water resources

water resources
Built Environment

1. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Water Resources and water systems Er . Ramprasad Kumawat

2. Water Resources Water resources  are  natural resources  of water that are potentially useful as a source of water supply . 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.

3. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air . Natural sources of fresh water include  surface water, under river flow, groundwater and frozen water . Artificial sources of fresh water can include treated wastewater (reclaimed water) and desalinated seawater.

4. Uses of water Uses of water include  A gricultural,  I ndustrial,   H ousehold ,  Recreational and   Environmental  activities.

5.   Graphical distribution of the locations of water on Earth. Only 3% of the Earth's water is fresh water. Most of it is in icecaps and glaciers (69%) and groundwater (30%), while all lakes, rivers and swamps combined only account for a small fraction (0.3%) of the Earth's total freshwater reserves.

6. Sources of useful water Natural sources of fresh water Artificial sources of usable water

7. Natural sources of fresh water Natural sources of fresh water include surface water, under river flow , groundwater and frozen water . Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the   oceans , evaporation, evapotranspiration and  groundwater recharge.

8. The  ocean  (also the  sea  or the  world ocean ) is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of the surface of Earth and contains 97% of Earth's water . Evaporation  is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase.

9. Evapotranspiration  ( ET ) is the sum of water evaporation and  transpiration  from a surface area to the atmosphere . Groundwater recharge  or  deep drainage  or  deep percolation  is a hydrologic process, where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater.

10. Under River Flow Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through rocks and sediments that underlie the river and its floodplain called the  hypothetic zone. 

11. Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table.  Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs and storage. 

12. The natural input to groundwater is seepage from surface water. The natural outputs from groundwater are springs and seepage to the oceans.

13. Frozen water Several schemes have been proposed to make use of icebergs as a water source. Glacier  runoff is considered to be surface water . The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World", contain some of the most extensive and rough high altitude areas on Earth as well as the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles. 

14. Artificial sources of usable water Artificial sources of fresh water can include treated wastewater (reclaimed water) and desalinated seawater. However , economic and environmental side effects of these technologies must also be taken into consideration.

15. Reclaimed water Water reclamation (also called wastewater reuse, water reuse or water recycling) is the process of converting municipal wastewater (sewage) or industrial wastewater into water that can be reused for a variety of purposes . Types of reuse include: urban reuse, agricultural reuse (irrigation), environmental reuse, industrial reuse, planned potable reuse, de facto wastewater reuse (unplanned potable reuse).

16. For example, reuse may include irrigation of gardens and agricultural fields or replenishing surface-water and groundwater (i.e., groundwater recharge). Reused water may also be directed toward fulfilling certain needs in residences (e.g. toilet flushing), businesses, and industry, and could even be treated to reach drinking water standards.

17. Water uses Agriculture and other irrigation Industries Drinking water and domestic use (households) Environment Recreational water use

18. Agriculture and other irrigation It is estimated that 70% of worldwide water is used for irrigation, with 15–35% of irrigation withdrawals being unsustainable .   It takes around 2,000 – 3,000 liters of water to produce enough food to satisfy one person's daily dietary need.

19. Water requirements of different classes of livestock

20. Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs

21. Industries It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry .   Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants, which use water for cooling, ore and oil refineries , which use water in chemical processes, and manufacturing plants, which use water as a solvent. 

22. Water is used in renewable power generation. Hydroelectric power derives energy from the force of water flowing downhill, driving a turbine connected to a generator. This hydroelectricity is a low-cost, non-polluting, renewable energy source. 

23. Drinking water and domestic use (households ) It is estimated that 8% of worldwide water use is for domestic purposes. These include drinking water, bathing, cooking, toilet flushing, cleaning, laundry and gardening. Basic domestic water requirements have been estimated by Peter Gleick  at around 50 liters per person per day, excluding water for gardens.

24. Drinking water is water that is of sufficiently high quality so that it can be consumed or used without risk of immediate or long term harm. Such water is commonly called potable water. 

25. Recommended basic water requirements for human needs ( per person)

26. Environment Explicit environment water use is also a very small but growing percentage of total water use. Environmental water may include water stored in impoundments and released for environmental purposes (held environmental water), but more often is water retained in waterways through regulatory limits of abstraction.

27. Recreational water use is mostly tied to lakes, dams, rivers or oceans. If a water reservoir is kept fuller than it would otherwise be for recreation, then the water retained could be categorized as recreational usage. Examples are anglers, water skiers, nature enthusiasts and swimmers.

28. THANKS!