WATER SAMPLING MEDICAL OFFICER11111.pptx

water sampling for medical officer

1. Sources of water –Surface Water * 1 RIVERS - RAIN WATER LAKES PONDS

2. Sources of water –Sub Surface Water * 2 INFILTRATION GALLERY IN THE RIVER BED INFILTRATION WELLS COLLECTION WELL

3. Sources of water –Ground Water * 3 BORE WELLS WELLS India Mark II hand pumps Bore PIT

4. Key Issues: The success of any survey, monitoring programme (or) investigation involving sampling and analysis is totally dependent on the quality of design and delivery of the sampling programme * What samples to take When to take them How to take them Who will take them How to measure success of delivery

5. Factors Affecting Overall Design: * Sampling methodology Sample transport logistics Sample preservation and storage Analytical capability on the spot Laboratory constraints

6. Sampling points: * Water Sources Treatment process Storage tank Distribution network Consumer end Contamination found during water sampling

7. Procedure for water sample collection for Bacteriological & Chemical Analysis * 7 A) Sampling from River / Infiltration well / Draw well / Bore well / Service Reservoir / Sump / OHT 1) For bacteriological analysis: Remove the stopper of the sterilized bottle given by the lab( 250 ml) Holding the jute string tied around the neck , lower the bottle into the source Ensure that the bottle is at least one foot below the surface of water and the bottle is filled Slowly lift the bottle up without touching the neck Immediately after lifting up, close the bottle with the stopper Keep the closed bottle in a polythene cover Secure the bottle by fastening with a rubber band 2) For chemical analysis : Sample should be collected in a fresh white 2.5 liter capacity Jerry can

8. Procedure for water sample collection for Bacteriological Analysis Procedure for water sample collection for Chemical Analysis

9. Procedure for water sample collection for Bacteriological & Chemical Analysis. * 9 B) Sampling from Tap 1) For bacteriological analysis: Open the tap for a minute Adjust the flow to avoid splashing Remove the stopper of the sterilized bottle ( 250 ml) and fill the sample up to neck, holding the bottle at bottom Close the bottle Keep the closed bottle in a polythene cover Secure the bottle by fastening with a rubber band 2) For chemical analysis : Sample should be collected in a fresh white 2.5 liter capacity jerry can

10. Guidelines for Labeling * 10 Labeling the bottle / White Jerry can mentioning details of Source – Tap / River / Well etc., Location – Street, Town, Landmark etc., Date and time of collection Collector’s Name and Designation

11. Guidelines for storage and transportation * 11 Bacteriological examination Samples should be kept cool in dark ,perfectly at 4°C to 10°C and transported to the lab as early as possible ideally within six hours of sample collection. In the event of not being able to send within six hours , adequate care should be taken to store the sample in an ice pack ( this can be done if the sample is submitted within 24 hours from the time of collection) In case the transport time is likely to exceed 24 hours, the ice pack must be replenished with new ice. In any case the time allowed for sample submission should be within 48 hours ( ensuring that the sample is in ice pack till being delivered to the lab)

12. Administrative procedure for sample submission * 12 Water sample should be sent for both chemical and bacteriological analysis to assess the quality Medical officer in charge of PHC of the affected area shall forward the water sample for analysis along with the requisition letter to Chief Water Analyst The requisition letter should be endorsed by the concerned DDHS Collection, Labeling ,Storage and Transportation should be done in accordance with the prescribed guidelines Details of outbreak such as date of onset, No. of affected persons, age , gender, disinfection of water supply etc., should be furnished along with the requisition Samples should be collected only by Health Inspector Gr I or Gr II or Sanitary Inspector and not by peon or basic servant It is therefore imperative that proper operating instructions and procedures should be followed to obtain correct picture of the water quality

13. Why safe water essentia l ? Water is a fundamental human need Each person requires at least 50 to 75 liters of clean, safe water a day for drinking, cooking, and keeping themselves clean Water is very important for sanitation

14. Impact of Water Quality on Human health Polluted water is a major cause for human diseases, misery and death. As per WHO, 4 million children die every year due to diarrhoea caused by water-borne infection. Coliform bacteria excreted by humans are most commonly found in polluted water. Conversion of irrigation lands to commercial/residential buildings, leads to issues like Methaemoglobinemia in infants. ( Erstwhile subsoil of irrigation lands infested with nitrogenous fertilizers) 60% of sources affected due to high amount of Nitrate are in the districts of Thiruvannamalai, Vellore, Perambalur, Salem , Dharmapuri, and Erode in Tamil Nadu. Widespread usage of ill designed RO(reverse osmosis) water plants is leading to ailments like knee / joint pain even in younger age groups. This is due to absence of essential minerals like calcium and magnesium.

