What is Bioengineering FALL2025 an Introduction.pptx

What is Bioengineering.

1. Introduction to Bioengineering FALL2025 What is Bioengineering ? Assoc. Prof. Dr . Jasmin Sutkovic 02 .10.2025

2. https://www.ius.edu.ba/en/people/jasmin-sutkovic PROFESSOR Associate Prof. Dr. Jasmin Šutković

3. SILABUS https://ecampus.ius.edu.ba/syllabus/bio100-introduction-bioengineering

4. Content Definitions of Bioengineering Short history Engineering in modern medicine What is biomedical engineering? Biomedical engineering in the future GMO Bioengineering Bioinformatics- Ethics in BE?

5. What is Bioengineering ? Bioengineering is the “biological or medical application of engineering principles or engineering equipment – also called biomedical engineering Relatively new field that solves biological problems that have persisted throughout history. Bioengineering practices are not only  prosthetics and hospital equipment, but engineering that includes engineering at the molecular and cellular level – with applications in energy and the environment as well as healthcare.

6. Bioengineering is… Application of engineering principles to biology and medicine Pictured here: Artificial Knee

7. What is Bioengineering? Bioengineering Materials Science Computation Engineering Medicine Chemistry Biology

8. Short history Just consider and think about the technological development that has shaped your live in the past 20-30 years ? Now think about your parent, how these technologies made their life better ? Or worse ?

9. Some achievements by now Pregnancy tests from home Vaccines Inexpensive contact lens Artificial hips Ultrasound imaging Pumps for insulin …and so on……………………………………………………………….

10. Life expectancy increased

11. How this happened ? People are living longer because they are not dying in situations that were in the past fatal, suck as child birth and bacterial infections. Bioengineering has contributed to this change by producing methods (diagnostics and drugs) that decreased the death rates in the past 200 years.

12. Cont….. For example: Car crashes , people get severe injuries and in order to be quickly treated they must be correctly diagnosed. This is possible due to Ultra sound imaging and quick treatment can be provided… eventually patient survive..

13. Engineering in modern medicine Life on earth has improved due to the technological changes that started in the 20 th century. TV, computer, mobile phones, airplanes, ATMs..influences our life fully… These developments may have good but as well very bad effects on our life's… For example , mobile phones..? Why and How ?

14. Historical Preview… 1953 DNA discovered 1970 first synthetic gene 1975 DNA recombination method 1977 first sequencing method 1982 first genetic animal 1990 THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT 1995 PCR invented 2000 first HUMAN genome sequenced 2008 bacterial genome synthesized 2014-228000 human genomes sequenced 2015 – edited human embryos.. 2016 gene therapy 2017- gene editig Next ??????

15. Engineering connection to biology What is biomedical engineering?? Biomedical engineers seek to understand human physiology and to build devices to improve or repair it… Our working definition of biomedical engineering can start in an obvious place. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary: engineering noun: a) the application of science and mathematics by which the properties of matter and the sources of energy in nature are made useful to people; b) the design and manufacture of complex products.

16. The work of engineers is often hidden from view of the general public, occurring in laboratories, office buildings, construction sites, pilot plants, and testing facilities. This is true for biomedical engineering as well as civil engineering and other engineering disciplines. Although the work might be hidden, the end result is often visible and important

17. Biomedical engineering –past and future As we know our life expectancy has increased dramatically during the last 100 years. In London, in 1665, 93% of deaths were the result of infectious disease, whereas in the United States, only 4% of deaths were the result of infectious disease in 1997. Engineers contributed significantly to this effort by developing sanitation methods for cities, large-scale processes for manufacture of vaccines and antibiotics, and delivery methods for drugs.

18. Biomedical engineers have developed a number of life-enhancing and life-saving technologies. These include: Prosthetics, such as dentures and artificial limb replacements. Surgical devices and systems, such as robotic and  laser surgery. Systems to  monitor vital signs  and blood chemistry. Implanted devices, such as insulin pumps,  pacemaker s and artificial organs. Imaging methods, such as ultrasound, X-rays, particle beams and  magnetic resonance . Diagnostics, such as  lab-on-a-chip  and expert systems. Therapeutic equipment and devices, such as kidney dialysis and  transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation  (TENS). Radiation therapy  using particle beams and X-rays. Physical therapy devices, such as exercise equipment and  wearable tech .

19. Some Specialty Areas Lab on a chip Tissue scaffolds Artificial limbs Imaging Appearance

20. Future…. Nano -machines (enzymes as controlled robots ) Efficient fuel cells…alternative energy source Sequencing off everything living on earth… Technologies based on biosciences Microbiome enhancement… Personal drugs… Genetic manipulation… .. Human cloning ????

21. Genetically Modified Organism The term GMO stands for G enetically M odified O rganism . Taken literally, this becomes meaningless, since all organisms are in some sense genetically modified – by natural evolution and in agriculture by human selection. In current usage, GMO is applied to organisms modified by recombinant DNA technology

22. DNA Ligase

23. Transgenic Plants Technologies have been developed to permanently insert new genes into the DNA of plants. Use of Agrobacterium which has the ability to insert its DNA into plant cells Use of a “ DNA gun ” which blasts tiny particles coated with DNA into plant cells Allows researchers to insert any gene into a plant without requiring plant breeding , adding the ability for the plant to make a new protein (or RNA) molecule.

24. Gene Knock-out Sometimes the desired change is to block the function of a gene that is in the plant – to stop the production of a harmful product, or stop a natural process Slow the ripening of tomatoes Block the browning of apples Remove harmful acrylamides from potatoes There are several ways to knock-out a gene with DNA technologies Edit out the gene from the DNA Insert a blocking gene

25. CRISPR is a very new technology (5 years) that allows more precise gene knock out and replacement.

26. GMO Plant A specific plant variety that has had a new gene inserted (or a gene deleted) by genetic engineering methods May produces a new protein , not usually found in that plant May have some other bits of DNA, and possibly extra proteins from the engineering process (parts of the cloning vector and the selectable marker)

27. Are GMO Plants Safe? How to define “Safe” ??? In the US we have food safety definitions which are established and enforced by the FDA, EPA and the Dept. of Agriculture . Europe has its own European Food Safety Authority These definitions work reasonably well – none of us in this room has been killed yet by USDA approved foods. However there are many known food safety issues with ‘ordinary’ foods such as bacteria, mold, natural toxins, allergies (many food recalls and restaurant scandals: Jack-In-The-Box, Chipotle, etc.)

28. What are the Risks? Toxicity or allergy from the inserted protein(s) Toxicity or allergy from the other bits of DNA that are added in the engineering process (the vector and the selectable marker) Mutations that may occur during the engineering and tissue culture process

29. How are GMO Plants Tested? GMO crops and foods are regulated under laws created for invasive plants, chemical pesticides, and food additives. Nearly all testing of GMO crops is done by seed and biotech companies themselves, and evaluated by the EPA and FDA . Very little testing of GMO food safety has been published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Scientific oversight of US Government regulation has been provided by the US National Academy of Sciences : Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health

30. Labeling of GMO products Label ? Reliable or not ? The right of being informed! To chose!

31. Bioinformatics

32. Definition: Application of computational and analysis tools to the capture and interpretation of biological data

33. Bioinformatics is used in following fields: Microbial genome applications Molecular medicine Personalized medicine Preventive medicine Gene therapy Drug development Antibiotic resistance

34. CORONAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

35. ETHICS in GENETICS and BIOENG. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4524833/ .

36. Thanks for your attention