Water waste sanitation house drainage ppt.pdf

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1. House Drainage System
Building Utility & Services

2. Syllabus
HouseDrainage:principlesofhousedrainage,pipes
andtraps,Classificationoftraps:nahnitrap,
interceptiontrap,grease-trap,sanitaryfittings,system
ofplumbing,housedrainageplan.

3. House Drainage System
TheW.C,Bathrooms,Sinks,Washbasins,etc.
areimportantcomponentsofahouse.The
occupantsofthehousemakeuseoftheabove
componentsandasaresultofthatthereisa
formationofwastewater.TheWastewaterfrom
W.C,bathrooms,sinksandwashbasinsistobe
properlydisposedintothemuncipalsewers.It
isthereforenecessarytoconstructasystemof
conveyanceofwastewaterfromW.C,bathrooms,
kitchensandwashbasinsanddisposaltothe
muncipalsewer.Thissystemisknownashouse
drainagesystem

4. House Drainage System

5. Definition of Terms
•Beforestudyingtheprinciplesfor
designandconstructionofhouse
drainagesystemitisnecessarytofirst
understandthebasictermsusedin
subsequentdescriptionoftopicsinthis
chapter.Importanttermsaredefinedas
follows:
•Wastewater:Waterwhenusedfor
differentpurposelikedomestic
commercial,industrialetc.,receives
impuritiesandbecomewastewater.
Thuswastewaterisusedwaterandit
hasphysical,chemical,andbiological
Impuritiesinit,wastewaterisageneral
term.
•Sewage:Thewastewatercomingfrom
W.C.andcontaininghumanexcretais
knownassewage.

6. Definition of Terms
•Sullage:TheWastewatercomingfrombathroomsand
kitchenswhichdoesnotcontainfecalmatterisknownas
sullage.
•PlumbingSystem:Itisentiresystemofpipelinefor
providingwatersupplytothebuildingoritisasystemof
pipesfordisposalofwastewaterfromthebuilding.
•Sewer:Apipecarryingsewage/wastewateriscalledsewer.
•SoilPipe:ItispipecarryingsewagefromW.C.
•WastePipe:Itisapipecarryingsullugefrombathrooms,
kitchens,sinks,washbasins,etc.
•SewerageSystem:Asystemofsewersofdifferenttypes
andsizesinatowncollectingwastewaterfromthetownand
carryingittothewastewatertreatmentplant.

7. Plumbing systems

8. Definition of Terms
•Manhole:TheseareRCC/Masonary
chambersconstructedatsuitableintervals
alongsewerlines.
•Traps:Trapsaredefinedasfittingsattheend
ofsoilpipesofwastepipestopreventfoul
gasescomingoutofthesoilpipe/wastepipe.

9. Principles Of House Drainage
•HouseDrainageshouldbepreferablelaidbysideofthebuildingtofacilitateeasy
repairandbettermaintenance.
•Housesewerjointsshouldbeleekproofbecauseleekageifanyshallcreatean
odourproblemandleakedwastewatershallinfilterateinthegroundandshall
reducebearingcapacityofsoilbelowfoundation,whichisnotdesirable.
•Thesewageorsullageshouldflowundertheforceofgravity.
•Thehousesewershouldalwaysbestraight.
•Theentiresystemshouldbewellventilatedfromstarttotheend.
•Thehousesewershouldbeconnectedtothemanholesuchthattheinvertlevelis
sufficientlyhighertoavoidbackflowofsewageinhousesewer.
•Whereeverthereischangeindirectionofsewerlineinthepremises,provide
inspectionchamberatthejunction.
•Rainwaterfromroofsoropencourtyardsshouldnotbeallowedtoflowthrough
thehousesewers.
•Siponageactioncanneverbepermittedandthereforeadequateventilation
systemsshouldbeinstalled.

10. Traps And Pipes and other components
of house Drainage System
•Followingarethemaincomponentsofhouse
drainagesystem
•Traps
•Pipes
•SanitaryFittings

11. Traps And Pipes and other components
of house Drainage System
•FollowingarethemaincomponentsofHousedrainage
system.
•Traps:GoodTrapsshouldhavefollowingQualities:
•Shouldprovideenoughwaterseal(around50mm)
withlargesurfacearea.
•Interiorssurfaceshouldbesmoothsothattheflowis
notobstructedwhichenablesselfcleansing.
•Anassessdoorshouldbeprovidedforcleaningthe
trap.
•Itshouldbemadeofnon-adsorbentmaterial.

12. Classification of Traps
•Dependingupontheshapesthetrapsare
classifiedas:
•P-Trap
•Q-Trap
•S-Trap
•Abovethreetypesoftrapsareshowninthe
followingfigures.

