wesi Reliability of the Instruments.docx

reliability

1. Reliability of the Instruments
Reliability of research instrument is the extent to which the instruments produce or yields consistent results when repeatedly
administered. The researcher used Cronbach's alpha since it is the most commonly accepted measures of reliability. It measures the
internal consistency of the items in a scale. It indicates that the extent to which the items in a questionnaire are related to each other. It
also indicates that whether a scale is one dimensional or multidimensional. The normal range of Cronbach’s coefficient alpha value
ranges between 0-1 and the higher values reflects a higher degree of internal consistency.
Here the researcher mainly used reliability test and inter item correlation. Thus to test reliability the researcher used Cronbach's alpha
since it is the most commonly accepted measures of reliability. It measures the internal consistency of the items in a scale. It indicates
that the extent to which the items in a questionnaire are related to each other. It also indicates that whether a scale is one dimensional
or multidimensional. The normal range of Cronbach’s coefficient alpha value ranges between 0-1 and the higher values reflects a
higher degree of internal consistency. Beside to this inter item correlation has been checked to see interaction between items.
Different authors accept different values of this test in order to achieve internal reliability, but the most commonly accepted value is
0.70 as it should be equal to or higher than to reach internal reliability.
Table 1: Reliability statistics
N
o
Constructs No items
proposed
No of
items
dropped
No items
retained
Cronbach'
s Alpha
Inter item
correlatio
n
1Early identification of disability19 4 15 .730 .291
2Designing teaching-learning process13 0 13 .763 .356
3Teaching methodology used 19 1 18 .741 .301
4Assessing and monitoring 19 3 16 .649 .279
5Teaching-learning resources 19 0 19 .724 .511
6Motivation Strategies 19 1 18 .789 .311
7Ways of involving parents 19 2 17 .641 .297
Average 127 11 116 .719

2. As it can be seen from the table above indicate early identification of disable students began with 19 items, of which 4 were dropped
because their correlated inter- item correlation was .291 which is below the cut point 0.35 as a result, cronbach alpha for early
identification of disability was 0.730. Designing teaching-learning process began with 13 items, of which no item was dropped
because their correlated inter- item correlation was .356 which is above the cut point 0.35 as a result, cronbach alpha for designing
teaching-learning process was 0.763. Regarding teaching methodology used began with 19 items, of which 1 item was dropped
because their correlated inter- item correlation was .301 which is below the cut point 0.35 as a result, cronbach alpha for teaching
methodology used was 0.741.
Assessing and monitoring began with 19 items, of which 3 items were dropped because their correlated inter- item correlation
was .279 which is below the cut point 0.35 as a result, cronbach alpha for assessing and monitoring was 0.649. Regarding teaching-
learning resources used began with 19 items, of which no item was dropped because their correlated inter- item correlation was .511
which is above the cut point 0.35 as a result, cronbach alpha for teaching methodology used was 0.724. Regarding motivation
strategies used began with 19 items, of which 1 item was dropped because their correlated inter- item correlation was .311 which is
below the cut point 0.35 as a result, cronbach alpha for teaching methodology used was 0.789.
Also, ways of involving parents has begun with 19 items of which 2 were dropped because their correlated inter- item correlation were
.297 which is below the cut point 0.35 as a result, cronbach alpha for ways of involving parents was0. 641.Totally, for seven fields,
values of Cronbach's Alpha ranged from 0.641 to 0.789. This range is considered between moderate to high reliability of each field of
the questionnaire. Thus, total cronbach's Alpha of questionnaire equals to 0.719 for the average for entire questionnaire. This range is
considered as high reliability of the entire questionnaire. Therefore, based on the test, the results for the items are reliable and
acceptable.
A.

3. Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
.663 8
Item-Total Statistics
Scale Mean if
Item Deleted
Scale Variance if
Item Deleted
Corrected Item-
Total Correlation
Cronbach's
Alpha if Item
Deleted
Sex 19.2674 22.910 -.055 .689
Age 18.4225 18.631 .260 .660
Your educ_status 17.2781 17.863 .619 .585
Your father's educ_status 17.9973 14.158 .685 .524
Your mother's educ_status 18.2914 15.446 .657 .546
Your father's monthly income 18.3824 18.253 .327 .640
Your mother's monthly
income
19.0000 18.547 .349 .634
Unemployment time 17.9492 21.078 .025 .720

4. Inter-Item Correlation Matrix
Sex Age Your educ_status
Your father's
educ_status
Your mother's
educ_status
Your father's
monthly income
Your mother's
monthly income
Unemployment
time
Sex 1.000 -.390 -.090 .090 .308 .060 .026 -.236
Age -.390 1.000 .437 .284 .215 -.198 -.086 .514
Your educ_status -.090 .437 1.000 .499 .464 .323 .403 .084
Your father's educ_status .090 .284 .499 1.000 .655 .599 .234 .048
Your mother's educ_status .308 .215 .464 .655 1.000 .359 .501 -.032
Your father's monthly income .060 -.198 .323 .599 .359 1.000 .460 -.299
Your mother's monthly income .026 -.086 .403 .234 .501 .460 1.000 -.143
Unemployment time -.236 .514 .084 .048 -.032 -.299 -.143 1.000
B.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items N of Items
.283 .322 10

8. 1.000.481-.046.366.149.696.201-.184-.470-.274
.4811.000.164.341.041.290.211-.098-.114-.245
-.046.1641.000.106.187-.152-.120.126.473.556
.366.341.1061.000.012.217.127-.194-.250-.191
.149.041.187.0121.000.068-.425-.152.127.156
.696.290-.152.217.0681.000.186-.072-.553-.344
.201.211-.120.127-.425.1861.000.184-.436-.252
-.184-.098.126-.194-.152-.072.1841.000.226.177
-.470-.114.473-.250.127-.553-.436.2261.000.744
-.274-.245.556-.191.156-.344-.252.177.7441.000
C.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items N of Items
.678 .699 5

9. Inter-Item Correlation Matrix
in most ways my
life is close to my
ideal
the conditions of
my life are
excellent
i am satisfied
with my life
so far i have
gotten the
important things i
want in life
if I could live
my life over, I
would change
almost
nothing
in most ways my life is close
to my ideal
1.000 .575 .579 .575 -.061
the conditions of my life are
excellent
.575 1.000 .708 .604 .022
i am satisfied with my life .579 .708 1.000 .694 -.282
so far i have gotten the
important things i want in life
.575 .604 .694 1.000 -.237
if I could live my life over, I
would change almost nothing
-.061 .022 -.282 -.237 1.000
D.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items N of Items
.671 .669 10

10. do you spend
a lot of time
thinking about
a drug(s)?
do you
use
drugs
other
than for
medical
reasons
?
can you
get
through a
week
without
misusing
drugs?
do friends
or
relatives
sense or
mention
that you
have a
drug
problem?
has drug
misuse
ever
created a
problem
between
you and
friends or
relatives?
do you
ever feel
bad or
guilty
about
your drug
use?
have you
lost a job
because
of drug
abuse?
do you
get angry
at people
who try to
keep you
from
getting
the drugs
you
desire?
do you
experienc
e
withdraw
al
symptom
s if you
do not
take the
drugs you
wish to
have?
have you
put
yourself or
others at
risk by
your
actions
while
misusing
drugs?
1.000 .489 -.102 .371 -.056 .031 .091 .259 .182 -.026
.4891.000 -.112 .353 .085 .498 .112 .557 .386 .169
-.102-.112 1.000 -.173 .264 -.206 .373 .303 .137 .217
.371 .353 -.173 1.000 -.357 .039 -.331 .178 -.028 .108
-.056 .085 .264 -.357 1.000 .422 .344 .347 .196 .355
.031 .498 -.206 .039 .422 1.000 .094 .459 .255 .100
.091 .112 .373 -.331 .344 .0941.000 .265 .262 -.027
.259 .557 .303 .178 .347 .459 .265 1.000 .232 .224
.182 .386 .137 -.028 .196 .255 .262 .232 1.000 .210
-.026 .169 .217 .108 .355 .100 -.027 .224 .210 1.000

