Water Supply-I ARCHITECTURE STUDY 2ND YEAR

Water Supply

1. Presented By:
Abhinav Srivastav
Assistant Professor
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Architecture and Planning, N.I.T. Patna.
Water Supply-I
Building Services

2. Ar. Abhinav Srivastav
Assistant Professor
B.Arch, M.Tech(IIT-R), Ph.DPursue.
mCOA, AISHRAE, mIBPSA, LM-IMS
Mobile No.-[phone]
Email [email protected]
Qualifications:B.Arch, UPTU-Lucknow (2013), M.Tech, I.I.T-Roorkee (2015-17) and at present
pursuing Ph.Dat N.I.T-Patna.
Professional Bodies/ Associations:Council of Architecture, India, IMA-New Delhi, ISHRAE, IBPSA-
India
Ar. Abhinav Srivastav believes in Science & Technology. He is an Architect & Geomatic Engineer and
further joined Ph.D. programmefrom N.I.T Patna for invigorating scholarly information. He is associated
with academic institution from past 7years. His area of interest is Building Thermal Performance,
Sustainable & Green Architecture. Beyond academic Ar. Abhinav, owned a consulting firm ArkiesStudio
at Kanpur-Uttar Pradesh centered work in small scale residential & commercial projects.
With academic & professional practicing, he qualified various entrance Tests/Exams like CEED-13,
GATE-2015-18, WBPSC-Asst. Architect, UPSC-Asst. Architect, BSF-Assistant Commandant exam.
As an expert, he also volunteered for expert talks/ lectures at several other Institute based on mechanical
services. His interest beyond curriculum is in technical book reading, data collection, travelling & driving.

3. Water Supply-I
Outline
•What is Water?
•General
•Water Cycle
•United Nation
•Highlights of Draft National Water Bill 2016
•Hydraulics Introduction
•Water Requirement as IS 1172:1993
•Drinking Water-Specification as IS 10500:2012
•Water Supply System
•Source of Water
•Water Intake Structures
•Population Forecasting
•Per Capita Demand
•Fire Demand Calculation
•Design Period
•Reservoir/Storage System
•Pumping Station
•Types of Pump
•Classification of Pipe
•Treatment of Water
•Hardness of Water
•Distribution System
•Ferrule Connection
•Pipe Appurtenances
•Acts, Book & Codes

4. Water Supply-I
What is Water?
“Water, a substance composed of thechemical
elementshydrogenandoxygenand existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. It is
one of the most plentiful and essential ofcompounds. A tasteless and
odourlessliquidat room temperature, it has the important ability to dissolve many
other substances. Indeed, the versatility of water as asolventis essential to living
organisms.Lifeis believed to have originated in the aqueous solutions of the
world’soceans, and living organisms depend on aqueous solutions, such
asbloodand digestive juices, for biological processes. Water also exists on other
planets and moons both within and beyond the solar system. In small quantities
water appears colourless, but water actually has anintrinsicblue colourcaused by
slight absorption oflightat red wavelengths.”
Source-Britannica

5. Water Supply-I
What is Water?
“Water(chemical formulaH
2O) is aninorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, andnearly
colorlesschemical substance, which is the main constituent ofEarth'shydrosphereand thefluidsof
all known living organisms (in which it acts as asolvent). It is vital for all known forms oflife,
even though it provides neitherfood, energy, nor organicmicronutrients. Itschemical formula,
H
2O, indicates that each of itsmoleculescontains oneoxygenand twohydrogenatoms, connected
bycovalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of
104.45°."Water" is also the name of the liquid state of H
2O atstandard temperature and pressure.
A number of natural states of water exist. It formsprecipitationin the form of rain andaerosolsin
the form of fog.Cloudsconsist of suspended droplets of water andice, its solid state. When finely
divided,crystallineice may precipitate in the form ofsnow. The gaseous state of water
issteamorwater vapor.”
Source-Wikipedia
The three common states of matter
CloudsinEarth's atmospherecondense
fromgaseouswater vapor.
A block ofsolidwater (ice)

6. Water Supply-I
General
Access to Water
The human right to water entitles everyone without discrimination to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and
affordable water for personal and domestic use.
Glory from the Past
Source-UN General Assembly, 2010
All major civilizations have concentrated and flourished around water bodies

7. Water Supply-I
General
Problems and Challenges
•Water Availability and Quantity
•Water Quality
•Population
•Industrial Growth and Urbanization
•Climate Change
•Water Management and Governance
•……many more

8. Water Supply-I
Water Cycle
Precipitationisavitalcomponentof
howwatermovesthroughEarth’s
watercycle,connectingtheocean,
land,andatmosphere.Knowingwhere
itrains,howmuchitrainsandthe
characterofthefallingrain,snow
orhailallowsscientiststobetter
understandprecipitation’simpacton
streams, rivers,
surfacerunoffandgroundwater.
Frequentanddetailedmeasurements
helpscientistsmakemodelsofand
determinechangesinEarth’swater
cycle.
Thewatercycledescribeshowwaterevaporatesfromthesurfaceoftheearth,risesintotheatmosphere,coolsand
condensesintorainorsnowinclouds,andfallsagaintothesurfaceasprecipitation.Thewaterfallingonlandcollects
inriversandlakes,soil,andporouslayersofrock,andmuchofitflowsbackintotheoceans,whereitwilloncemore
evaporate.ThecyclingofwaterinandoutoftheatmosphereisasignificantaspectoftheweatherpatternsonEarth.

