Water Appurtenances

This presentation gives a brief about the different types of water appurtances that are currently being used in the market.

1. Water Appurtenances By 075BAR038 Rajay Bajracharya

2. Plumbing appurtenance  means a manufactured device or prefabricated assembly of component parts which is an adjunct to the basic piping system and plumbing fixtures. An appurtenance does not demand additional water supply, nor does it add any discharge load to a fixture or the drain system. It is presumed that the appurtenance performs some useful function in the operation, maintenance, servicing, economy, or safety of the plumbing system. Pipe appurtenances are fixtures or attachments that help in isolating and draining a pipe to perform inspections, tests, cleaning, and repairs INTRODUCTION

3. NECESSITY OF WATER SUPPLY APPURTENANCES The basic goal of water supply accessories is to make water distribution simple and efficient. To avoid wastage and leakage of water. To change the direction of flow of water in pipe line. To make the efficient use of water. To control the flow of water in opposite direction in pipe. To regulate the flow of water.

4. Requirements It should be strong. It should be durable. It should be economical. It should have resistance to corrosion. It should have resistance to internal pressure of water . It should be easy to remove & repair . It should not affected by chemicals, acids .

5. Types of APPURTENANCES 1) Valves 2) Fire Hydrants 3) Manholes 4) Water Meters 5) Anchorages 6) Insulation Joints

6. VALVES Valves are mechanical devices that controls the flow and pressure within a system or process. In water works practice, to control the flow of water, to regulate pressure, to release or to admit air, prevent flow of water in opposite direction valves are required.

7. FUNCTIONS OF VALVES Stopping and starting flow Reduce or increase a flow Controlling the direction of flow Regulating a flow or process pressure Relieve a pipe system of a certain pressure

8. TYPES OF VALVES Depending upon different situations and requirements different types of valves are used in the supply system Sluice valves or gate valves Butterfly Valves Ball valves Pressure relief valves Reflux valves or check valves Zero velocity valves

9. GATE VALVES Gate valve is a widely used type of valve in plumbing systems. It includes a wedge-shaped metal gate that can be lowered to stop the flow of water or raised to allow the flow to continue. Gate valves cannot control the water flow as they are designed to be fully opened or fully closed. If used to adjust the water flow, it can wear out the valves.

10. BUTTERFLY VALVE It has a rotating metal disc that allows and inhibits the water flow, creating an image similar to that of a butterfly due to which is called a butterfly valve. These valves are very compact, light, and relatively short, making them significantly lighter than the other types. Butterfly valves rely on a gasket which eventually needs to be replaced. Butterfly valves are less durable and slower to operate.

11. Ball Valves Ball valves are the most reliable and common type of valves used to regulate the flow of water. It involves a rotating sphere with a hole that is attached to a lever handle to operate the valve. In the open position, the hole in the sphere is in line with the pipe, allowing the water to flow through it. When in a closed position, the hole in the sphere is perpendicular to the pipe, thus completely restricting the water flow. The lever handle also serves as an indicator of whether the valve is open or closed. When the lever is perpendicular to the pipe, the valve is closed.

12. Pressure Relief valves Pressure relief valves are used in the plumbing system to reduce water pressure to the desired limit and protect equipment or piping systems from bursting. The mechanism consists of a spring and diaphragm adjusted to a specific limit, depending on the pressure of the water supply. The pressure relief valves are also known as pressure-reducing valves, pressure safety valves, and pressure balance valves.

13. CHECK VALVES Reflux valve is commonly known as Check valve and Non Return Valve (NRV). Water tends to flow from higher pressure to lower pressure. Mains pressure is kept higher to suffice water distribution in a house. Sometimes mains pressure is reduced due to need of water in fire fighting. When this happen water from house distribution tends to flow towards the mains. To stop this return flow towards the mains check valve is installed

14. Z ero Velocity Valves Protection from pressure surge or water hammer of large diameter long distance cross-country rising mains / lift irrigation pipelines. Also known as Water hammer arrester Spring loaded self-actuated Zero Velocity Valve to prevent reversal / return of water column by perfect non-slam closing just before reversal of water column giving most effective surge control on tripping of pumps in raw water/clear water cross country rising main and lift irrigation schemes.

15. WATER METERS Water metering is the practice of measuring water use. Water meters measure the volume of water used by residential and commercial building units that are supplied with water by a public water supply system. They are also used to determine flow through a particular portion of the system.

16. FIRE HYDRANTS A hydrant is an outlet provided in water pipe for tapping water mainly in case of fire. They are located at 100 to 150m apart the roads and also at junction roads. They are of two types namely 1. Flush hydrant 2.Post hydrant Requirements of a good Fire Hydrants Should be cheap. Easy to connect with hose or motor pump. Easily detachable and reliable. It should function properly and should not go out of order during operation. It should permit undisturbed flow of water when being fully opened.

17. MANHOLES A manhole or an inspection chamber is a unit constructed underground to provide access to the utilities like a sewer system, drainage system, etc. Hence, with the help of a manhole, underground utilities are inspected, modified, cleaned and maintained Purpose of Manhole To perform inspection and removal of obstruction in pipeline. Manholes help to lay the sewer line in the conventional lengths. These have a perforated cover which helps the foul gases to escape. Hence it is a good means of ventilation for the underground sewage system.

18. ANCHORAGES It is a basic nature of pipes to pull apart and move out of alignment at bends and points having unbalanced pressure. Unbalanced pressure causes longitudinal shear stresses and exerts an enormous force on the joint. This may loosen the joints , leading to leakage or failure of the pipes. To prevent this from happening, pipes are anchored by embedding such portions in massive concrete or masonry blocks to absorb the side thrust. Anchoring can prevent the longitudinal shear stresses from pulling the pipes apart that have been aligned on a steep slope. Similarly, pipes are anchored when they are rigidly jointed with or without adequate provision of expansion joints. This keeps the joint from loosening up.

19. INSULATION JOINTS Insulating joints are also known as isolating/isolation joints. Their function is to insulate the pipeline against the flow of electric currents . The joints provide cathodic protection and thus keep electrolysis in check. Rubber gaskets or rings are provided as insulators over a specific length of the pipe or in between the length of the pipe. This provides greater resistance to the flow of current

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