11. E.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items N of Items
.545 .529 9
1.000.442.231.549-.162.057.607.293-.114
.4421.000.422.232-.247-.083-.010.215-.289
.231.4221.000.338.237-.472.003.489-.209
.549.232.3381.000.133-.128.651.161.279
-.162-.247.237.1331.000-.484.072.314.197
.057-.083-.472-.128-.4841.000.051-.516.006
.607-.010.003.651.072.0511.000.332.394
.293.215.489.161.314-.516.3321.000-.002
-.114-.289-.209.279.197.006.394-.0021.000
Reliability Statistics

12. F.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items N of Items
.438 .461 5
Inter-Item Correlation Matrix
I sometimes
worry so much
that it affects my
day today life
If I need
emotional
support, I have
someone who
could help me
I am as healthy
as anybody I
know
I expect my
health to get
worse
my health is
excellent
I sometimes worry so much
that it affects my day today
life
1.000 -.107 .138 .187 .424
If I need emotional support, I
have someone who could
help me
-.107 1.000 .340 -.149 .113
I am as healthy as anybody I
know
.138 .340 1.000 .239 .328
I expect my health to get
worse
.187 -.149 .239 1.000 -.054
my health is excellent .424 .113 .328 -.054 1.000

13. G.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items N of Items
.786 .787 28
.075
.081
.483
.409
.341
.103
.195
.416
.028
.333
.277
.431
.288
.189
.289

14. .181
.207
.215
.279
.206
.113
.250
-.065
.154
.324
.067
.238
1.000
Inter-Item
Correlatio
n Matrix

15. In
general, I
feel I am
in charge
of the
situation
in which
I live
Some
people
wander
aimlessly
through
life, but I
am not
one of
them.
I don’t
expect
to get
what I
really
want.
I have
difficulty
arranging
my life in
a way that
is
satisfying
to me.
Most people
see me as
loving and
affectionate.
I have the
sense that
I have
developed
a lot as a
person
over time.
Are you
satisfied
with Your
daily life
and
leisure
activities?
I gave
up
trying to
make
big
improve
ments
or
changes
in my
life a
long
time
ago.
Are
you
satisfie
d with
Your
presen
t
financi
al
situatio
n?
I have a
sense of
direction
and
purpose
in life.
My daily
activitie
s often
seem
trivial
and
unimpor
tant to
me.
The
deman
ds of
everyd
ay life
often
get me
down
In
genera
l, I feel
confid
ent
and
positiv
e
about
myself
There’s
no use
in really
trying to
get
somethi
ng I
want
becaus
e I
probabl
y won’t
get it.
My attitude about myself is probably not as positive as
most people feel about themselves.
In general, I
feel I am in
charge of the
situation in
which I live
1.000 -.044.383 .556 .129 -.022 -.044.402.233 .041 .384.408.102 .188
Some people
wander
aimlessly
through life,
but I am not
one of them.
-.0441.000-.266 -.053 .277 .247.469 -.184.156 .413-.127.086.487-.160 -.385
I don’t expect
to get what I
really want.
.383 -.2661.000 .273 .175 -.144-.061 .542.376 .082 .417.463.015 .432