9. Water Supply-I
United Nation
What are the Sustainable Development Goals?
•TheSustainableDevelopment
Goals(SDGs),alsoknownasthe
GlobalGoals,wereadoptedby
theUnitedNationsin2015asa
universalcalltoactiontoend
poverty,protecttheplanet,and
ensurethatby2030allpeople
enjoypeaceandprosperity.
•The17SDGsareintegrated—
theyrecognizethatactioninone
areawillaffectoutcomesin
others,andthatdevelopment
mustbalancesocial,economic
andenvironmentalsustainability.
•Countrieshavecommittedto
prioritizeprogressforthose
who'refurthestbehind.The
SDGsaredesignedtoend
poverty,hunger,AIDS,and
discriminationagainstwomen
andgirls.
1.No Poverty
2.Zero Hunger
3.Good Health and Well-Being
4.Quality Education
5.Gender Equality
6.Clean Water and Sanitation
7.Affordable and Clean Energy
8.Decent Work and Economic Growth
9.Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
10.Reduced Inequalities
11.Sustainable Cities and Communities
12.Responsible Consumption and Production
13.Climate Action
14.Life below Water
15.Life on Land
16.Peace, Justice and Strong Institution
17.Partnerships for the goals
Source-https://www.undp.org/sustainable-
development-goals

10. Water Supply-I
United Nation
Source-
https://www.undp.org/sustainab
le-development-goals

11. Water Supply-I
Highlights of Draft National Water Bill 2016
•RighttoWaterforLife(foreverypersonandalldrinkingwateragencytomaintainstandards)
•RiverRejuvenation(AviralDhara–connectivityofflow,NirmalDhara–qualityofflow,SwachhKinaraand
rejuvenatingaquifers)
•ProtectingEcosystemsdependentonwater(preventionofencroachmentandsandmining)
•People-CentredWaterManagement(Rainwaterharvesting,WatersheddevelopmentandParticipatoryirrigation
management)
•WateruseandLandUse(properlanduseandsustainableagriculturalpractices)
•TreatmentandUseofWastewater
•IntegratedRiverBasinDevelopmentandManagement
•Panchayats,Municipalities,Corporationswillbeinvolvedintheplanningandmanagementofprojects.
•PlanningforWaterSecurity(duringdroughtsandfloods,waterconservationtechnologiessuchasdripirrigationand
sprinklers,groundwaterrechargestructuresandenergy-efficientpumps,lesswater-intensivecrops)
•WaterResourceInformationSystem,PromotionofInnovationandKnowledgeManagement,ResolutionofWater
Conflicts
National policy framework: Features of Draft National
Water Bill 2016

12. Water Supply-I
Hydraulics Introduction
Plumbingsystemsinvolvetheflowofwaterunderpressureorduetogravity,inpipesandopenchannels.The
flowisdependentonseveralpropertiesofliquidsandtheirbehaviourunderdifferenttemperaturesandpressures.
Anunderstandingofthesepropertieswillassisttheengineerinthedesignofasystem.
DENSITY
Density of a substance is defined as mass per unit volume and is expressed as:
d=m/V
where
d is density
m is mass in kg
V is volume in cubic meters (cum)
Density of a substance varies with temperature. As volume of a liquid increases with rise in temperature, its density decreases.
VISCOSITY
Viscosityistheinternalresistanceofafluidtoshearandindicatesitsrelativeresistancetoflow.Thickfluidsflowmuch
slowlythanthinfluids,indicatingtheirhigherviscosity.

13. Water Supply-I
Hydraulics Introduction
PRESSURE
Pressure is the force exerted by a body per unit area divided by its mass. Water exerts its pressure equally in all direction.
Being a liquid, water is unable to resist a change in its shape.
The pressure also known as the ‘head of water’, in the container is 1m, which is exerting a pressure of 0.1kg/sqcm. Hence a
10m head of water exerts a pressure of 1kg/sqcm, which is approximately equal to atmospheric pressure also called 1bar
(1N/m.sqcm).
STATIC HEAD
Water flows from higher to a lower level by virtue of its potential energy. The difference in level between the two point is
known as static head.
DYANMIC HEAD
Water can also flow from a lower elevation to higher elevation by applying energy in the form of a pump. Water can be
pumped to any length and height by using an appropriate type of pump. Since the energy used is dynamic, the pressure or head
so generated is known as the dynamic head. All types of pump, air compressor, etc., using an external energy source are typical
example.

14. Water Supply-I
Water Requirement as IS 1172:1993
Aminimumof70to100litersperheadperdaymaybeconsidered
adequatefordomesticneedsofurbancommunities,apartfromnon
domesticneedsasflushingrequirements.Ageneralrulethefollowing
ratespercapitaperdaymaybeconsideredminimumforageneral
rulethefollowingratespercapitaperdaymaybeconsidered
minimumfordomesticandnondomesticneeds:
Water Supply for Residences

