WATER CONSUMPTION

Water is considered a fundamental and primary resource, a human right, Water is a resource that is essential for life and its development. We need water to drink, for our personal hygiene, to produce the food we eat, but also for our economic activities and to produce energy. Unfortunately. however, in some parts of the world water is a very scarce resource and only few lucky people have a water supply which is easy to obtain. In fact, it is estimated that over a billion people do not have access to drinking water and 40% of the world population lives in very poor hygienic conditions. Many countries have already exceeded what is defined peak water, maximum sustainable water withdrawal.

1. WATER CONSUMPTION

2. WATER CONSUMPTION: Water is considered a fundamental and primary resource, a human right, Water is a resource that is essential for life and its development. We need water to drink, for our personal hygiene, to produce the food we eat, but also for our economic activities and to produce energy. Unfortunately. however, in some parts of the world water is a very scarce resource and only few lucky people have a water supply which is easy to obtain. In fact, it is estimated that over a billion people do not have access to drinking water and 40% of the world population lives in very poor hygienic conditions. Many countries have already exceeded what is defined peak water, maximum sustainable water withdrawal. 2 Map of the world water scarcity. Light blue areas – Little or no water scarcity; Pink – Approaching physical water scarcity; Red – Physical water scarcity; Purple – Economic water scarcity; Grey 

3. Besides for our daily consumption, where is the largest consumption of water seen? The sectors with the largest demand for water, for the activities to be carried out, are agriculture, energy, industries, urban settlements. Agriculture alone requires an amount of water that is equal to 70 % of the total amount of water required by the mentioned sectors 3 The mean water footprint of some of the more common foods at our table. Credits: FAO 2012, elaborated by FAO WATER Blue water is fresh water found on the surface or underground (found in rivers, lakes, glaciers and the water table), he blue component of the water footprint when the volume of water is represented by the component coming from global resources of blue water.​ Water that comes from precipitation in the form of rain or snow is called green water. This water reaches the ground, but, instead of filling rivers or the water table, it is absorbed by plants and from there it evaporates or transpires. The green water footprint is the volume of water coming from resources of green water and it is equal to the volume of water that is contained in the plants, in the soil, or evaporated by the plants. ​ ​

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5. In India, the design of water supply systems has been done using certain standards. Currently the standard being used is BIS 1172: 1993, reaffirmed in 1998. This specifies a consideration of use of the following:​ For communities with a population of between 20,000 to 100,000 — 100 to 150  litres  per head per day​ For communities with a population of over 100,000 — 150 to 200  litres  per head per day.​ As per IS 1172 to understand the break-up of the demand which was then put as 135  litres  per person per day. The break-up was as follows:​ Bathing: 55  litres ​ Toilet flushing: 30  litres ​ Washing of clothes: 20  litres ​ Washing the house: 10  litres ​ Washing utensils: 10  litres ​ Cooking: 5  litres ​ Drinking: 5  litres .​

6. DECREASING OF WATER CONSUMPTION: At home Install low-flow taps and shower heads; flushes with a lever or with a start and stop button are preferable (remember to close them when you stop using the flush water) and remember to avoid pulling the flush unnecessarily (e.g. for just a hair or a piece of paper); close the tap when brushing your teeth; often take a shower rather than a bath; turn on the washing machine and the dishwasher only when fully loaded; use rain water to wash your car and to water your flowers or your garden; never throw polluting substances in the sink (medicaments, used cooking oil, etc.).

7. Nutrition and consumer goods As you have seen, nutrition has an enormous weight on our ecological footprint, therefore some tips to follow could be: decrease your intake of meat and meat derived products; eat less dairy products, prefer vegetable proteins; drink less coffee and more tea; whenever you cannot replace these products, choose products whose water footprint is lower (e.g. try to distinguish a tomato, depending on the area where it was grown); choose low environmental impact certified products, as for example Ecolabel products.

