Weather & climate{project work} by Aman Maqsood

Its all about Weather & Climate. for more knowledege like us on ; www.facebook.com/beaeducated or add me at www.facebook.com/amanmaqsood

1. Geography Project-Work

2. Weather & Climate

3. Made By- Aman Maqsood

4. B mm Contents Contents Introduction A cknowledgement Difference between Weather and Climate Elements of Weather and Climate Conclusion

5. Introduction The way people of a place live depends on the weather of that place.It determines what type of clothes they wear , what kind of food they eat , what type of houses they live in,etc . In our daily conversation we often discuss a cold morning, a cloudy sky, a sultry afternoonor a warm evening.All these refer to the weather conditions of a particular place at a particular time. The term ` weather`,however,should not be confused with the term ` climate`.These are two different terms and, though they are related to each other, cannot be interchanged.For example, it would be wrong to say that the `climate has become so hot` or `Siberia has a cold weather`.

6. Acknowledgement I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Tripati Sir as well as our principal ma`am who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Weather and Climate , which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things  I am really thankful to them.  Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.  I am making this project not only for marks but to also increase my knowledge .  THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.

7. Difference between Weather and Climate Weather  is the state of the  atmosphere , to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy.Weather , seen from an anthropological perspective, is something all humans in the world constantly experience through their senses, at least while being outdoors. There are socially and scientifically constructed understandings of what weather is, what makes it change, what effects it has on humans in different situations etc.Therefore weather is something people often communicate about. Turning back to the meteorological perspective, most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere , just below the  stratosphere . Weather generally refers to day-to-day temperature and  precipitation  activity, whereas  climate  is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, "weather", is generally understood to mean the weather of  Earth .

8. Climate  is a measure of the average pattern of variation in  temperature ,  humidity ,  atmospheric pressure ,  wind ,  precipitation , atmospheric particle count and other  meteorological  variables in a given region over long periods of time. Climate is different from  weather , in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region. A region's climate is generated by the  climate system , which has five components:  atmosphere , hydrosphere ,  cryosphere , land surface, and  biosphere . The climate of a location is affected by its  latitude ,  terrain , and  altitude , as well as nearby  water bodies  and their currents. Climates can be  classified  according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. 

9. Climate Weather Definition Describes the average conditions expected at a specific place at a given time.A region's climate is generated by the climate system, which has five components: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere , land surface, and biosphere . Describes the atmospheric conditions at a specific place at a specific point in time. Weather generally refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity Components Climate may include precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind velocity, phenomena such as fog, frost, and hail storms over a long period of time. Weather includes sunshine, rain, cloud cover, winds, hail, snow, sleet, freezing rain, flooding, blizzards, ice storms, thunderstorms, steady rains from a cold front or warm front, excessive heat, heat waves and more Forecast By aggregates of weather statistics over periods of 30 years By collecting meteorological data, like air temperature, pressure, humidity, solar radiation, wind speeds and direction etc. About Climate is defined as statistical weather information that describes the variation of weather at a given place for a specified interval. Weather is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, and its short-term (minutes to weeks) variation Time period Measured over a long period Measured for short term Study Climatology Meteorology

10. Elements of Weather and Climate The elements of weather and climate are as follows : Temperature Pressure Wind Humidity Precipitation Sunshine Cloud cover

11. Temperature A  temperature  is a numerical measure of hot and cold. Its measurement is by detection of  heat radiation , particle velocity, kinetic energy, or most commonly, by the bulk behavior of a  thermometric   material. It may be calibrated  in any of various  temperature scales , Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, etc. Measurements with a small thermometer, or by detection of heat radiation, can show that the temperature of a body of material can vary from time to time and from place to place within it. If changes happen too fast, or with too small a spacing, within a body, it may be impossible to define its temperature. Thus the concept of temperature in general has an  empirical content .