15. Water Supply-I
Water Requirement as IS 1172:1993

16. Water Supply-I
Water Requirement as IS 1172:1993

17. Water Supply-I
Water Requirement as IS 1172:1993
Source-NPTEL

18. Water Supply-I
Water Requirement as IS 1172:1993
Source-NPTEL

19. Water Supply-I
Drinking Water-Specification as IS 10500:2012

20. Drinking Water-Specification as IS 10500:2012
Water Supply-I

21. Drinking Water-Specification as IS 10500:2012
Water Supply-I

22. Water Supply-I
Drinking Water-Specification as IS 10500:2012

23. Water Supply-I
Drinking Water-Specification as IS 10500:2012

24. Water Supply-I
Drinking Water-Specification as IS 10500:2012

25. Water Supply-I
Drinking Water-Specification as IS 10500:2012

26. Water Supply-I
Water Supply System
Waterisoneofthebasicnecessitiesforeverylivingbeingtosurvive.
Though,waterisavailableinabundanceyetverylittlewaterisfitfor
humanconsumption.Nowthequestionis:Howtoavailofthesesources
andmakewaterfitforhumanuseandmakeitavailablelousers?Water-
supplystartsfromvarioussourcesofwater,tracedtothepointof
distributionandleadsontodomesticsupply.
Theplanningofwater-supply,developmentorimprovementneedsa
determinationofthesourceorsourcesofwaterthatareavailableandthe
quantityandqualityofwaterthatmaybeobtainedfromavailable
sources.
Themunicipalcorporationsormunicipalitiesareresponsiblefor
providingpublicwater-supplysystemswhichincludescollectionofwater
fromthesourceofsupply,givingnecessarytreatmenttowatertomakeit
hygienicallysafeandpotableandfinallydistributionofwaterthrougha
networkofpiping(trunkmains,streetmains,etc.)Waterfromthestreet
mainissuppliedtotheindividualbuildingthroughaserviceconnection.
withinthebuilding,waterisdistributedtodifferentfixturesthroughpipes
whichmayrunonsurfaceorbeconcealedinwallsorbelowflooring.
Waterthussuppliedmaybeusedfordifferentpurposes.

27. Water Supply-I
Water Supply System
Typical Piped Water Supply System
Source Treatment Storage Distribution
Distant/local
Primary/secondary
treatment for local
and raw bulk water
Primary/secondary storage Gravity/pumped
Ground
Well
Handpump
Tube well
Surface
River
Pond
Rain water
Bulk Water
Purchase Raw
Treated
Primary
Screening/
sedimentation
Filtration
Sand/gravel
Chlorination
disinfection
Water softening
reverse osmosis etc
Elevated Storage
On ground
storage
Underground
storage
Pipe & Tap
Pipe & Stand Post

28. Water Supply-I
Water Supply System

29. Water Supply-I
Water Supply System

30. Water Supply-I
Source of Water
Sources
Ground Surface
Springs Infiltration
galleries
Wells
SurfaceArtesianDeep-seated
Artesian Shallow Deep well
Streams Rivers

31. Water Supply-I
Source of Water
•Aspringis a point of exit at whichgroundwaterfrom anaquiferflows out on top ofEarth's crust(pedosphere) and becomessurface water.
•Springs are formed whengroundwaterflows onto the surface.
A natural spring onMackinac
IslandinMichigan
On an average day
nearly 303million US
gallons (1,150,000m
3
)
of water flow fromBig
SpringinMissouriat
a rate of 469 cubic
feet per second
(13.3m
3
/s).

32. Water Supply-I
Source of Water
Gravity Spring
Artesian Spring
Artesian Spring

33. Water Supply-I
Source of Water
infiltration gallery

34. Water Supply-I
Water Intake Structure
SiteselectionofIntakeStructures
Therearecertainfactorswhichaffectsthesiteselectionofintakes.Theyarelistedbelow:
Location
•Theintakeshouldbeconstructedintheupstreamside.
•Theintakeshouldneverbelocatedinthecurvesinriver.
•Theintakeshouldneverbeconstructednearthenavigationchannel.
•Theintakeshouldbeconstructedsuchthatitisaccessibleduringflood.
•Thesitemustbewellconnectedbygoodapproachofroads.
•Thelocationofintakeregardingthesourcesofpollutionneedtobeconsidered.
Quantity
•Theintakeshouldbeconstructedsuchthatsufficientwithdrawalofwaterispermittedtomeetthedemandofthepopulation.
•Theintakemustbecapabletofulfilltheexpansionwaterworks.
Quality
•Purerzoneofthesourcemustbeselectedforintakeconstruction.
Economy
•Forthereductioninsystemcosttheintakesiteisselectednearthetreatmentplant

35. Water Supply-I
Water Intake Structure
1.WetIntake:Thewaterlevelof
intaketowerispracticallythesameas
thatofthewaterlevelofsourcesof
supplyinwetintake.Itisalsoknown
asjackwell.
2.ExposedIntake:Exposedintakes
areintheformofoilortower
constructednearthebankofriver,or
insomecasesevenawayfromthe
bankofriverandarecommondueto
easeinitsoperation.
3.SubmergedIntake:Thoseintakes
thatareconstructedentirelyunder
wateraretermedassubmerged
intakes.Submergedintakestructures
arecommonlyusedtoobtainwater
fromlakes.
4.DryIntake:Thereisnowaterin
thewatertowerinthecaseofdry
intake.Waterentersthroughtheport
directlyintotheconveyingpipes.In
thistypeofintakethedrytoweris
simplyusedfortheoperationof
valves

36. Water Supply-I
Water Intake Structure

37. Water Supply-I
Water Intake Structure

38. Water Supply-I
Population Forecasting
•Arithmetic Increase Method
•Geometric Increase Method
•Incremental Increase Method
•Logistic Curve Method
•Growth Composition Analysis Method
•Master Plan Method
•Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
•Simple Graphical Method
•Comparative Graphical Method
•Ratio Method
Factors affecting population change:
•Birth rate (causes an increase)
•Death rate (causes a decrease)
•Migration (causes either an increase or a decrease)
•Annexation (causes an increase)

39. Water Supply-I
Population Forecasting

40. Water Supply-I
Population Forecasting

41. Water Supply-I
Population Forecasting

42. Water Supply-I
Population Forecasting

43. Water Supply-I
Population Forecasting

44. Water Supply-I
Population Forecasting

45. Water Supply-I
Per Capita Demand
If ‘Q’ is the total quantity of water required by various purposes by a town per year and ‘p’ is population of town, then percapita
demand will be
Per capita demand = Q/Px365 litres/day
Per capita demand of the town depends on various factors like standard of living, no. and type of commercial places in a town etc.
For an average Indian town, the requirement of water in various uses is as under
1.Domestic purpose --------135 litres/c/d
2.Industrial use --------40 litres/c/d
3.Public use --------25 litres/c/d
4.Fire Demand --------15 litres/c/d
5.Losses, Wastage and thefts --------55 litres/c/d
Total : 270 litres/capita/day
The total quantity of water required by the town per day shall be 270 multiplied with the total population in litres/day.

