Week-4-Computer-Systems-Lecture-Part-1.pptx

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1. WEEK 4 COMPTER SYSTEMS Gradient NCM 110 Nursing Informatics

2. Computer System A. Computer Software
B. Brief History of computer software
C. Types of software
D. Common software useful to nurses
E. Issues in Informatics
ü Nursing Informatics and Healthcare Policy
ü Role of Technology in the medication use
F. Health care data standards

3. OBJECTIVES 1. Define the difference between computer software and computer hardware 2. Identify the two categories of software and discriminate between the two for purpose and functionality 3. List the categories of programming languages and identify at least one example for each 4. Identify key requirements for software designed to support nursing practice 5. Define the term “system” and describe how the term applies to the field of computers 6. Identify the five defining attributes of a system and define the meaning of each 7. List the most common administrative and clinical modules in an HIS 8. Define the term network and describe the two essential components of network technology.

4. Software -general term applied to the instructions that direct the computer’s hardware to perform work. 1. Computers do not directly understand human language, software is needed to translate instruction created in human language into machine language. It can only understand only binary numbers, not English or other human language. 2. Packed or stored software is needed to make the computer and economical work tool. Users could create their own software every time they needed to use computer. 3. Computer hardware is merely a collection of printed circuits, plastics, metals, and wires. Without software, hardware is nonfunctional.

5. History of Computer Software Youtube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=au-gE-Ohbhg Charles Babbage- first described the concept of a stored computer program. He invented ( but never built) a device that he named the “analytical machine” Countess Lovelace -the first programmer in computer history. She theorized the use of automatic repetitious arithmetic steps that the analytic engine would follow to solve a problem, namely loop concept. Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hoppe - the Mother of Computing- work with the first digital computer

6. 2 Types of Software: system software & applications software 1. System Software- “boots up” (start up & initializes) the computer system, controls input, output & storage & controls the operations of the application software 2. Application Software- includes various programs that users require to perform day-to-day tasks. They are program that supports the actual work of the user

7. Common Software Useful to Nurses 1. Chat Rooms 2. Electronic Bulletin Boards 3. Listservs Reference: https://medium.com/@dmitriy.malets/10-most-popular-types-of-healthcare-software-2019-edition-61129475bbc0 https://www.elpassion.com/blog/most-popular-types-of-healthcare-software

8. Issues in Informatics https://www.usfhealthonline.com/resources/health-informatics/current-challenges-in-health-informatics/ Five of these challenges facing health informatics are:

9. 1. DATA MANAGEMENT TRENDS Writing for Becker’s Hospital Review , Jackie Drees and Laura Dyrda highlight how “the pandemic underscored the need for centralized and efficient data management,” as data-gathering and reporting efforts and the adoption of online cloud storage all accelerated in 2021. These needs and expectations for greater data information access, integration and storage capacity are only going to grow. Imaging has become more precise, creating larger file sizes and more storage capacity requirements. Artificial intelligence (AI) and data collected from medical devices must be processed to add insight to diagnoses and treatments, increasing processing demand.
IT healthcare professionals must be sure systems can adequately handle the data management needs so these technologies can function as intended. Moving to cloud-based platforms offers improved data coordination, greater systems integration potential and more secure data storage.

10. 2. INCREASED CYBERSECURITY The pandemic proved to be a golden opportunity for cybercriminals, as more shoppers, workers and business moved online. According to the FBI Internet Crime Report , a record-breaking 791,790 cybercrime complaints were made in 2020. The figures for 2021 may top that record. Hospitals and healthcare systems have found themselves targets in this rising cybercrime wave, with multiple hospitals often targeted at once in coordinated ransomware attacks. These kinds of attacks, in which malware infects a computer and then entire system, slowing the system or blocking access until a ransom fee is paid, are the leading forms of cyberattacks, growing tenfold in 2021, according to the latest Global Threat Landscape Report .

11. The cost of these attacks on healthcare organizations can be high. Beyond the ransom to pay, there is often the loss of business, impacts to patient care if a system is shut down, loss of credibility and trust with patients and further financial hits from lawsuits. Scripps Health in San Diego is facing class action suits after a ransomware attack took down its network for weeks and compromised the data information of over 147,000 patients. In many ways, the healthcare sector lags behind other industries entrusted with secure information, such as banking and finance, and some critics point to the rush to digitize patient records as leading to security gaps.
For 2022, “it won’t be surprising to see more health systems investing in cybersecurity technology and talent as a top priority,” write Drees and Dyrda.

12. The cost of these attacks on healthcare organizations can be high. Beyond the ransom to pay, there is often the loss of business, impacts to patient care if a system is shut down, loss of credibility and trust with patients and further financial hits from lawsuits. Scripps Health in San Diego is facing class action suits after a ransomware attack took down its network for weeks and compromised the data information of over 147,000 patients.
In many ways, the healthcare sector lags behind other industries entrusted with secure information, such as banking and finance, and some critics point to the rush to digitize patient records as leading to security gaps.
For 2022, “it won’t be surprising to see more health systems investing in cybersecurity technology and talent as a top priority,” write Drees and Dyrda.

