Water supply system (distribution system and house water plumbing)

This slide is related to water supply system, fittings, valves, appurtenances used in Water Supply System in building and in main supply lines.

1. Building Services I CE 607 Prepared By: Basant Lekhak 6/19/2021 1 Chapter 3 Water Supply System (Distribution System and House Water Plumbing)

2. CONTENTS 3 .1 Service connection 3 .2 Service pipes, size determination, material use for service pipes, size of service pipes 3 .3 Appurtenances (water meters, gate valves, globe valves, ball valve, reflux valve, drain valve, fire hydrant, bib cock, stop cock, bends, tee, elbow, union, cross, reducer and enlarger, shower, storage tank, overflow, washout, etc.) 3.4 Head loss on pipe and fittings, leakage, check of pipe system 6/19/2021 2

3. 3.5 Hot and cold water supply in building, central heating system, local (instantaneous) heating system (geysers, solar, etc. ) 3.6 Maintenance in building plumbing 6/19/2021 3 CONTENTS

4. 3.1 Service Connection A service connection is primarily a connection from the distribution system to the consumer. A consumer may be a single house, an apartment house, a planned block development or a water district buying water “wholesale”. A connection for single house will normally involve tapping the main while it is under pressure and installing a corporation cock. 4 6/19/2021

5. A domestic service connection includes the following components: Brass or bronze ferrule Goose neck Stop cock or curb valve Main service pipe Water meter. 6/19/2021 5 3.1 Service Connection

6. Brass or Bronze ferrule: Ferrule is right angled sleeve made of brass or bronze. For service connection to house, ferrule is inserted in the main, most usually an ‘under pressure’ connection which can be inserted without shutting down the main. Goose neck: This consists 40 to 50 cm long curved piece of flexible pipe made of brass, copper or lead. The goose neck prevents the breaking of the main service pipe due to movement that takes place between water main and the service pipe, thus providing flexibility of the junction. Stop cock or curb valve: It is installed in a suitable chamber with cover, to close down the supply, for repairs of the plumbing systems. Main Service pipe: It may be of various materials discussed in 3.2 . Its diameter may vary from 12 mm to 40 mm. Water Meter: It is also installed in suitable chamber with cover. It measures the quantity of water used by the consumer. 6/19/2021 6

7. 3.2 Service pipes, size determination, material use for service pipes, size of service pipes The pipe leading from the distribution main of the municipal water supply to the plumbing system of the house i s known as the service main or service pipe. The service connection pipe is made to the main and is run to a stop valve near to the site boundary of the building. A service pipe is a pipeline connecting a building to a main pipe, allowing the building to access municipal services. Buildings can be connected to gas, water, and sewer with the use of service pipes. Once the service pipe enters the building, it can be split to deliver the contents to different areas of the building, including separate apartments and units. Responsibilities for maintenance and repair of such pipes varies, depending on municipal code. 6/19/2021 7

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9. Material used for Service Pipes The following materials are commonly used for service pipes: Copper pipe or brass pipe. Galvanized iron, either lined or unlined. Lead pipe, either lined or unlined. Polythene pipe. 6/19/2021 9

10. Copper tubing: Copper tubing is non-corrosive with most waters. It is used extensively in better grade houses and where ground water is highly corrosive to steel pipe. It has considerable strength, reasonable ductility and available in long lengths. G.I. pipes: These are used where water is suitable. Galvanized iron or steel tubes corrode more readily in soft and acid waters and are not so easily manipulated as copper although they are stronger and can be used in hard water area where they withstand the hammering needed to remove the scale. 6/19/2021 10 Material used for Service Pipes

11. 3. Lead pipe: Lead pipe has following advantages: ( i ) highly resistant, (ii) highly flexible, (iii) high hydraulic coefficient of flow. However , lead has cumulative poisoning effect, specially when it goes into solution. Due to this , it is not preferred . 4. Polythene tube: These are being increasingly used internally and externally for cold water service pipes only. Due to low cost, light weight, no threading required, more resistance to bacterial scale, non corrosive, they are widely used. But at high temperature they are not used. 6/19/2021 11 Material used for Service Pipes

12. Size of Service Pipes The size of the service pipes are determined on the basis of the following : The minimum pressure in the distribution main at the proposed point of connection. Length of service pipe required. Elevation of the highest point of delivery above the distribution mains. Number and types of plumbing fixtures in the building, Maximum rate of flow required. 6/19/2021 12

13. 3.3 Appurtenances The different devices required for controlling the flow of water, for preventing leakage and other purposes in water supply system are called appurtenances. For the efficiently functioning and to maintain the water supply scheme various devices may require to control the flow, maintain pressure, prevent from back flow, to release air from pipelines etc. These devices are called valves. Also , devices used in the water supply system to connect pipe are fittings. 6/19/2021 13

14. Water meters This device is used to know the quantity of water consumed by consumer or quantity water flows through the pipes. Water Meter is normally used for measuring flows to domestic buildings. 6/19/2021 14

15. A water meter should posses: It should accurately measure and register both small and large flows. It should be easy to maintain and repair. Spare parts should be readily available. It should have good capacity with reasonable head loss. It should be capable of working at all pressures efficiently. It should have low cost. It should prevent back flow passing through it and should not be liable to clogging. 6/19/2021 15 Water meters

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17. Gate Valves Also called Sluice valve or Cutoff valve. These are the commonly used valve to regulate the flow of water through pipelines. It consists of a disc or circular gate parallel sided or wedge shaped in cross-section and having a nut which slot in with the thread of an operating spindle . The disc or circular gate by rising or lowering flow can be regulate or control. These valve may be provided in every junction and in a suitable interval in straight portion. 6/19/2021 17