46. Water Supply-I
Fire Demand Calculation
•The quantity of water required for fire fighting should be kept stored in storage reservoirs and made available always.
•The water distribution system is affected by the fire demand since consumption of water during fire fighting is high.
Minimum water pressure (fire hydrants): 100 to 150 kN/m2 (10 to 15 m of water head).
This is maintained even after 4 to 5 hours of constant use of fire hydrant.
•Fire hydrants are usually placed 100 to 150 meters apart in the water mains.
Fire fighting pumps are connected into fire hydrants.
Three jet streams can be simultaneously thrown from each hydrant.
Discharge of each stream: 1100 litres/minute.
Fire demand(kilo liters) can be also estimated as the function
of population(in thousands) = 100 √P(for cities with population>50000)
Kuichling’sformula:
Q= 3182√ P
Q= Amount of water in litres/min
P=Population in thousands

47. Water Supply-I
Fire Demand Calculation
Problem: In a big city having a population of 10 lakhs, if 4 fires break out in a day and each
fire stands for 4 hours , determine the total amount of water required. Solve using different
methods.
Solution:
Amount of water required per person = (No. of fire x Discharge in minutes x time)/No. of persons
= (4 x 1100 x (4 x 60))/1000000
= 1.06 litres/person/day (1056 kilo liter/day)
However, this formula is applicable for smaller cities with population<50,000.
Amount of water required in kilolitresper day = 100 x √(1000000/1000) = 3162 kilolitres/day
Using Kuichling’sformula, Q = 3182 x √(1000000/1000) = 100624 litres/min

48. Water Supply-I
Design Period
The complete water supply project includes huge and costly constructions such as dams, reservoirs,
treatment works and network of distribution pipelines. These all works cannot be replaced easily or capacities
increased conveniently for future expansions.
While designing and constructing these works, they should have sufficient capacity to meet future demand of
the town for number of years. The number of years for which the designs of the water works have been done is
known as design period. Mostly water works are designed for design period of 22-30 years, which is fairly good
period.

49. Water Supply-I
Reservoirs/ Storage System
•A service reservoir/distribution reservoir :
•Balances the fluctuating demand in the distribution system
•Provides appropriate pressure required in the distribution system
•Reduces pressure fluctuations
•Allows the source to give output at a different rate or in a steady rate
•Stores water to meet fire and other emergency demands
•Supplies water during a failure or shutdown of treatment plant, pumps, or trunk main
•Service reservoirs can have multiple compartments which facilitates maintenance and operation simultaneously.
•Service reservoirs are prone to acts of vandalism, terrorism etc.
•Depth for service reservoirs can be optimized for different storage capacity.
Functions

50. Water Supply-I
Reservoirs/ Storage System
Talawater tank
Kolkata Municipal Corporation.
Built in 1909.
Capacity: 9 million gallons of
water (largest overhead
reservoir in the world)
Height: 110 feet
Source:https://www.asianage.c
om/metros/kolkata/240417/tala
-water-tank-to-be-revampedfor-1st-
time.html
Service reservoir design depends on:
•Reservoir capacity
•Topography of the site
•Subsoil type
•Costs of materials: concrete, reinforcement, and
formwork
Surface Reservoirs
•Circular or rectangular tank constructed at or
below the ground level.
•Sometimes built along with an elevated
reservoir (treated water first stored in
ground, then pumped up).
Elevated Reservoirs
Rectangular, circular, elliptical overhead tanks
erected at a certain suitable elevation to meet
the pressure or head requirement for
distribution.

51. Water Supply-I
Reservoirs/ Storage System
Total storage capacity = Balancing storage (equalising/operating storage) + Breakdown storage + Fire storage
Balancing storage: Quantity of water stored in the reservoir for equalisingor balancing the variable demand against the constant
supply is known as balancing storage.
Breakdown storage: Water stored as reserve during breakdown time. 25% of total capacity or 1.5 to 2 hours of average daily
supply.
Fire storage: Water kept in reserve for fire fighting. In India 5 litres/capita.
Overhead Storage:
In India in most municipalities, water supply is limited to a few hours (morning and/or evening).
This makes overhead water storage mandatory to ensure flushing of toilets, urinals and 24 hour water supply.
Water storage required for flushing purposes
400 lts/WC ; 270 ltsin residences
180lts-350lts/urinal seat in a factory and cinema hall.
Additional storage requirements(washing, bathing etc)
135 lts./resident in hotel/nursing homes etc
90 lts./resident in hostel
70 lts./resident in residences (Residences: 5persons /dwelling )
25 lts./person in school/office
(School: Teacher + Students + Staff ; Office: 1 person/ 10-15 m2 plinth area)
7 lts./ user in restaurant
Rectangular tank-length:
Width= 1:2
Height x/2, x is lower
dimension
Circular Tank-assume dia
according to requirement
and height between d/6 to
d/8.