12. Within a body that exchanges no energy or matter with its surroundings, temperature tends to become spatially uniform as time passes. When a path permeable only to  heat  is open between two bodies, energy always transfers spontaneously  as heat from a hotter body to a colder one. The transfer rate depends on the nature of the path. If they are connected by a path permeable only to heat, and no heat flows between them, then the two bodies are equally hot. If changes are slow and spatially smooth enough to allow consistent comparisons of their hotness with other bodies that are respectively in their own states of  internal thermodynamic equilibrium , they obey the  Zeroth law of thermodynamics  and then they have well defined and equal temperatures. Then  thermodynamics  provides a fundamental physical definition of temperature, on an absolute scale, relying on the second law of thermodynamics .

13. A  thermometer  is a device that measures  temperature  or a  temperature gradient  using a variety of different principles. A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb on a  mercury-in-glass thermometer ) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer) Mercury thermometer  for measurement of room temperature.

14. The temperature of the air is measured in degrees ( o ).The two most common thermometer scales in use are Fahrenheit (F) and celsius (C) or the Centigrade.In our country , we commonly use the Celsius scale, on which the melting point of ice is 0 o C and the boiling point of water is 100 o C .On the Fahrenheit scale these points are 32 o F and 212 o F,respectively .

15. Pressure Pressure  (symbol:  P  or  p ) is the ratio of  force  to the  area  over which that force is distributed. Pressure is force per unit area applied in a direction  perpendicular  to the surface of an object.  Gauge pressure  (also spelled  gage  pressure) is the pressure relative to the local atmospheric or ambient pressure. Pressure is measured in any unit of force divided by any unit of area. The  SI  unit of pressure is the  newton  per  square metre , which is called the pascal  (Pa) after the seventeenth-century philosopher and scientist  Blaise Pascal . A pressure of 1 Pa is small; it approximately equals the pressure exerted by a dollar bill resting flat on a table. Everyday pressures are often stated in kilopascals (1 kPa = 1000 Pa).

16. Atmospheric pressure  is the force per unit area exerted on a surface by the weight of air above that surface in the atmosphere of Earth  (or that of another planet). In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the  hydrostatic pressure  caused by the  weight  of  air  above the measurement point. On a given plane, low-pressure areas have less atmospheric mass above their location, whereas high-pressure areas have more atmospheric mass above their location. Likewise, as  elevation  increases, there is less overlying atmospheric mass, so that atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elevation. Atmospheric pressure depends on factors like altitude,temperature,water vapour content in air and rotation of the earth.

17. The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure is called a barometer. The unit in which air pressure is measured is called millibars . There are two kinds of barometers - aneroid barometer Mercury barometer

18. In the mountains,air pressure is so low that mountaineers have to carry oxygen masks

19. Winds Wind  is the flow of gases on a large scale. On the surface of the Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In  outer space ,  solar wind  is the movement of gases or charged particles from the  sun  through space, while  planetary wind  is the outgassing  of light  chemical elements  from a planet's atmosphere into space. Winds are commonly classified by their  spatial scale , their  speed , the types of forces that cause them, the regions in which they occur, and their effect. The strongest observed winds on a planet in our  solar system  occur on  Neptune  and  Saturn . Winds have various aspect, one important aspect is its velocity; another the density of the gas involved; another is the energy content or  wind energy  of a wind.

20. In  meteorology , winds are often referred to according to their strength, and the direction from which the wind is blowing. Short bursts of high speed wind are termed gusts. Strong winds of intermediate duration (around one minute) are termed  squalls . Long-duration winds have various names associated with their average strength, such as  breeze ,  gale ,  storm ,  hurricane , and typhoon . Wind occurs on a range of scales, from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by heating of land surfaces and lasting a few hours, to  global  winds resulting from the difference in absorption of  solar energy between the  climate zones  on Earth. The two main causes of large-scale  atmospheric circulation  are the differential heating between the equator and the poles, and the rotation of the planet ( Coriolis effect ). Within the tropics,  thermal low  circulations over terrain and high plateaus can drive  monsoon  circulations. In coastal areas the  sea breeze /land breeze cycle can define local winds; in areas that have variable terrain, mountain and valley breezes can dominate local winds.

