What is Java, JDK, JVM, Introduction to Java.pptx

Introduction to java , java learning

1. Programming Fundamentals ITC-305 By Mr. Yasir Ali Mari (Lecturer)

2. Introduction to Java Java is a Object Oriented programming language created by James Gosling from Sun Microsystems (Sun) in 1991. The target of Java is to write a program once and then run this program on multiple operating systems. The first publicly available version of Java (Java 1.0) was released in 1995. Sun Microsystems was acquired by the Oracle Corporation in 2010 .

3. History Java’s history is very interesting. It is a programming language created in 1991.   James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton , a team of Sun engineers known as the  Green team  initiated the Java language in 1991.  Sun Microsystems  released its first public implementation in 1996 as  Java 1.0 .  Java programming language is named JAVA. Why? After the name OAK, the team decided to give a new name to it and the suggested words were Silk, Jolt, revolutionary, DNA, dynamic, etc. These all names were easy to spell and fun to say, but they all wanted the name to reflect the essence of technology. In accordance with James Gosling,  Java  the among the top names, and since java was a unique name so most of them preferred it. Java is the name of an  island  in Indonesia where the first coffee(named java coffee) was produced. And this name was chosen by James Gosling while having coffee near his office. Note that Java is just a name, not an acronym.

4. Java Terminology Before learning Java, one must be familiar with these common terms of Java. 1.   Java Virtual Machine(JVM):    This is generally referred to as  JVM . There are three execution phases of a program. They are written, compile and run the program. Writing a program is done by a java programmer like you and me. The compilation is done by the  JAVAC  compiler which is a primary Java compiler included in the Java development kit (JDK). It takes Java program as input and generates bytecode as output. In the Running   phase of a program,  JVM  executes the bytecode generated by the compiler. Now, we understood that the function of Java Virtual Machine is to execute the bytecode produced by the compiler. Every Operating System has a different JVM but the output they produce after the execution of bytecode is the same across all the operating systems. This is why Java is known as a  platform-independent language .

5. 2. Bytecode in  the  Development process:   As discussed, the Javac compiler of JDK compiles the java source code into bytecode so that it can be executed by JVM. It is saved as  .class  file by the compiler. 3. Java Development Kit(JDK):  While we were using the term JDK, when we learn about byte code and JVM . So, as the name suggests, it is a complete Java development kit that includes everything including compiler, Java Runtime Environment (JRE), java debuggers, java docs, etc. For the program to execute in java, we need to install JDK on our computer in order to create, compile and run the java program. 4 . Java Runtime Environment (JRE):   JDK includes JRE. JRE installation on our computers allows the java program to run, however, we cannot compile it. JRE includes a browser, JVM, applet supports, and plugins. For running the java program, a computer needs JRE.

6. Primary/Main Features of Java 1 . Platform Independent:   Compiler converts source code to byte code and then the JVM executes the byte code generated by the compiler. This bytecode can run on any platform be it Windows, Linux, macOS which means if we compile a program on Windows, then we can run it on Linux and vice versa. Each operating system has a different JVM, but the output produced by all the OS is the same after the execution of byte code. That is why we call java a platform-independent language. 2. Object-Oriented Programming Language :   Organizing the program in the terms of collection of objects is a way of object-oriented programming, each of which represents an instance of the class. The four main concepts of Object-Oriented programming are: Abstraction Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism

7. 3.   Simple:   Java is one of the simple languages as it does not have complex features like pointers, operator overloading, multiple inheritances, Explicit memory allocation.  4.   Robust:   Java language is robust that means reliable. It is developed in such a way that it puts a lot of effort into checking errors as early as possible, that is why the java compiler is able to detect even those errors that are not easy to detect by another programming language. The main features of java that make it robust are garbage collection, Exception Handling, and memory allocation. 5.   Secure:   In java, we don’t have pointers, and so we cannot access out-of-bound arrays i.e it shows  ArrayIndexOutOfBound Exception  if we try to do so. That’s why several security flaws like stack corruption or buffer overflow is impossible to exploit in Java.       6 .   Multithreading:   Java supports multithreading. It is a Java feature that allows concurrent execution of two or more parts of a program for maximum utilization of CPU. 7 .   Portable:   As we know, java code written on one machine can be run on another machine. The platform-independent feature of java in which its platform-independent bytecode can be taken to any platform for execution makes java portable .