52. Water Supply-I
Reservoirs/ Storage System
R C CWater Storage Tank
GI Sheet Water Storage Tank
High
Density
Linear
Polyethylene
Water
Storage
Tank
Sheet MouldingCompound Water Storage
Tank
Ferro cement Water Storage Tank

53. Water Supply-I
Pumping Station
Main pumping stations supplies water to the distribution system.
Located near water treatment facility or a potable water storage facility.
High lift pumps: pumps directly into distribution system (pumping stations may be a part of other structures)
Booster pumps: increase pressure and located anywhere in the pipeline. (at areas with topographical difference, or during peak
hours when flow requirement is more)
•Can be added to an existing installation.
•Based on present and future demand requirements.
•Positive head on pump suctions.
Pumping stations are also required in sewerage networks
•Within the network for lifting sewage to a shallow sewer.
•For conveying to the STP or outfall.
•From low lying areas to existing sewerage infrastructure.
•From remote areas not linked with the sewerage network.

54. Water Supply-I
Pumping Station
•In water supply network, intakes are
located at remote areas .
•Thus water needs to be pumped for
great distances to the treatment
plants .
Pune City from
KhadakwaslaDam
2420 mm MS Water supply pipeline Delhi

55. Water Supply-I
Types of Pump
Pumps sizes are determined as per the discharge head and flow needed at the point of connection to the distribution system
considering both individual and combined operation considering:
•Displacement pumps
•Reciprocating pump
•Rotary pump
•Centrifugal pumps
•Air lift pumps
•Impulse pumps
•Annual Average Daily Consumption
•Annual Maximum Daily Consumption
•Peak Hour Consumption on Annual Maximum Day
Types of Pump

56. Water Supply-I
Types of Pump
Displacement pump
•Vacuum is created mechanically by moving parts.
•Water gets inside the pump due to created vacuum.
•Then, on return movement of the mechanical part which created the vacuum,
the water is forced out of the chamber through valves and pipes.
Reciprocating pumps:
Simple hand operated reciprocating pump:
Used when water table is about 6mt from the ground level. Piston raised up,
vacuum created. V1 (suction valve)open, v2 (discharge valve) is closed. Piston
pressed down v2 opens and water comes out.

57. Water Supply-I
Types of Pump
Power operated deep well reciprocating pump:
•Similar to hand operated reciprocating pump.
•Cylinder usually below water table.
•Strainer directly connected to cylinder
Rotary pump:
•Revolving(downward) blades fit closely in the casing.
•The blades push the water by their displacement.
•Water is carried upward around the side of the casing and
pushed through discharge pipe.
•Partial vacuum is created on the suction side.
•These pumps are not suitable for handling liquid containing
suspended matter due to these close fitting on the rotor.
•These pumps are self priming and their efficiency is high at
low to moderate head and uptodischarge of 2000 litres/min.

58. Water Supply-I
Types of Pump
•Works on the principle of centrifugal force.
•The rotating element is called impeller.
•Water inside the pump is revolved at high speed by the impeller and is thrown to the
periphery by the centrifugal force.
•Water enters in the pump usually at right angle to the plane of the impeller.
•Impeller rotated by electric motor.
Centrifugal pump
Advantages:
•Compact design requiring small place
•Fixed to high speed driving mechanism
•No noise due to rotary motion
•Rate of flow cannot be regulated
•Restricted suction
•High efficiency only for low head and discharge
•Pump will run backward if it is stopped with the discharge valve open.

59. Water Supply-I
Types of Pump
•Air lift pump is used when there is suspended matter, acid or alkali which may damage
the pump.
•No moving parts.
•Vertical pipe educator pipe in casing pipe.
•Compressed air through air diffuser.
•Direction of outlet upwards.
•Sufficient submergence of air pipe is required.
•Air mixed with water form bubbles.
Air lift pump
•Hydraulic ram works on the principle of impulse(water hammer).
•Large amount of water at moderate head is used to lift small amount of water to
higher head.
•Valve box contains valve 1(waste valve opening downward) and valve 2(delivery
valve opening upward)
•Initially waste valve is open and delivery valve closed.
•With incoming water waste valve is raised and closed creating water hammer
which opens delivery valve.
•Advantage of a small fall is taken in lifting water to great heights.
•These pumps make a lot of noise.
Impulse pump

60. Water Supply-I
Classification of Pipe
(Source: Advisory on pipe materials for transmission of water,
CPHEEO, MOHUA, 2020)

61. Water Supply-I
Treatment of Water
After examining the quality of water, a line of treatment is opted to remove different types of impurities to make it potable or fit
or drinking purposes. The line of treatment comprises various steps which as a whole are referred to as 'purification’.
Aeration
Aeration is necessary to promote
the exchange of gases between the
water and the atmosphere, In water
treatment, aeration is practisedfor
three purposes:
•To add oxygen to water for
imparting freshness, e.g. water
from underground sources
devoid of or deficient in oxygen,
•Expulsion of carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulphideand other
volatile substances causing taste
and odour, e.gwater from
deeper layers of an impounding
reservoir,
•To precipitate impurities like
iron and manganese in certain
forms, e.g. water from some
underground sources.
Aeriation tank