18. 6/19/2021 18 Gate Valves

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20. Globe Valve It is used in pipe lines for convenience in manually closing the pipes to control the flow of water. It should be installed with water pressure under the valve seat as shown in figure. The globe valve has advantage of quicker opening and closing, of longer life and being more easily repaired. It also controls the flow equally well from either direction. 6/19/2021 20

21. Globe Valve 6/19/2021 21

22. Ball Valve 6/19/2021 22

23. Ball Valve A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to control flow through it. It is open when the ball's hole is in line with the flow and closed when it is pivoted 90-degrees by the valve handle . The handle lies flat in alignment with the flow when open, and is perpendicular to it when closed, making for easy visual confirmation of the valve's status . The shut position 1/4 turn could be in either CW or CCW direction. 6/19/2021 23

24. Reflux Valve Also called Check Valve. This non-return valve allows water to flow in one direction only and the flow in reverse direction automatically stopped. It consists of a disc hinged at its top edge provided at the one end in such a way that it opens when flow is forward and closes if water tends to flow in reverse direction. This valve is invariably placed in a pumping main. 6/19/2021 24

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26. 6/19/2021 26 SWJ Reflux Va lve Industrial Reflux Valve

27. Drain Valve Also called Scour Valve. Sediment stagnant deposition problem especially in intermittent system may arises also in dead end system . To remove or drain out deposited silt and sand , for inspection, repair etc , an ordinary sluice valve is provided at the dead ends and at the depressions or lowest point is called scour or drain or blow off valve. 6/19/2021 27

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29. Fire Hydrant 6/19/2021 29

30. 6/19/2021 30 Fire Hydrant

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33. Stop Cock The stop cock are practically sluice valve or gate valves of small size. They are provided on the pipeline leading to wash basins, water tanks, flushing tanks, etc . to stop or open the flows of water when necessary. The stop cock is provided just outside the property boundary to isolate the building from water supply during the maintenance of water system inside the building. They are made of brass or gunmetal. 6/19/2021 33

34. 6/19/2021 34 Stop Cock Brass Stop Cock

35. Bib Cock The water taps are also known as bib cocks or faucets . The water taps are fixed on the pipe line in wash basins, bathrooms, toilets, kitchens, etc. from where the consumers obtain water. It is operated by handle. The stem of the handled is threaded. The valve inside the water can be moved up or down by turning the handle. The clockwise turning of the handle stops the flow of water and anticlockwise turning opens the flow of water. These are generally made of brass or gun metal or plastic . 6/19/2021 35

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37. Bib Cock and Stop Cock 6/19/2021 37

38. Fittings for Pipe 6/19/2021 38

39. 6/19/2021 39 Fittings for Pipe

40. 6/19/2021 40 Fittings for Pipe

41. 6/19/2021 41 Fittings for Pipe

42. Shower 42 6/19/2021

43. 6/19/2021 43 Shower

44. Storage Tank 44 6/19/2021

45. Overflow and Washout 45 6/19/2021

46. Head Loss on Pipe and Fittings Head loss is potential energy that is converted to kinetic energy. Head losses are due to the frictional resistance of the piping system ( pipe , valves, fittings , entrance, and exit losses ). 46 6/19/2021

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57. 3.5 Hot and cold water supply in building, central heating system, local (instantaneous) heating system (geysers, solar, etc. ) Hot water supply plays an important role in buildings such as domestic and industrial buildings. It provides continuous hot water to certain building to satisfy the user’s needs and also act as an important element in production process in industry. 6/19/2021 57

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60. 3.6 Maintenance in building plumbing A proactive maintenance plumbing checklist should cover all the critical components of your plumbing system, including the pipes, valves, water heater and drains . Active Leaks Signs of Corrosion Water Pressure Checking Valves for Correct Operation Inspect Water Heater Check Drains Backflow Testing. 6/19/2021 60

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62. 1. Active Leaks Every proactive plumbing maintenance inspection should check for signs of active leaks, including water spots, moisture or puddles and the presence of mold or mildew. Unknown and unrepaired water leaks can waste thousands of gallons of water a year. 2. Signs of Corrosion The inspection should check for signs of corrosion on all visible plumbing pipes and the presence of lime scale around water faucets and shower heads. The presence of significant corrosion could mean that your pipes are near the end of their useful lives. 3. Water Pressure A building’s water pressure should be no higher than 80psi and no lower than 40psi. In building’s with multiple stories, higher water pressure is often found on the lower levels while lower water pressure can be found at the higher levels. Water pressure that is too low may cause resident complaints, while water pressure that is too high can damage your pipes. 6/19/2021 62

63. 4. Checking Valves for Correct Operation All the safety and shutoff valves in your plumbing system should be tested for correct operation and any broken valves should be replaced. This ensures that you can to turn off the water to certain sections of the building, rather than turning off the building’s entire water system in the event of a major blowout . 5. Inspect Water Heater Your building’s hot water heater should be inspected for proper temperature and any obvious leaks. The safety valves and overflows should also be tested. Safety issues should be repaired immediately. 6/19/2021 63

64. 6 . Check Drains All the drains in your building should be tested for flow rate. Slow drains or clogged drains should be  power - rodded  or hydro jetted in order to restore proper function. You may also want to consider a camera inspection of your drain lines to ensure they are in good working order and do not contain any root infiltrations and/or bellying in the lines. 7. Backflow Testing All commercial buildings and large multi-unit residential buildings are required to have backflow prevention devices and annual backflow testing in order to prevent water in the system from flowing backward and/or being contaminated with other chemicals and substances. 6/19/2021 64

65. Thank you 65 6/19/2021