Water purification methods

Various household methods of water purification

1. CHEMISTRY HOLIDAY PROJECT CLASS 11

2. WATER PURIFICATION METHODS USED IN VARIOUS HOUSEHOLDS HOUSEHOLD 1 :- REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) HOUSEHOLD 2 :- BOILING AND DISTILLATION HOUSEHOLD 3 :- CHEMICAL DISINFECTION HOUSEHOLD 4 :- FILTRATION HOUSEHOLD 5 :- UV-LIGHT TREATMENT HOUSEHOLD 6 :- BOILING AND DISTILLATION HOUSEHOLD 7 :- REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) HOUSEHOLD 8 :- FILTRATION HOUSEHOLD 9 :- CHEMICAL DISINFECTION HOUSEHOLD 10 :- REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) REVERSE OSMOSIS

3. BOILING AND DISTILLATION BOILING- This is a straightforward and effective method of water disinfection for drinking purposes. It is most prevalent in developing countries , though sometimes in cases of water contamination in a particular area it is also used in developed countries. You can also use it as a safety method when you go to a place where the water quality is not known. The process involves heating water in a container to its boiling point. The boiling point of water is usually at 100 degrees Celsius/ 212 degrees Fahrenheit, depending on the air pressure. Boiling water does not remove any foul taste or smell that may be contained in the water. It also does not remove metals, herbicides or sediment. However, it is the surest way of killing bacteria and all other disease-causing microorganisms that may be contained in water. Water-borne disease-causing organisms are not heat resistant, and therefore, they die.

4. BOILING AND DISTILLATION DISTILLATION- The vapours obtained after boiling are directed to another container where they condense to form pure distilled water. This way, most of the impurities that were contained in the water are removed. These include sediment, salts, minerals and chemicals . DISTILLED WATER SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR DRINKING PURPOSES. BOILING DISTILLATION

5. CHEMICAL DISINFECTION OF WATER The most common chemical disinfectants are chlorine and iodine , which are halogens . Chlorine is the commonly used one. Chlorine in its effervescent form is very dangerous and therefore it’s utilized in the liquid state . It is usually in a compound with other chemicals but when in water, it is released. It is an effective disinfectant and kills the micro-organisms contained in water. However, it leaves a foul smell and taste in water. These can be removed by a carbon filter after the treatment. CARBON FILTER

6. FILTRATION Filtration is a crucial water purification method at homes. Some people use personal safe water, which may contain sediment as well as metals. It can also contain bacteria as well as excessive minerals, depending on the area. Others who use municipal water may have water that has the foul taste and smell of chlorine. This is where water filters come in handy. Their many different types of water filters, depending on the water available in your local area. If the water in your area contains a lot of sediment and no micro- organisms, then you can go for a simple sediment filter . If the water contains chlorine, you can buy a carbon filter . SEDIMENT FILTER

7. REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEMS Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is used to remove a large majority of contaminants from water by pushing the water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane. Certain types of water filters offer the best services and quality in water filtration. They combine many filters for efficiency and effectiveness so as to guarantee you highly purified drinking and cooking water. These systems are called reverse osmosis water filtration systems. The 5 Micron Polypropylene Sediment Filter Carbon water Filter 1-micron propylene filter Osmotic Membrane Carbon Post filter

8. UV-LIGHT TREATMENT In this method, a UV lamp is used to produce UV light . Contaminated water is then exposed to this light for treatment. A dominant type of UV called UV-C or ‘germicidal UV’ is used in this process. It is an efficient and trusted method of water purification. It destroys 99.99% of disease-causing microorganisms. These include  E. coli,  Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. When UV- Crays are exposed to the micro- organisms contained in the water, the DNA of the micro –organisms absorbs the rays . After absorption, these rays alter the DNA of the pathogens is such a way that they can no longer produce, and they permanently die . This process of altering their DNA is called inactivation . The threat of water-borne diseases is eliminated, and water made safe for drinking purposes.

9. EFFECTIVE PURIFICATION OF WATER FOR DRINKING PURPOSES In my opinion, a water filter should be affordable, easy to obtain/make and efficient. While researching methods based on these parameters, bio-filters seemed the best option.  A bio-filter uses a multi-stage approach to removing impurities and pathogens from the water, so that the water that remains is drinkable. A big advantage is that you can make it yourself. This is my design for a bio-filter :- Layers: Gravel Sand Activated charcoal

10. The first layer, gravel , is there to remove large pieces of debris from the water. This would include things like small sticks, leaves and bugs. The water then moves on to the sand layer, which removes smaller particulate matter that managed to pass through the gravel. Finally, the water passes through a layer of activated charcoal to remove bacteria and some chemicals. It is the activated charcoal that is the secret to a bio-filter’s success. Activated charcoal or activated carbon (the same thing) is “activated” by blowing air through it. That air causes thousands of pores to open up on the surface of the charcoal, making convenient places for absorption of chemicals via bonding and capture of bacteria . EFFECTIVE PURIFICATION OF WATER FOR DRINKING PURPOSES

11. CONCLUSION Water purification and disinfection is crucial. It ensures that you and your family are in good health, free from the dangers posed by consumption of contaminated water. It is, therefore, crucial to choose a method of water purification for your home, depending on the quality of water available in your local area. However, some methods in current use are not environment-friendly. They lead to wastage of resources like water and electricity. Thus, methods like bio-filters should be popularised among the masses.

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY Purifieradvisors.com Offthegridnews.com Ces.iisc.ernet.in

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