13. P, Q and S Traps
Q Trap S TrapP Trap

14. P, Q and S Traps

15. Based on the Use, the traps are
classified as:
•Floor Traps (Nahni Trap)
•Gully Traps
•Intercepting Traps
•All the above traps are discussed below

16. Floor Trap (Nahni Trap)
•FloorTrap(NahniTrap):Thistrapis
generallyusedtoadmitsullagefromthe
floorsofrooms,bathrooms,kitchenetc.in
tothesullagepipe.Thisisprovidedwithcast
ironorstainlesssteelorgalvanisedgratings
(Jallis)atitstopsothattheentryoflarger
matterispreventedtherbychancesof
blockagearereduced.Acommonlyused
nameoftrapisNahniTrap.

17. Nahni Trap

18. Gully Trap
•AGullytraporgullyisprovidedatajunctionofa
roofdrainandotherdraincomingfromkitchenor
bathroom.Asshowninfigurebelowthefoulsullage
shallenterthroughthesideinletwhichisalsocalled
asbackinletandunfoulrainwatershallenter
fromthetopwhichiscoveredwithcastiron
grating.
GullytrapsmayeitherhaveaPshapedorQ
shapedwatersealingarrangement.Thewaterseal
isnormally50mmto75mmdeep.

19. Gully Trap

20. Intercepting Traps
•InterceptingTraps:Interceptingtrapsisprovided
atjunctionofahousesewerandmuncipalsewer
forpreventingentryoffoulgasesofmunicipal
sewerintothehousedrainagesystem.Intercepting
trapisprovidedinthemanholeasshowninthe
followingfigure.

21. Intercepting Traps

22. Advantage of Intercepting traps
•FoulGasesoflargermunicipalsewersare
preventedfromenteringhousedrainage
system.
•Harmfulpathogensarenotenteredinhouse
drains.
•Welldesignedandcontructedinterceptors
canquicklyremovefoulmatterofhouse
draintomuncipalsewers.

23. Disadvantages
•Heavymattershallretaininthetrapifthedischargeof
wastewaterissmallandthesmalldecomposeproducingfour
gasesandthusthemainpurposeofpreventingfoulgasesisnot
servedatall.
•Whenplugisbrokenthefoulgasesshallenterhousesewers.
•Cleaningthroughtheinspectionareaisdifficult.
•Interceptoritselfisanobstructiontothesmoothflow.
•Omissionofinterceptorhavenotraisedseriousconsequences.
•Presenceofinterceptorinstalledbytheownerisfoundtoaffect
ventilationofmuncipalsewer.Henceifinterceptorsareallowed
moreventilationsystemsaretobeprovidedforpublicormunicipal
sewersincreasedcostofseweragesystemandtherebyincreasing
taxestoo.
•Becauseoftheabovereasonthemunicipalitiesdecidewhetherto
allowtheownertoprovideinterceptingtrapsornot.

24. Grease Trap
•Thesetypeoftrapsareusedinlargehotelsrestaurantsor
industrieswherelargequantityofoilswasteisgenerated.Ifthe
oilyorgreasymatterisnotseperateditwillsticktothebuilding
drainagesystemresultinginformationofscumandconsequent
hinderanceinaeration.
•Agreasetrapiseitheramasonaryorcastironchamberwitha
bentpipeorTeepipeattheoutlet.
•Thereissuddenincreaseinareaofflowattheinletandhence
thevelocityofflowisreducedwhichresultsinseperationofoil
andgreasefromwastewater.Theoilandgreasefloatsonthe
surfaceandshouldberemovedperiodically.
•Aseparateoutletpipeforoilandgreasetrapcanbeinstalled
withavalvetostoptheflowaftercompleteremovalofoilor
greasefromthetopsuface.

25. Grease Trap

26. Pipes
•Inhousedrainagesystempipesmaybe
designateddependinguponthefunctionas
shownbelow.
•SoilPipe:Apipecarryinghumanextracta
•WastePipe:Apipecarryingsullage
•VentPipe:Itisapipeinstalledtoprovideflow
ofairtoorfromthedrainagesystemorto
providecirculationofairinthedrainagesystem
toprovidecirculationofairinthedrainage
systemtoprotectthewatersealoftrapsagainst
siponageandbackflow.
•AntisiponagePipe:Itisthepipewhichis
installedtopreservethewatersealinthetrap
throughproperventilation
•RainwaterPipe:Apipecarryingonlyrain
wateriscalledrainwaterpipe.