21. Ferrel's law explains that the wind in the north gets deflected to the right and in the sounth , it gets deflected to the left!  It is caused due to the rotation of the earth. Elements of weather Measuring instrument Temerature Thermometer Air pressure Barometer Wind speed Anemometer Wind direction Wind vane Humidity Hygrometer Rainfall Rain gauge Measuring the Elements of Weather

22. Humidity Humidity  is the amount of  water vapor  in the  air . Water vapor is the gaseous state of water and is invisible. Humidity indicates the likelihood of  precipitation ,  dew , or  fog . Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of  sweating  in cooling the body by reducing the rate of  evaporation  of moisture from the skin. This effect is calculated in a  heat index  table or  humidex , used during summer weather. There are three main measurements of humidity: absolute, relative and specific.  Absolute humidity  is the water content of air. Relative humidity , expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity  relative  to the maximum for that temperature.  Specific humidity  is a  ratio  of the water vapor content of the mixture to the total air content on a mass basis.

23. A device used to measure humidity is called a psychrometer or  hygrometer . When the air contains the maximum amount of water vapour,that is ,its relative humidity is 100 %,It is said to be saturated . The temperature at which air gets saturated is known as dew point .

24. Precipitation In  meteorology ,  precipitation  is any product of the condensation of  atmospheric   water vapour  that falls under gravity. [1]  The main forms of precipitation include  drizzle ,  rain ,  sleet ,  snow ,  graupel  and  hail . Precipitation occurs when a local portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapour , so that the water condenses and "precipitates". Thus,  fog  and  mist  are not precipitation but suspensions because the water vapour does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapour to the air. Generally, precipitation will fall to the surface; an exception is  virga  which evaporates before reaching the surface. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud . Rain drops range in size from oblate, pancake-like shapes for larger drops, to small spheres for smaller drops. Unlike raindrops, snowflakes grow in a variety of different shapes and patterns, determined by the  temperature  and  humidity  characteristics of the air the snowflake moves through on its way to the ground. While snow and ice pellets require temperatures close to the ground to be near or below freezing, hail can occur during much warmer temperature regimes due to the process of its formation.

25. Sunshine Sunlight  is a portion of the  electromagnetic radiation  given off by the  Sun , in particular  infrared ,  visible , and  ultraviolet light. On  Earth , sunlight is  filtered  through the  Earth's atmosphere , and is obvious as  daylight  when the Sun is above the horizon . When the direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as  sunshine , a combination of bright light  and  radiant heat . When it is blocked by the clouds or  reflects off other objects , it is experienced as diffused light. The World Meteorological Organization  uses the term "sunshine duration" to mean the cumulative time during which an area receives direct  irradiance  from the Sun of at least 120  watts  per  square meter . The ultraviolet B component of sunlight on the skin is an effective source of  vitamin D 3 ( cholecalciferol ) from serum cholesterol.

26. A  sunshine recorder  is a device that records the amount of  sunshine  at a given location. The results provide information about the  weather  and  climate  of a geographical area. This information is useful in  meteorology ,  science ,  agriculture ,  tourism , and other fields. It has also been called a  heliograph . Sunshine Sunshine recorder

27. Cloud Cover Cloud cover  (also known as  cloudiness ,  cloudage  or  cloud amount ) refers to the fraction of the  sky  obscured by  clouds when observed from a particular location. Okta  is the usual unit of measurement of the cloud cover. Clouds play multiple critical roles in the  climate system . In particular, being bright objects in the visible part of the  solar   spectrum , they efficiently reflect light to space and thus contribute to the cooling of the planet. Cloud cover thus plays an important role in the energetic balance of the atmosphere and a variation of it is a consequence of and to the  climate change  expected by recent studies.

28. Cloud Cover reduces the amount of heat reaching the earth as well as prevents heat from escaping it.

29. Conclusion To make this wonderful project, I equired more knowledge about “ Weather and Climate”. It was a very interesting topic on which I worked hard to make this project wonderful and know something more on this topic from outside the book. I am thankful to God for giving me nice ideas to complete this project timely. I am also thankful to my teacher Tripati Sir and our honourable Principal Ma`am to give us this golden opportunity. I am also thankful to my friend for helping me . Thanks to all those who helped me to make this project file.

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