13. 4. APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, MACHINE LEARNING AND PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS Like so many facets of healthcare, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) took an abrupt shift due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
While long used on the finance and operations sides of healthcare, the pandemic proved the true potential of AI and ML for predictive medicine in diagnosing illness and advising treatment plans, with a number of research institutions and health systems using it to estimate the risk of their COVID-19 patients developing severe symptoms.

14. Access and application of AI- and ML- derived predictive analytics has the potential to take patient care from reactive to preventative “precision medicine.” This means the potential for warning care teams of signs of patient deterioration far before a provider would normally be alerted. It may keep hospital patients out of the ICU or at-risk patients out of the hospital altogether. All this requires the effective gathering and use of data. For example, taking collected data and “layering in” the needed data analytics tools, such as AI and ML, makes the patient data “warehouse” a source of ongoing data insights for precision medicine. These AI and ML systems will improve their “learning” with the more data they’re exposed to, underscoring the importance of data analysis from both current and future data sources—everything from patient wearables (think smart watches) to integrated biomedical devices and monitoring systems.

15. Healthcare’s investment in the needed technologies and analytics capabilities to integrate these diverse data sources is expected to increase. In an annual report from PwC’s Health Research Institute , nearly 75% of surveyed healthcare executives said their organizations invested more in predictive analytics and modeling for 2021, and most likely, this will be an ongoing investment.

16. 5. ADVANCES IN ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS CAPABILITIES It can be argued that electronic health records (EHR) are the starting point of healthcare digitization when the “meaningful use” mandate required the adoption of EHR. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated EHR system usability and interoperability issues, speeding up the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services implementation of interoperability rules and standardization, giving patients free, secure access to their EHR.

17. What’s next for EHR usage, access and compliance? With the new rules, interoperability has increased between providers, payers and health tech developers, with new tools and interoperability platforms being integrated into EHR systems. Big tech players , such as Google, Amazon and Microsoft, have entered the fray as more hospitals and health systems transition to cloud platforms for hosting their EHR systems, as these offer more real-time data insights, more storage solutions and enhanced privacy and security.

18. Health informatics professionals will continue to lead these interoperability initiatives, learning these new tools and systems and ensuring the systems can “talk” to each other, while complying with standards for patient access and ensuring that EHRs are usable and intuitive to the clinicians treating patients. To please all parties involved and ensure these disparate systems operate in sync may be the biggest challenge of all.

19. Nursing Informatics and Healthcare Policy Reference: http://karlrufosumatra.blogspot.com/2011/05/nursing-informatics-and-healthcare.html Healthcare Policy Impact on Nursing Informatics Practice Nursing Shortage and Nursing Informatics Ø Nursing has experienced a number of shortages in recent history.
• An older nursing workforce
• A higher ratio of older associate degree graduates
• The availability of more attractive career opportunities for women
• Decreased interest in nursing as a career difficult work environments.
Ø Unless something is done the shortage will rise from 6% in 2000 to 29% in 2020 or more than 800,000 nurses short of the number needed.
Ø The Bureau of Labor Statistics As Phase 2 of the AAN technology project began, staff nurses from three hospitals in Virginia and California were asked to identify or verify the most difficult aspects of their practice and how technology would improve those tasks.

20. Ø As the project continues, systems will be designed, implemented, and tested to determine their effect on nurses’ work.
Ø It is up to NI specialists to help design and implement IT systems that will finally assists nurses in their practice and to validate the results thru research.
Ø (BLS) is predicting registered nurse positions will increase more than 600,000 between 2002 and 2012. To cover these new positions and replace retiring nurses 1.1 million more nurses are needed by 2012.
Ø Although these numbers differ it is clear that without intervention the healthcare industry is headed for a major crisis in the nursing workplace.
Ø Schools and colleges of nursing have shortened program lengths and instituted accelerated program for those who already hold a baccalaureate degree in an attempt to increase nursing workforce numbers.
Ø Nursing organizations have been actively advocating for increased federal funding to expand programs and increase loans, scholarships, and incentives.

21. Ø In 2002 the AAN Commission on Workforce launched a multiphase project to develop IT that will help support nurses in their day to day work.
Ø In Phase 1, interdisciplinary, creative thinkers were assembled to determine how technology could be use to facilitate nurses’ work.
Ø Bradley (2003) indicated that technology solutions should improve existing care processes and outcomes, increase access thru the use of portable handheld devices, incorporate Internet capability to overcome distance barriers of care and improve access to knowledge acquisition.
Ø These authors also advocate for using bar-coding of medications, use of speech recognition, and fine tuning the user interface of systems to support nurses.

22. Thank You :)