16. I have difficulty
arranging my
life in a way
that is
satisfying to
me.
.556 -.053.273 1.000 .072 -.064.330 .377.030 .033 .354.602.161 .091
Most people
see me as
loving and
affectionate.
.129 .277.175 .072 1.000 .556.045 .326.210 .524 .163-.072.566 .164
I have the sense
that I have
developed a lot
as a person
over time.
-.022 .247-.144 -.064 .556 1.000.287 .049.036 .225-.224-.187.240 .250
Are you
satisfied with
Your daily life
and leisure
activities?
-.044 .469-.061 .330 .045 .2871.000 -.076.340 .153 .186.280.244 .030 -.093
I gave up trying
to make big
improvements
or changes in
my life a long
time ago.
.402 -.184.542 .377 .326 .049-.076 1.000.248 .115 .390.362.098 .424

17. Are you
satisfied with
Your present
financial
situation?
.233 .156.376 .030 .210 .036.340 .2481.000 .022 .199-.066.221 .369
I have a sense
of direction and
purpose in life.
.041 .413.082 .033 .524 .225.153 .115.0221.000 .070-.021.389-.287 -.221
My daily
activities often
seem trivial and
unimportant to
me.
.384 -.127.417 .354 .163 -.224 .186.390.199 .0701.000.372.193 .278
The demands of
everyday life
often get me
down
.408 .086.463 .602 -.072 -.187 .280.362-.066-.021.3721.000-.024.135
In general, I
feel confident
and positive
about myself
.102 .487.015 .161 .566 .240 .244.098.221 .389 .193-.0241.000-.013
There’s no use
in really trying
to get
something I
want because I
probably won’t
get it.
.188 -.160.432 .091 .164 .250 .030.424.369 -.287.278.135-.0131.000

18. My attitude
about myself is
probably not as
positive as most
people feel
about
themselves.
.363 -.385.449 .211 .364 .269 -.093.579.182 -.221.392.143.045 .698 1.000
Maintaining
close
relationships
has been
difficult and
frustrating for
me.
.147 .092.089 .027 .265 .099 .112.435.327 .287 .160-.113.276 .118
I do not enjoy
being in new
situations that
require me to
change my old
familiar ways
of doing things.
.040 .362-.088 .030 -.328 -.080 .278-.150.129 -.062.062.127-.074.050 -.232
I have not
experienced
many warm and
trusting
relationships
with others
.341 .052.305 .401 .105 .109 .415.330.225 -.096.370.379.172 .340

19. I live life one
day at a time
and don't really
think about the
future.
.385 -.085.490 .259 .081 .307 .279.423.355 -.225.328.390-.148.810
Are you
satisfied with
Your health?
-.400 .442-.121 -.374 .357 .103 .008-.265.113 .405-.102-.319.349-.168 -.290
I feel it is
impossible for
me to reach the
goals that I
would like to
strive for.
.234 .147.208 .123 .140 .028 .247.204.457 -.242.478.186.276 .647
The future
seems hopeless
to me and I
can’t believe
that things are
changing for
the better.
.441 -.077.323 .290 -.125 -.132 .121.241.216 .017 .281.292-.304.286
I do not fit very
well with the
people and the
community
around me.
-.146 -.063.018 -.258 -.185 -.099 -.051-.040.246 .202-.116-.227-.053-.163 -.257

20. In many ways, I
feel
disappointed
about my
achievements
in life.
-.124 .279-.292 -.055 .398 .345 -.074-.268-.102 .392-.041-.469.266-.085 -.055
When I think
about it, I
haven't really
improved much
as a person
over the years.
.091 .025-.252 .304 .156 -.002 -.018-.017-.207 .245 .195-.157.120-.232 -.201
My attitude
about myself is
probably not as
positive
-.552 .412-.313 -.523 .153 .160 -.013-.301.042 .228-.345-.458.213-.265 -.276
I often feel
lonely because
I have few
close friends
with whom to
share my
concerns.
-.354 .491-.237 -.153 .233 .204 .259-.237-.064 .258 .055-.051.418-.082 -.304
Are you
satisfied with
Your family
life?
.075 .081.483 .409 .341 .103 .195.416.028 .333 .277.431.288 .189