62. Water Supply-I
Treatment of Water
Sedimentation
Sedimentationisaprocessbywhichflowingwaterisgivencompleterestorismadetonowataverylowvelocity.The
sedimentationtanksorclarifiersareprovidedforthepurpose,whichremoveinorganicimpuritiesandmakewaterfitforthe
nextprocessoffiltration.Theheavierinorganicimpuritiessettleatthebottomofthetankduetotheforceofgravityandthe
lighterinorganicimpuritiesfloatonthesurfaceoftheliquid.
Thesedimentationtanksaredesignedtogivecomplete
resttotheflowingwater,orwaterisallowedtonowata
verylowvelocity.Thesettleddownimpuritiesare
removedfromthebottomwhilethelighterimpurities
areremovedfromthetop.Inordertomakethe
sedimentationeffectivecoagulantsareaddedtothe
waterbeforeitisbroughttosedimem1ftontank.
Theprocessofsettlementofaparticleisobstructedby
thefollowingthreefactors:
(a)Velocityofflew
(b)Sizeandshapeofparticle
(c)Viscosityofwater.,
Sedimentation,ifcarriedoutproperly,estimatedtoremoveabout60percentsuspendedwaterandabout75percentof
bacterialloadfromthewater.Whenfiltrationistobeadopted.itisessentialtoprovidesedimentationtanks.Thetreated
waterfromsedimentationtanksenterfilterunitsforfurtherpurification.
Sedimentation tank

63. Water Supply-I
Treatment of Water
Coagulation
Thewaterobtainedfromsurfacesourceformostofpublicwater-supplyprojectsisturbidandcontainsmanysuspendedimpurities.
Thiswatersometimesalsopossessessomecolourwhichmaybeduetocolloidalmatterariddissolvedorganicmaterialinwater.
TheturbidityofwatercanbecreditedtothepresenceoffireclayparticlesasalsotothepresenceofsiltandOrganicmatter.
Thesearefinelydividedandarenotremovedbyplainsedimentationtanksunlessthedetentionlimeisincreased.Coagulationis,
thus,adoptedbywhichsmallparticlesaremadelargeinsizeandthusmakethemsettleable,Thisinvolvesadditionofcertain
chemicalscalledcoagulants.
Thisprocessisadoptedwhentheturbidityofwaterismorethan40ppm.Thisprocessisnotcompleteunlessaccompaniedwith
sedimentationandhastobefollowedbyfiltration.
Theprincipleofcoagulationdependsuponthefollowingtwoconsiderations
(a)Flocculation
Afteradditionofcoagulantsintowater.athickgelatinous
formedafterpropermixing.Thisprecipitateisknownasfloc.Thisflocarrestssuspendedimpuritiesofwaterwhenitslowlydrifts
downwardstowardsthebottomofthetank.
TheprocessofflowformationbyaddlingcoagulantcalledCoagulation
(b)Electriccharge
Flocionspossesselectricchargewhichattractsthenegativelychargedclaycolloidparticlescausingtheirremoval.
Thecommonlyusedcoagulantsarealuminumsulphate,chlorinatedcoppers,ferroussulphateandlime-magnesium
Carbonate,sodiumaluminate,etc.
Thecoagulantsaremixedindryformorsolutionformandformixing,generallyuseddevicesare-centrifugalpumps/
compressedair,etc.

64. Water Supply-I
Treatment of Water

65. Water Supply-I
Treatment of Water
FiltrationofWater
Theprocessoffiltrationformsthemostimportantstageinthepurificationofwater.Inthisprocessathicklayerofsandisusedas
afilter.Thewaterisallowedtopassthroughthethicklayerofsandandafterthewaterhaspassedthroughit,thefollowing
processestakeplace.
•Suspendedandcolloidalparticles.whicharcfinelydivided,areremovedtoagreatextent.
•Thechemicalcharacteristicsarechanged.
•Thenumberofbacteriapresentareconsiderablyreduced.
The.fillersusedforfiltrationcanbeclassifiedasunder,ontherateoffiltration.
Filter
Pressure FilterGravity Filter
Slow Sand Filter Rapid Sand Filter

66. Water Supply-I
Treatment of Water

67. Water Supply-I
Treatment of Water
Pressure Filter

68. Water Supply-I
Treatment of Water
Miscellaneous Treatment Methods
•Disinfection or sterilization,
•Hardness removal
•Iron and manganese removal, and
•Colour, odourand taste removal
•Treatment with chlorine or chlorine compounds like
bleaching powder or chloramines,
•Treatment with ozone,
•Boiling,
•Treatment with ultraviolet rays,
•Treatment with excess lime,
•Treatment with catadynsilver, and
•Long storage

69. Water Supply-I
Hardness of Water
Hardness is of two types-temporary and permanent. Temporary hardness can be removed from boiling water. Permanent
hardness is the amount of hardness remaining after a sample of water has been boiled and is commonly due to the presence of
sulphates of calcium and magnesium which are soluble in water.
Water softeners are used for the removal of hardness and are used in industries (like textiles, breweries, process water
industries, food processing etc.) hospital, hotel, laundries and dairies.
Hardness is classified in terms of calcium carbonate
soft under50 mg/litre
moderately soft 50-100 mg/litre
slightly hard 100-150 mg/litre
moderately hard 150-250 mg/litre
hard 250-350 mg/litre
very hard above 350 mg/litre
Industrial water softener
Bathroom water softener

70. Water Supply-I
Distribution System
•Used in most Indian cities
•One main starts from service reservoir along the main road.
•Sub mains are connected to the main in both the directions.
•Branches or minor distribution for streets etc. mostly at 90 degree.
•There are dead ends.
•System is cheap in initial cost and easy determination of pipe diameter, valve
sizes etc.
•If system breaks down, then water is cut for the entire downstream.
•Poor water quality. Stale water has to be removed occasionally.
•Main of at least 6 inch for distances greater than 1000 ft.
•Lesser number of cut-off valves and pipe length
Dead End or Tree System

71. Water Supply-I
Distribution System
Grid–Iron/Interlaced/Reticulation System
•Usually installed in planned towns where pipe network can be laid in a grid-iron
pattern. e.g., Chandigarh.
•All dead ends of mains are interconnected and water is supplied from both directions.
•Most mains are interconnected and reinforced by arterials.
•Main line is laid along the main road; sub-mains in both directions.
•More cut-off(sluice)valves and longer pipes required.
•Since water is carried via different routes, discharge carried by each pipe is smaller
thus requiring lower pipe size and frictional loss.
•Repair is convenient.
•Effective in fire fighting.
•No stagnation of water and therefore, reduced chances of pollution.
•Good flow is maintained above 6 inches.
•Costlier and difficult to design.