27. Sizes of Various Pipes
Type Size
Soil Pipe 100
Waste Pipe (horizontal) 30 To 50
Waste Pipe (Vertical) 75
Vent Pipe 50
Rain water pipe 75
Antisiponage pipe 50 mm

28. Sanitary Fittings
•Following sanitary fittings are used in the house drainage
system.
•Wash Basin
•Sinks
•Bath tubs
•Water Closets
•Urinals
•Flushing Cisterns

29. Wash Basins
Theseareplumbingfixturesmainlyusedforhandwashing.
•Thesearenormalymadeofglazedearthernwareorvitriouschina.
Sometimestheyarealsomadefromironstainlesssteelorplastic,
speciallyfortheplaceswhereusersaremore.
•Washbasinsmaybeeitherflatbackpatternoranglebackpattern.
Thepreviousisfixedonwallsandlatterisusedforfixingatcorners
ofwalls.Theflatbackpatternhasstandardsizesasfollows:
•630mmx450mm
•550mmx400mm
•450mmx300mm
•Whereastheanglebackpatternhasstandardsizesasshownbelow:
•600mmx480mm
•400mmx400mm

30. Wash Basin

31. Types of Wash Basins

32. Sinks
•Sinksaretheplumbingfixturesprovidedinkitchensfor
cleaningutensils.Sinksarealsoprovidedinlaboratoriesfor
cleaninglaboratoryglasswaresetc.Theplanandsectionofsinkis
shownbelow:
•Sizesofsinksareindicatedbelow:
•ForKitchen
•600x400x150mm
•600x450x250mm
•750x450x250mm
•Forlaboratories
•400x250x150mm
•450x300x150mm
•600x400x200mm
•500x350x150mm

33. Bath Tubs
•BathTubistheplumbingfixturesprovidedinthe
bathroomfortakingbath.Thisismadeofglazed
earthwareorviteriouschina,cementconcretefinishedwith
terrazzoorglazedprocelaintilesormarblesandeamelled
iron.
•Acircularwasteholeatthebottomofbathtubis
providedfordrainagepurpose.Theholeisprovidedwith
ametallicwastefittingalsocalledwastecouplinghaving
astrainerandcleanopeningofabout40mmto50mm
dia.Awastepipeisfixedtothewastefitting.
•Thebathtubisprovidedwithtaporshowerand
overflowpipeof40mmlocatedat40to50mmbelowthe
topedgeofthetub.

34. Bath Tub

35. Water Closets ( W/C)
•Awaterclosetsisapanlikewaterflushedplumbingfixture
designedtoremovehumanexcretadirectlyanddisposethe
sameintothesoilpipethroughtrap.
•Itismadeofviterouschinaorproclainandisconnectedto
soilpipethroughthetrap.Theinsidesurfaceofwatercloset
andtrapareglazedsothattheflushingissmoothandefficient.
•Thewaterclosetsareofthreetypes:
•IndiaType
•EuropeanType
•AngloIndianType

36. Indian Type WC
•IndianTypeWC:IndianstandardIS2556
PartIII-1990providesdetailed
specificationfortheviterouschinaIndian
typewaterclosets.
•FollowingfigshowstheIndiantypeWater
closets

37. Indian Type WC
•Itissimpleinconstructionandworkingbatused
insquattingposition.Usuallyitismadefrom
procelain.Thepanandtrapareavailableintwo
differentpieces.Thetraphasanopeningfor
antisiponagepipe.TheWCisfixedinsquatting
positionjustatfloorlevel.IndiantypeWCrequires
around10litreofwaterforflushing.Theflushing
cisternisfittedat2mheightfromthewatercloset.

38. European Type Water Closet
•FigshowsEuropeantypewatercloset.Itis
usuallymadeofproclain.Itisprovidedwith
seatandcover.Thepanhasflushingrimto
spreadtheflusingrimtospreadtheflush
water.TheclosetisfittedwithP-traporS
Trap.

39. Anglo Indian Type W/C
•IntheeuropeanW/Ctheusercannotrest
onthinrimconvenientlyandinindianW/C
chancesoffoulingofexcretaaremore.The
abovedisadvantagesofeuropeanandindian
waterclosetsareremovedinangloIndian
watercloset.Theclosetisfixed40cmabove
fromthefloorlevelandupperrimofthe
panisenlargedsufficientlysothatusercan
convenientlysit.

40. Anglo Indian Type W/C

41. Urinals
•(IndianStandardIS2556part61992
describesthedetailedspecificationforthe
viterousurinals)
•Urinalsmostlyinuseareoftwotypes:
•BowlType
•StallType

42. Urinals

43. Flushing Cistern:
•IndianStandardsIS774-1990providesdetailed
specificationfromflushingcisternsforwaterclosetsand
urinals.Otherthanplasticcisterns.
•Theflushingcisternisinstalledtoflushthewatercloset
andurinal.ItismadeofcastIron,glazedearthenwareor
viterouschinaorplastic.ForIndianWCtheflushing
cisternsaremadefromcastIronandfixedataheightof
about1.75mabovethetopofclosetpan.Theyareknown
ashighlevelflushingcisterns
•ForeuropeanandangloIndiantypewaterclosets,
normallyvitreouschinaorplasticcisternsareused.The
cisternsarefixedwiththeirbottomatonlyheightofabout
30cmfromthetopofthepan.Theyarethereforeknownas
lowlevelflushingcisterns.

