams
•TheWorldBanksupportedtheSardarSarovarDam
ProjectandloanedIndia$450million.Theywithdrewfrom
theprojectafteranindependentreviewconfirmedsocial
andenvironmentalimpactswereincreasing.
•TheSupremeCourtofIndiahasruledontheSardar
SarovarDam.In1995theysuspendedworkonthedam
becausetheheightexceededtheamountoriginally
planned,75m.In1999theyorderedworktocontinueupto
theheightof85m.TheninOct18,2000theyruledinfavor
ofbuildingtheSardarSarovardespiteglobalprotests
PROPONENTS

38. •ItwasaprotestbytheNBAcalled'satyagraha'
thatcaughttheWorldBanksattention.
•Theysentinanindependentreviewteam
headedbyHughBrody,aBritishanthropologist
andDonaldGamble,aCanadianenvironmental
engineer.
WHY DID THE WORLD BANK
WITHDRAW THE LOAN?

39. • Threat to aquatic habitat –barriers for fish passage,
water quality is affected because of change in land use
can also affect aquatic life
• Water logging –excess water in the soil and can
render the soil useless. This could affect 40% of the area
to be irrigated.
• Salinisation–when irrigation water has more saline
content and adds more salt to the system. This happens
because the land to be irrigated is an arid area and not
used to so much water. This impacts the flora and fauna
and makes the water not suitable for drinking.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

40. Outbreakofdiseases–theconcernofan
increaseinmalariabecauseoftheincreased
reservoirsandwaterloggedlands,whichare
primelocationsformosquitoestobreed.
Authoritieshavesuggestedpesticidesbutthere
isconcernforhumansingestingthepesticide.
AnotherdiseaseontheriseisTBbecauseofthe
increasingnumberofpeoplebeingmovedout
oftheirvillagesbecauseofdams.Theshanty
townstheymovetohavenorunningwaterand
noplumbing.
HEALTH IMPACTS

41. Therewasnosocialimpactsassessmentbefore
thedamprojectstarted.
TheWorldBanktriedtodoanassessmentafter
thedamprojectstartedbutfoundthatthere
wasa‘severeshortageinbaselinedata’.
Oneofthemainproblemsthatcameupwasthe
lackofcommunicationbetweenthestateand
thepeoplewhoweretobeaffectedbythe
project.
SOCIAL IMPACTS

42. • Established in 1989
• Sept 1989 -60,000 people rally against
destructive development
• Jan 1990 –5,000 people marched on the
Narmada Valley Development authority offices
forcing them to close
• March 1990 –10,000 protesters blocked the
highway from Bombay for two days
• May 1990 –2,000 people staged a sit-in
outside the prime ministers house in Delhi
SAVE THE NARMADA MOVEMENT

43. •ChristmasDay1990–LongMarch–3,000
peoplewalked,100km,whichtookaweekto
thedamsite,oncetheygotthereMedhaPatkar
and6otherswentonahungerstrike
demandingthegovernmentsuspendworkon
thedamandholdanindependentreview.It
lasted22daysuntiltheybrokefast–thismade
Narmadaaninternationalissue.
•Jan1991–TheWorldBankcommissions
independentreview
SAVE THE NARMADA MOVEMENT

45. (bornon1December1954)
isanIndiansocialactivistandsocial
reformerturnedpolitician.Sheisthe
foundermemberofNarmadaBachao
AndolanandwasNationalConvenerof
Nationalallianceofpeople’s
Movement(NAPM),anallianceof
progressivepeople'sorganisations.
ShewasarepresentativetotheWorld
CommissiononDams,toresearchthe
environmental,socialandeconomic
impactsofthedevelopmentoflarge
damsglobally.”

46. Herstrugglebeganwiththedemandofinformation
aboutthedevelopmentplansoftheNarmadaValley.

47. Howcanthegovernmentmakeplanstobulldozea
culture,awayoflifesteepedinhistorywithout
consultingorrehabilitatingthepeoplewhowouldbe
affected??,sheasked
Thequestionbecamethemovement!!

48. Since1985,
Shemobilizedmassive
peacefulmarchesand
ralliesagainsttheproject
thoughrepeatedlybeaten
andarrestedbythe
police.
Joinedthetribalsin
resistingevacuationand
resigningthemselvesto
drownintherising
waters.

49. “I am not anti-technology,
I am all for it: beautiful,
harmonious,
equitable, sustainable,
egalitarian, non-destructive
technology, not this gigantic
technology which is
apocalyptic, destroying
thousands of homes, hearts,
habitats,
ecology, geography, history,
and finally, benefiting so
few, and at such great cost.
This is mindless answer RHIS
is violence?

50. Workedtoobtain
justcompensation
forpeopleaffected
bydamswhichhave
alreadybeenbuilt
ontheNarmadaas
wellasopposing
otherdamsinthe
NarmadaValley.
1997:helpedtribal
communitiesstop
constructionofthe
UpperVedaand
LowerGoindams

51. Asanoutgrowthofher
worktostopdam
construction,helped
establishanetworkof
activistsacrossthe
country-
THE NATIONAL
ALLIANCE OF PEOPLE’S
MOVEMENTS

52. Received numerous awards:
• Deena NathMangeshkar
Award
• Mahatma PhuleAward
• Goldman Environment
Prize
• Green Ribbon Award for
Best International Political
Campaigner by BBC
• Human Rights Defender’s
Award from Amnesty
International

53. And finally…
The actual people displaced

54. According to the Government, the
Sardar Sarovar Project, when
completed will affect approximately

55. According to the Government, the
Sardar Sarovar Project, when
completed will affect approximately
245 40,000
villages families

56. According to the Government, the
Sardar Sarovar Project, when
completed will affect approximately
245 40,000
villages families
in 3 STATES