72. Distribution System
•Used in well planned cities.
•A closed ring/complete loop either circular or rectangular, of large diameter
arterial main pipes around the area to be served.
•Water is supplied from 4 directions.
•Costly
•Sometimes placed within a grid iron system or around a high demand area
(looped feeder).
Circular or Ring System
Water Supply-I
Radial System
•Reservoir placed centrally.
•Water lines laid radially outwards.
•Ensures high pressure and efficient water distribution.

73. Water Supply-I
Ferrule Connection

74. Water Supply-I
Ferrule Connection
A Ferrule
• A ferrule is a right angled sleeve made of brass or gun metal and is joined to a hole drilled in the water main to which it is
screwed down with a plug.
Goose neck
• Goose neck is small sized curved pipe made up of a flexible material and is about 75 cm in length forming a flexible connection
between the water main and the service pipe.
Service pipe
• It is a galvanized iron pipe of size less than 50 mm dia. It should be laid in under ground in a trench in which no sewage or
drainage pipe is laid. The service pipe which supplies water to the building through the municipal mains is connected to the main
through goose neck and ferrule.
Stop cock
• The stop cock is provided before the water enters the water meter in the house. It is placed in a suitable masonry chamber with a
removal cover and is fixed in the street close to the boundary wall in an accessible station.
Water meter
• It measures and records quantity of water consumed in the house.

75. Water Supply-I
Pipe Appurtenances
Valves are used in pump
station for controlling and
modulating the flow.
•Sluice or gate valves are used
for isolating pumps in the
suction side, butterfly valves
are not used in suction side.
•In the discharge side, check,
gate or butterfly valve are
installed. The check valve
prevent water from coming
back. Pressure relief valves are
used in the discharge side for
flow control, pressure
regulation, and to protect from
surge pressures.
•Air release and vacuum relief
valves are used on discharge
side for vertical turbine pumps.
Gate/Sluice Valve
Globe Valve
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LO1P4D6V4pA
Air Valve

76. Water Supply-I
Pipe Appurtenances
Relief Valve
Reflux Valve
Fire HydrantBib Cock

77. Water Supply-I
Pipe Appurtenances
Stop Cock
Float/Ball Valve
Ferrule Valve
Ferruleisprovidedonthemainpipe.Thesupplyiscontrolledbytheferruleonthemain,whichis
throttledsufficientlytodelivertherequiredsupplyatthepressurecontemplated.Ferruleismadeupto
brassandbronze.Ithasaverticalinletorscrewingontothewatermainandthehorizontaloutlettobe
connectedtotheservicepipe.Thesizeoftheferruleshouldnotexceedaquarterofthenominal
diameterofthemainandalsobelessthanthesizeofthecommunicationpipe.Italargersizeof
connectionisrequired,branchwiththerequirednumberofservicepipecanbeused.Astopcockis
providedatthebeginningoftheservicepipe.

78. Water Supply-I
Pipe Appurtenances
Low Pressure Meters
They are generally not used in buildings as they loose all the pressure head
of the supply and can, therefore, only be placed on the top of the building.
They are, however, very good for measurement of small flows.
Inferential/ Velocity Meters
These meters are good for high flows. It measures the velocity of flow of a liquid
across a cross-section whose area is known. Discharge at a cross-section is the
product of sectional area and velocity, e.g. turbine meter and rotary meter.

79. Water Supply-I
Pipe Appurtenances
PositiveorDisplacementMeters
Theymeasurethedischargebyrecordingthe
numberoftimesachamberofknowncapacityis
filledandemptied.Typesofdisplacementmeters
arereciprocating,oscillatinganddiscmeters.
Theyaregoodforlowflowsandare,thus,suited
tomeasureflowsintobuildingandresidences.
VenturiMeters
Venturimeteristhesimplestandthemost
satisfactorymeteryetdesignedforlarge
quantitiesofwater,andsimplyconsistsof
anenlargedend,convergingbyeasy
curvestoashortparallelthroat,which
againdivergestothefulldiameteratthe
otherendofthemeter.

80. Water Supply-I
Acts, Book & Codes
•The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
•NBC 2016 Vol 2, Part 9, Sections (1, 2, 3)
•Handbook on Water supply and Drainage -BIS SP 35 1987
•Building Services Handbook -Fred Hall & Roger Greeno
•Sanitation, Drainage and Water Supply -Mitchell.
•IPC 2018 (International Plumbing Code)
•Plumbing –Design &Practise –S G Deolalikar
•Environment and Services -Peter Burberry.
•Water Supply and Sanitation-Charanjit S Shah
•IS Code-1172:1993 Water requirements

