Water resources and irrigation scenario of India.pptx

water resources and irrigation scenario

1. Water resources and irrigation scenario of India Harithalekshmi V 1 st year PhD. Dept. Agrometeorology 1

2. Content Introduction Water resources , types and capacity Irrigation – current scenario, sources and types Conclusion 2

3. Water Availability in Indian Scenario 3

4. Sector wise water use 4

5. Precipitation – the major source of water Total annual precipitation available is – 4000 cubic kilometer Shows large spacial and temporal variability in rainfall Indian agriculture is a gamble of monsoon Temporal variation in rainfall over India 5

6. Spatial variation of rainfall over India 6

7. Water Resources of India Surface water resource Ground water resource Rivers Lakes , ponds and tanks Lagoons and back water Aquifers Well Tube well The availability from surface water and replenishable groundwater is 1,869 km 3 Out of this, only 60 per cent can be put to beneficial uses The total utilizable water resource in the country is only 1,122 km 3 7

8. Ground water resources 8 Total replenishable groundwater – 432 cubic kilometer Utilization is high in river basins lying in N-W I ndia and parts of south India The states having highest ground water utilization are Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu Haryana – 51.3 % Punjab – 76.1% Percentage of net irrigated area covered by tube wells and well

9. Surface water resource 9

10. Rivers 10,360 rivers and their tributaries longer than 1.6 km each The mean annual flow in all the river basins - 1,869 cubic km Only about 690 cubic km (32 per cent) of the available surface water can be utilized Himalayan rivers – year round flow Peninsular rivers – Originate mostly from Western Ghats 10

11. Himalayan river basins which account for only about one-third of the total area in the country, have 60 per cent of the total surface water resources 11

12. Interlinking of rivers (Mo Water resources, 1980) 12

13. Lagoons and Backwater Lagoons Backwater Shallow water body that is separated from a larger water body through sand bars Eg : Chilka lake Backwaters are formed in part of a river where the current of the river has slowed down due to a blockage in the rive Eg : Vembanad lake India has a vast coastline and the coast is very indented in some states, due to this, a number of lagoons and lakes have formed 13

14. Irrigation and its need Agriculture accounts for most of the surface and groundwater utilisation , - 89 per cent of the surface water - 92 per cent of the groundwater Risk associated with un even distribution of rainfall can be mitigated Makes multiple cropping possible High yielding varieties have high water demands 14

15. Surface Water Ground water from surface flows or water storage reservoirs from the groundwater aquifers Through small dams and canal networks, run-off from river lift irrigation schemes and small tanks and ponds Through wells and tube wells a Gravity-fed Need electrical power Source of irrigation 15

16. Irrigation scenario in India The world over, the irrigation sector is the largest user of water—almost 80 per cent of the water in the world is taken up by irrigation In India, the irrigation sector uses 85 per cent of its available water resources 16

17. Irrigation statistics of India (2021) Net irrigated area of India – 68.64 Mha (2021 ) Gross irrigated area of India – 96.46 Mha (2021 ) State with highest net irrigated area – Uttar Pradesh ( 14.33 Mha ) Total micro irrigation in India – 12.90M ha - Drip – 6.11 Mha and Sprinkler – 6.79 mha State with highest area under micro irrigation – Andhra Pradesh (1.9 Mha ) State with highest area under drip irrigation – Andhra Pradesh (1.38 Mha ) State with highest area under sprinkler irrigation – Karnataka (1.14 Mha ) State with highest area under micro irrigation when compared to total irrigated area – Sikkim ( 73%) 17

18. Irrigation Sector Terminology Planning commission have classified irrigation in India in 3 types Class Cultivable command area (ha) Major irrigation Greater than 10,000 Medium irrigation 2000 – 10,000 Minor irrigation a. Surface irrigation b. Groundwater irrigation < 2000 18

19. Major and Medium Irrigation In terms of investment by the government, major and medium irrigation sector accounts for 57 per cent of investment in the irrigation sector which serves only 35 per cent of the total area irrigated Issues concerning Ageing of infrastructure Increased siltation of large dams Age of major dams in India 19

20. Minor irrigation Minor irrigation currently covers 52.62 million ha of land Surface water irrigation The average command area of the surface water schemes is about 10 ha (Census, 2001) This adequately covers the range of schemes included in this category from small ponds with a command area of 2 to 5 ha to large flow irrigation systems with a capacity of 5200 ha and more Ground water irrigation Groundwater now contributes to 60 per cent of the area irrigated in India India also has the highest annual groundwater extraction in the world C rop yields per cubic meter of water being 1.2 to 3 times higher than surface irrigation 20

21. The irrigation systems in india 21

22. 1. 2. 3. Government initiatives 22

23. India ’ s water future The total water demand to increase from 680 in 2000 to 833 Bm 3 by 2025, and to 900 Bm 3 by 2050 (22% and 32%, respectively) That nine river basins, comprising 75% of the total population, will be physically water-scarce by 2050 The industrial and the domestic sectors to account for 54% and 85% of the additional demand by 2025 and 2050 The groundwater withdrawal to increase from 303 Bm 3 in 2000 to 365 and 423 Bm 3 by 2025 and 2050, respectively 23

24. Percapita availability of water 24

25. Conclusion Water resources of a country ensures its wealth and prosperity. Unsustainable management of water, uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water, hydrological uncertailnity and growing water demands may cause the deficiency of water Appropriate water management plans, water augmentation schemes, innovative water use plans, innovative water supply systems are need to be implemented to conserve the most vital resource of the world 25

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