44. Flushing Cistern:
•Flushing cisterns are classified as
•Siponic without valve
•Siponic with valve

45. Flushing Cistern

46. Bell Type flushing
•Belltypeflushingcisternshownbelowisused
withIndianWC.Itdoesn’thavevalve.
•Belltypeflushingcisternconsistsoffollowing
parts.
•Bell
•Float
•Leverwithchain
•Inletoutletandoverflowpipes
•CastIroncasing

47. Flushing Cistern

48. Bell Type flushing
•Thefunctionofthecisternisbasedonprincipleof
siphonicaction.Whenthefloatisatbottomtheinletvalve
isopenandwaterentersthecisternwhenwaterlevelrises
thefloatalsorisesandatacertainwaterleveltheinletvalve
isclosed.
•Whenthechainispulledthebellconnecteditthrough
lever,isliftedupandwatersplashesinsidethebell
throughthebottomofthebellwhichcarriessomeair
withitandasaresultofthatpartialvaccumiscreated
inthebellwhichgeneratesthesiphoniceffectandwater
continiouslyflowintheflushpipethroughitsbottomand
siphonicactionstops.Asthecisternisemptiedfloat
comesdownandinletvalveisopenedallowingwaterto
flowinthecistern.

49. System of Plumbing for House
Drainage
•Therearefourplumbingsystemsforhouse
drainage
•SingleStackSystem
•Onepipesystem
•SingleStackPartiallyVentilatedSystem
•TwoPipesystem
•Allthesystemsareshowninthefollowing
figures

50. System of plumbing and house
Drainage

51. Single Stack System
•Fromthefigureitisclearthatonlysinglepipe
actsassoilpipewastepipeandventilation
pipe.
•Thisispoorlyventilatedsystem
•Itissimplesystemandeasytoconstruct.
•Riskofwatersealbreakinginthetrapishigh
becauseofinducedsiponage.
•Wasteorairofthewastepipemaybeforced
upduetobackpressure.

52. One Pipe System
•ASeparateventpipeisprovidedinthis
system.Itisclearfromthestudyofsketchthat
incomparisiontosinglestacksystem:
•Thissystemiscostlyanddifficulttoconstruct
•Ventilationisprovidedtosullagepipeandsoil
pipetoo.
•Arrangementofpipeworkisdifficult.

53. Single Stack Partially Ventilated
System
•Followingarethefeaturesofthissystem.
•Onlywaterclosettrapsareventilated.
•Trapsofbaths,washbasinsandkitchenare
notjoinedwithventpipe.
•Thisiseconomicalsystem
•Itisrequiredtomaintainwatersealof75mm
ormore.
•Ithassimplearrangementofpipe.

54. Two Pipe System
•Followingarethefeaturesofthissystem.
•Waterclosets,bathtraps,kitchentrapsandwash
basintrapsallareconnectedtoventpipes.
•Separatesoilpipeandwastepipesareprovided.
•Twoventpipesareprovided.
•Therearefourstakesinthissystem
•Itisefficientsystembutcostlierthanother
systems.

55. House Drainage Plan
•Importantpointstobeconsideredwhilepreparinghouse
drainageplanarementionedbelow.
•Drainagelayoutplanshouldbeassimpleaspossible.Pipesshould
belaidinstraightline.
•Bothverticalandhorizontalpipesshallbelaidinstraightlinesas
faraspossible.
•Wherethereischangeinthedirectionofpipe,inspectionchamber
ormanholeshouldbeprovided.
•Sewersshouldnotbelaidunderabuildingtoavoidtheriskof
decreaseinbearingcapacityincaseofcontiniousleakageof
sewagefromjoints.Theleakedsewagepercolatesinthesoiland
increasemoisturecontentofsoilbelowthefoundation.Increased
moisturecontentdecreasesbearingcapacitywhichisnotdesirable.
•Pipesshouldbelaidatpropergradientandpropersize.Theusual
sizeofhousesewerare100mm,150mm,230mm,and300mm.
theyshouldbelaidwithsuchagradientthatthereisnodepositof
solidmatter.

56. House Drainage Plan

57. House Drainage Plan

58. References
•Environmental Engineering : By Prof B.R.Shah
Prof A M Malek
•Internet Websites

59. Thanks!