81. Water Supply-I
Acts, Book & Codes
•IS 1172:1993Code of basic requirements for water supply, drainage and sanitation
•IS 1742:1983Code of practice for building drainage
•IS 2064:1993Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of sanitary appliances
•IS 2065:1983Code of practice for water supply in buildings
•IS 2470(Part 1):1985Code of practice for installation of septic tanks: Part I design, criteria and construction
IS 2470(Part 2):1985Code of practice for installation of septic tanks: Part 2 Secondary treatment and disposal of septic tank effluent
•IS 3114:1994Code of practice for laying of cast iron pipes
•IS 4111(Part 1):1986Code of practice for ancillary structures in sewerage system: Part I Manholes
•IS 4111(Part 2):1985Code of practice for ancillary structures in sewerage system: Part II Flusingtanks
•IS 4111(Part 3):1985Code of practice for ancillary structures in sewerage system: Part III Inverted syphon
•IS 4111(Part 4):1968Code of practice for ancillary structures in sewerage system: Part 4 Pumping stations and pumping mains (rising mains)
•IS 4111(Part 5):1993Code of practice for ancillary structures in sewerage system: Part 5 Tidal outfalls
•IS 4127:1983Code of practice for laying of glazed stoneware pipes
•IS 5329:1983Code of practice for sanitary pipe work above ground for buildings
•IS 5611:1987Code of practice for construction of waste stabilization ponds (faculativetype)
•IS 5822:1994Code of practice for laying of electrically welded steel pipes for water supply
•IS 6280:1971Specification for sewage screens
•IS 6295:1986Code of practice for water supply and drainage in high altitudes and/or sub-zero temperature regions
•IS 6924:1973Code of practice for the construction of refuse chutes in multistoreyedbuildings
•IS 7090:1985Guidelines for rapid mixing devices
•IS 7208:1992Guidelines for flocculatordevices
•IS 7232:1974Method for imhoffcone test
•IS 7558:1974Code of practice for domestic hot water installations

82. Water Supply-I
Acts, Book & Codes
•IS 7740:1985Code of practice for construction and maintenance of road gullies
•IS 8413(Part 1):1977Requirements for biological treatment equipment: Part 1 Trickling filters
•IS 8413(Part 2):1982Requirements for biological treatment and equipment: Part 2 Activated sludge process
•IS 8419(Part 1):1977Requirements for filtration equipment : Part 1 Filtration media –sand and gravel
•IS 8419(Part 2):1984Requirements for rapid sand gravity filtration equipment: Part 2 Underdrainage system
•IS 9110:1979Specification for hand operated augers for cleaning water-closets pipes and sewers
•IS 9222(Part 1):1990Recommendations for handling and dosing devices for chemicals for water treatment: Part I Coagulants
•IS 10037(Part 1):1981Requirements for sludge dewatering equipment: Part I Sludge drying beds-sand and gravel
•IS 10037(Part 2):1983Requirements for sludge de-watering equipment: Part 2 Vacuum filtration equipment
•IS 10037(Part 3):1983Requirements for sludge de-watering equipment: Part 3 Centrifugal equipment (Solid bowl type)
•IS 10053:1981Requirements for equipment for jacksoncandle turbidimeterand determination of turbidity
•IS 10261:1982Requirements for settling tank (clarifier equipment) for waste water treatment
•IS 10313:1982Requirements for settling tank (clarifier equipment) for water treatment plant
•IS 10446:1983Glossary of terms relating to water supply and sanitation
•IS 10552:1983Specification for buckets to be used in power driven bucket type sewer cleaning machine
•IS 10553(Part 1):1983Requirements for chlorination equipment: Part I General guidelines for chlorination plants including
handling, storage and safety of chlorine cylinders and drums
•IS 10553(Part 2):1983Requirements for chlorination equipment: Part 2 Vacuum feed type chlorinators
•IS 10553(Part 4):1983Requirements for chlorination equipment: Part 4 Gravity feed type gaseous chlorinators
•IS 10553(Part 5):1987Requirements of chlorination equipment: Part 5 Bleaching powder solution feeder displacement type
chlorinator

83. Water Supply-I
Acts, Book & Codes
•IS 10595:1983Requirements for power driven bucket-type sewer cleaning machine
•IS 11117:1984Requirements for power driven rodding machine for sewers
•IS 11208:1985Guidelines for registration of plumbers
•IS 11387:1985Requirements for high pressure jetting machine for sewer cleaning
•IS 11397:1985Specification for attachment tools for power driven rodding machine for sewers
•IS 11401(Part 1):1985Requirements for slow sand filters: Part 1 General guidelines
•IS 11401(Part 2):1990General requirements for slow sand filters: Part 2 Design, construction, operation and maintenance
•IS 11906:1986Recommendations for cement mortar lining for cast iron mild steel and ductile-iron pipes and fittings for
transportation of water
•IS 11925:1986Specification for pitch-impregnated fibrepipes and fittings for drainage purposes
•IS 11931:1987Specification for sewer cleaning metal rods
•IS 11972:1987Code of practice for safety precautions to be taken when entering a sewerage system
•IS 12183(Part 1):1987Code of practice for plumbing in multi-storeyedbuildings: Part 1 Water supply
•IS 12251:1987Code of practice for drainage of building
•IS 12288:1987Code of practice for use and laying of ductile iron
•IS 12314:1987Code of practice for sanitation with leaching pits for rural community
•IS 13166:1992Guidelines for evaluation and testing of mechanical surface aerators
•IS 13496:1992General requirements of suction machine for cleaning sewers, manholes and ancillary structures provided on
sewer line and closed storm water
•SP 35(S&T): 1987Handbook on water supply and drainage with special emphasis on plumbing

84. Ar. AbhinavSrivastav
Assistant Professor
B.Arch, M.Tech(IIT-R)
mCOA, AISHRAE, mIBPSA, LM-IMS
Mobile No.-[phone]
Email [email protected]
https://sites.google.com/view/arabhinavsrivastav/home?fbclid=IwAR2AkScN4zOpubHafpytUacJXOPqHsOvuBkxUBM2_T7s5QxGzpzb4_MhVec