8. Renewable energy plants in India

9. RENEWABLE ENERGY PLANTS IN INIDA: Types of Renewable Energy Sources Solar Energy: Humans have been harnessing solar energy for thousands of years—to grow crops, stay warm, and dry foods. According to  the National Renewable Energy Laboratory , “more energy from the sun falls on the earth in one hour than is used by everyone in the world in one year.” Today, we use the sun’s rays in many ways—to heat homes and businesses, to warm water, or power devices. Solar, or  photovoltaic (PV) , cells are made from silicon or other materials that transform sunlight directly into electricity. Distributed solar systems generate electricity locally for homes and businesses, either through rooftop panels or community projects that power entire neighborhoods. Solar farms can generate power for thousands of homes, using mirrors to concentrate sunlight across acres of solar cells. Floating solar farms—or “ floatovoltaics ”—can be an effective use of wastewater facilities and bodies of water that  aren’t ecologically sensitive .  

10. Wind energy: Wind power or wind energy is the use of wind to provide mechanical power through wind turbines to turn electric generators for electrical power. Wind power is a popular sustainable, renewable energy source that has a much smaller impact on the environment compared to burning fossil fuels. A wind turbine is typically 30-45% efficient – rising to 50% efficient at times of peak wind. If that sounds low to you, remember that if turbines were 100% efficient, the wind would completely drop after going through the turbine. 14 RENEWABLE ENERGY PLANTS IN INDIA : WIND POWER: The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has significantly increased in the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry compared with  Denmark  or the US, domestic policy support for  wind power  has led India to become the country with the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world. The Indian Government's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy announced a new wind-solar hybrid policy in May 2018.This means that the same piece of land will be used to house both wind farms and solar panels.

11. The largest  wind farm  of India in  Muppandal ,  Tamil Nadu .

12. SOLAR PLANTS: India has placed high hopes on solar power delivering a large portion of its 450-gigawatt renewable energy target by 2030 as the nation aims to reduce its fossil-fuel reliance. India has ramped up its solar energy capacity in recent years and the nation is now home to some of the largest power plants. The South Asian nation has placed high hopes on the technology delivering a large portion of its 450-gigawatt (GW) renewable energy target by 2030 as it aims to reduce its fossil-fuel reliance. India currently stands third in Asia  and fourth in the world in terms of solar power production across its plants, with solar accounting for about 38% of its total renewable energy capacity. The country’s National Solar Mission was launched in 2010 – when just 10 (megawatts) MW of solar power was installed on the grid – with a target of 20GW set for 2020. But due to significant activity within the solar power sector over the following years, India raised its target to achieve 100GW of solar capacity by 2022.

13. Top five largest solar power plants in India 1. Bhadla Solar Park – 2,250MW The Bhadla Solar Park,  which is the largest solar power plant in the world , is based in Bhadla village, in Rajasthan’s Jodhpur district. Spanning 14,000 acres, the fully operational power plant has been installed with a capacity of 2,250MW. The huge solar power plant was developed by multiple entities, such as Rajasthan Solar Park Development Company Limited, Saurya Urja Company, and Adani Renewable Energy Park Rajasthan. Rajasthan’s current solar power consumption is 10% of the state’s total power usage. 17

14. 2. Shakti Sthala solar power project – 2,050MW The Shakti Sthala solar power project in Tumakuru district, Karnataka, is now the second-largest solar power plant in India, having previously been the largest of its type in the world. The 2,050-MW plant was developed by the Karnataka Solar Park Development Corporation Limited (KSPDCL), with help from the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC). It spans more than 13,000 acres of land. The 14,800 Indian Rupees crore ($2.1bn) development has reportedly benefited 2,300 farmers, who previously fell victim to the region being located in a semi-arid tract that attracts very little rainfall. 18