15. Impact of Water Quality on Human health – Short term Type Disease Caused by Bacterial Cholera Vibrio Cholerae Typhoid Fever Solmonella Typhi Paratyphoid Solmonella Paratyphi A/B/C Bacillary Dysentry Shigella, Dysenteriae Traveler's diarrhoea E.Coli / rarely by Shigella Leptospirosis Leptospira Protozoal Amoebiosis & Amoebic Dysentery Entamoeba histolytica Giardiasis Diarrheal disease due to protozoal parasite. Viral Polio Poliomyelitis Infectious Hepatitis Water borne diseases

16. Prolonged consumption of water containing excessive amount of minerals will have a severe health impact . Pollutants (Natural /Contamination with Industrial Waste) Disease Fluoride Skeletal Fluorosis, Acute toxic nephritis Nitrate Methaemoglobinemia Sulphate (in the form of Magnesium sulphate) Laxative effect Pesticides Nervous system , reproductive and endocrinal system damage. Chlorinated solvents Reproduction disorder and cancer Heavy Metals Damage of vital organs Impact of Water Quality on Human health – Long term

17. Heavy Metal Disease Lead Plumbism (Central Nervous system) Arsenic Skin lesions, skin cancer Mercury Hemolysis, head ache, chest pain Chromium Nephritis, Cancer Copper Uremia, Hyper tension Selenium Damage of liver, kidney, spleen Cadmium, Cobalt Diarrhea, Bone deformation Impact of Water Quality on Human health Pathological effects

18. Guidelines for chlorination- Using Sodium Hypo chlorite solution (Liquid Chlorine) Chlorination should preferably be carried out in service reservoirs, overhead tanks and ground level reservoirs wherever provided. Chlorination should be carried out using good quality of BIS grade Sodium Hypo chlorite (Liquid Chlorine)containing not less than 4 % -6%of available Cl Optimum dose of chlorine for disinfection of water is 1 mg / lit. If Sodium Hypo chlorite (Liquid Chlorine) is applied, 10ml-15ml is sufficient for 1000 lit of water . Stock of Sodium Hypo chlorite (Liquid Chlorine) should always be kept in air tight container to prevent deterioration (loss of potency). A 15 minutes contact time after addition of Sodium Hypo chlorite (Liquid Chlorine) should be maintained to ensure hygienic safety

19. Effects of chlorination Best effect of chlorination can be obtained when Water should be colorless and clear At slightly increased temperature In slightly acidic p H

20. Method of chlorination in rural areas..1 Chlorination should be practiced in service reservoirs (or) overhead tanks, wherever it is provided and not advisable to be carried out in the well itself. If there is no provision for overhead tank, but piped supply is provided, then chlorination can be resorted to in the well at times of emergency. 4 g of bleaching powder should be used for every 1000 lit of water Volume of water in a round well = πr 2 h cubic unit .( π = 22 / 7 ) r = Internal radius of well, h = Depth of water in the well) Volume of water in rectangular well , overhead tank, service reservoir etc.= Ibh cubic unit ( I = Inner length; b = Inner breadth ; h = Depth of water ) 1 cu. ft = 28.3 litre

21. Method of chlorination in rural areas..2 In general it is enough if well is constructed as per sanitary specification such as location free from pollution, steening plastered to the lowest summer water level, provision of platform and drain, parapet wall and proper cover to prevent entry of dust and sunlight Pot chlorination can be practiced where pumping is not possible Well constructed as per the above sanitary specification should be provided with sufficient number of hand pumps to raise the water in order to avoid the use of pots, vessels, ropes etc., It is advisable to keep the well completely covered, to prevent entry of dust, bird dropping, accidental falling of reptiles, rodents which are common cause for contamination

22. Estimation of residual chlorine Presence of residual chlorine in treated water indicates that disinfection is adequate It can be estimated by addition of few drops of Ortho Toludine (OT) solution in a test tube containing the treated water Within a few seconds , yellow colour will develop if there is free residual chlorine If no development of yellow colour indicates absence of free chlorine Deep orange yellow colour indicate excessive chlorination ( > 2 ppm) Development of brick red colour indicate super chlorination ( > 10 ppm)

23. Summing up It is important that the guidelines to be followed meticulously Sufficient stock of good quality bleaching powder should always be kept in hand Daily routine monitoring of residual chlorine is to be carried out and records should be maintained Systematic ,scheduled and uninterrupted chlorination is very essential to prevent outbreak of water borne diseases These acts will ensure that we have an epidemic free and effective public health protection

24. CONCLUSION Chlorination not only kills bacteria, it also helps in the removal of bad odour, color, taste, acts as coagulant facilitating the precipitation of iron salts, detoxificant for the removal of certain poisons. Hence chlorination of water supply should be practiced systematically to ensure aesthetic and hygienic safety of drinking water at all times.

25. wonderful mother nature

26. Chennai Laboratory (Established-1924) Coimbatore Laboratory (Established- 1963) Tiruchirapalli Laboratory (Established -2014) Tirunelveli Laboratory (Established- 2014) 1.Chennai + 19 City Hospitals 2.Kancheepuram 3. Thiruvallur 4. Cuddalore 5.Thiruvannamalai 6. Villupuram 7. Vellore 1.Coimbatore 2.The Nilgiris 3.Erode 4.Thiruppur 5.Salem 6.Namakkal 7.Krishnagiri 8.Dharmapuri 1.Tiruchirapalli 2.Perambalur 3.Ariyalur 4.Thanjavur 5.Pudukottai 6.Dindigul 7.Karur 8.Thiruvarur 9.Nagapattinum 1.Tirunelveli 2.Kanyakumari 3.Thoothukudi 4.Ramanathapuram 5.Virudhunagar 6.Madurai 7.Sivaganga 8.Theni Public Health Water Analysis Laboratory monitoring of protected water supplies and its respective Districts:

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