15. 3. Ultra Mega Solar Park – 1,000MW Based in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh – another leading Indian state for solar power – the 1,000-MW Ultra Mega Solar Park spans an area of more than 5,932 acres and is the third-largest solar power plant at a single location. The plant was set up within two years by Andhra Pradesh Solar Power Corporation through a joint venture with Solar Energy Corporation, Andhra Pradesh Generation Corporation and New and Renewable Energy Development Corporation, at an investment of more than Rs7,143 crore ($943m). A 1,500-MW solar park is set to become operational in the adjacent district of Kadapa, accompanied by two more large-scale solar power plants, which could raise the state’s solar energy capacity by an additional 2,750MW. 19

16. 4. Rewa Solar Power Project – 750MW The 750-MW Rewa Solar Power Project is spread over an area of 1,590 acres in the state of Madhya Pradesh and is operated by Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Ltd. Developed by Mahindra Renewables, Solengeri Power and ACME Solar Holdings, the Rewa solar power plant is one of the major power suppliers to the Delhi Metro – a mass rapid transit system in India’s capital city. Rewa is the country’s first and only solar project until now to be funded from the Clean Technology Fund and also India’s only solar power plant to obtain a concessional loan from the World Bank’s International Finance Corporation. With an investment of Rs2,800 crore ($370m), the commissioning of the plant has reportedly saved Delhi Metro about Rs1,400 crore ($185m) over its project life. 20

17. 5. Kamuthi solar power plant – 648MW The Kamuthi solar power plant in Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, is the fifth-largest plant of its kind in India. Dedicated to the nation by Adani Green Energy, the 648-MW solar power plant, which consists of 2.5 million solar panels, while covering an area of 2,500 acres, was set up in 2016 with an investment of about Rs4,550 crore ($601m). Kamuthi was set up by 8,500 workers over eight months and is connected to Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation’s 400KV Kamuthi substation, which distributes power to about  265,000 homes . The plant is cleaned by every day a robotic system that has its own solar panels to charge it. The state government’s target is to achieve an installed capacity of 3,000MW. 21

18. Energy sources of garbage

19. Types of Waste There are different types of waste which are generated from our daily or industrial activities such as organic waste, e-waste, hazardous waste, inert waste etc. Organic waste refers to waste which degrades or broken down by microorganisms over time. All organic wastes are essentially carbon based compounds; though they may be diverse in nature and have different degradation rate. Organic waste has significant portion in overall waste generation in industrial/urban/ agricultural sector and therefore it can be used for energy generation. The organic fraction of waste can be further classified as non-biodegradable and biodegradable organic waste

20.   Biodegradable  waste consists of organics that can be utilized for food by naturally occurring micro- organisms within a reasonable length of time. The biodegradable organic comprise of  agro  residue, food processing rejections, municipal solid waste (food waste, leaves from garden waste, paper, cloths/ rags etc.), waste from poultry farms, cattle farm slaughter houses, dairy, sugar, distillery, paper, oil extraction plant, starch processing and leather industries.​ Non-Biodegradable  organic materials are organics resistant to biological degradation or have a very low degradation rate. This primarily includes woody plants, Cardboard, cartons, containers, wrappings, pouches, discarded clothing, wooden furniture, agricultural dry waste, bagasse, rice husk etc. 

21. The technology of WTE (waste-to-energy) incineration, which recovers energy from discarded MSW and produces electricity and/or steam for heating, is recognized as a renewable source of energy and is playing an increasingly important role in MSW management in Libya. Garbage: the four broad categories Organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits. Toxic waste: old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish. Recyclable: paper, glass, metals, plastics. Soiled: hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids. Types of solid waste Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source: a) Household waste is generally classified as municipal waste, b) Industrial waste as hazardous waste, and c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.

22. Technologies Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technologies to recover the energy from the waste in the form of Electricity and Biogas/Syngas are given as below:​ Bio methanation Bio methanation is anaerobic digestion of organic materials which is converted into biogas. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a bacterial fermentation process that operates without free oxygen and results in a biogas containing mostly methane (~60%), carbon dioxide (~40%) and other gases. Bio methanation has dual benefits. It gives biogas as well as manure as end product.​ This technology can be conveniently employed in a decentralized manner for biodegradation of segregated organic wet wastes such as wastes from kitchens, canteens, institutions, hotels, and slaughter houses and vegetables markets.​ The biogas generated from Bio methanation process can be burned directly in a gas boiler/burner to produce heat for thermal application industries and cooking or burnt in a gas engine to produce electricity. Alternatively, the biogas can be cleaned to remove the carbon dioxide and other substances, to produce Boing. This can be injected into the national gas grid to be used in the same way as natural gas, or used as a vehicle fuel.​​ By using Bio methanation process, 20-25kgs of Cattle dung can generate about 1m3 of biogas and further 1m3 of Biogas has potential to generate 2 units of electricity or 0.4kgs of  BioCNG .​

23. INCINERATION :​ Incineration technology is complete combustion of waste (Municipal Solid Waste or Refuse derived fuel) with the recovery of heat to produce steam that in turn produces power through steam turbines.​ The flue gases produced in the boilers have to be treated by an elaborate air pollution control system. The resultant ash from incineration of solid waste can be used as construction material after necessary processing while the residue can be safely disposed of in a landfill.​ This technology is well established technology and has been deployed in many projects successfully at commercial level in India to treat solid wastes like Municipal Solid Waste and Industrial solid Waste etc. and generate electricity.​

24. PYROLYSIS ​ Pyrolysis uses heat to break down combustible materials in the absence of oxygen, producing a mixture of combustible gases (primarily methane, complex hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide), liquids and solid residues. The products of pyrolysis process are: ( i ) a gas mixture; (ii) a liquid (bio-oil/tar); (iii) a solid residue (carbon black). The gas generated by either of these processes can be used in boilers to provide heat, or it can be cleaned up and used in combustion turbine generators.  The purpose of pyrolysis of waste is to minimize emissions and to maximize the gain. GASIFICATION Gasification is a process that uses high temperatures (500-1800 o  C) in the  presence of limited amounts of oxygen  to decompose materials to produce synthetic gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2)). Biomass,  agro -residues, Segregated MSW and RDF pellets are used in the gasifier to produce Syngas. This gas further can be used for thermal or power generation purposes The purpose of gasification of waste is to generate power more efficiently at lower power level (< 2MW) and also to minimize emissions and hence it is an attractive alternative for the thermal treatment of solid waste. PYROLYSIS ​

25. When garbage decomposes, it gives off methane gas. Natural gas is made up of methane. Pipelines are put into the landfills and the methane gas is collected. It is then used in power plants to make electricity. The total estimated energy generation potential from urban and industrial organic waste in India is approximately 5690 MW.

26. Sl N Sectors Energy potential – MW 1 Urban Solid Waste 1247 2 Urban Liquid waste 375 3 Paper (liquid waste) 254 4 Processing and preserving of meat (liquid waste) 182 5 Processing and preserving of meat (solid waste) 13 6 Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and molluscs  ( liquid waste) 17 7 Vegetable Processing (solid waste) 3 8 Vegetable Raw(solid waste) 579 9 Fruit Processing (solid waste) 8 10 Fruit Raw (solid waste) 203 11 Palm Oil (solid waste) 2 12 Milk Processing/Dairy Products (liquid waste) 24 13 Maize Starch (liquid waste) 47

27. 14 Tapioca Starch (liquid waste) 36 15 Tapioca Starch (solid waste) 15 16 Sugar (liquid waste) 49 17 Sugar press mud (solid waste) 200 18 Distillery (liquid waste) 781 19 Wine Industry NA 20 Slaughterhouse (solid waste) 48 21 Slaughterhouse (liquid waste) 263 22 Cattle farm (solid waste) 862 23 Poultry (solid waste) 462 24 Chicory (solid waste) 1 25 Tanneries (liquid waste) 9 26 Tanneries (solid waste) 10 Total ( MWeq ) 5690

28. THANK YOU By RAVIPRAMOD SURISETTY 319106101024