8. 8 . Write Once Run Anywhere:  As discussed above java application generates ‘.class’ file which corresponds to our applications(program) but contains code in binary format. It provides ease t architecture-neutral ease as bytecode is not dependent on any machine architecture. It is the primary reason java is used in the enterprising IT industry globally worldwide. 9 . Power of compilation and interpretation:  Most languages are designed with purpose either they are compiled language or they are interpreted language. But java integrates arising enormous power as Java compiler compiles the source code to bytecode and JVM  executes this bytecode to machine OS-dependent executable code.

9. Example Java Program // Demo Java program   // Importing classes from packages import java.io.*;   // Main class public class YasirMari {        // Main driver method      public static void main(String[] args )      {            // Print statement          System.out.println ( “Yasir Ali Mari" );      } } Output of this program: Yasir Ali Mari

10. Explanation: 1.  Comments:  Comments are used for explaining code and are used in a similar manner in Java or C or C++. Compilers ignore the comment entries and do not execute them. Comments can be of a single line or multiple lines . Single line Comments: Syntax: // Single Line comments Multi-line  comments: Syntax: // Multi Line comments

11. 2.  import java.io.*:  This means all the classes of io package can be imported. Java io package provides a set of input and output streams for reading and writing data to files or other input or output sources. 3.  class:  The class contains the data and methods to be used in the program. Methods define the behavior of the class. Class  GFG  has only one method Main in JAVA. 4.  static void Main():   static  keyword tells us that this method is accessible without instantiating the class.  5.  void:  keywords tell that this method will not return anything. The main ()  method is the entry point of our application. 6.  System.in:  This is the  standard input stream  that is used to read characters from the keyboard or any other standard input device. 7.   System.out :  This is the  standard output stream  that is used to produce the result of a program on an output device like the computer screen. 8.   println ():  This method in Java is also used to display text on the console. It prints the text on the console and the cursor moves to the start of the next line at the console. The next printing takes place from the next line.

12. Java Variables A variable is a container which holds the value while the  Java program is executed. A variable is assigned with a data type. Variable is a name of memory location. There are three types of variables in java: local, instance and static . Variable A variable is the name of a reserved area allocated in memory. In other words, it is a name of the memory location. It is a combination of "vary + able" which means its value can be changed.

13. Declaring (Creating) Variables To create a variable, you must specify the type and assign it a value: Syntax: type variableName = value; Where  type  is one of Java's types (such as  int  or  String ), and  variableName  is the name of the variable (such as  x  or  name ). The  equal sign  is used to assign values to the variable. To create a variable that should store text, look at the following example

14. Example Create a variable called  name  of type  String  and assign it the value “ Yasir Mari ": String name = “Yasir Mari” ; System . out . println ( name ); OUTPUT: Yasir Mari

15. Example: Create a variable called  myNum  of type  int  and assign it the value  15 : int myNum = 15 ; System . out . println ( myNum ); OUTPUT: 15 Example You can also declare a variable without assigning the value, and assign the value later : int myNum ; myNum = 15 ; System . out . println ( myNum ); OUTPUT: 15

16. Note that if you assign a new value to an existing variable, it will overwrite the previous value: Example Change the value of  myNum  from  15  to  20 : int myNum = 15 ; myNum = 20 ; // myNum is now 20 System . out . println ( myNum ); OUTPUT: 20

17. Types of Variables here are three types of variables in  Java : local variable instance variable static variable

18. 1) Local Variable A variable declared inside the body of the method is called local variable. You can use this variable only within that method and the other methods in the class aren't even aware that the variable exists. A local variable cannot be defined with "static" keyword . 2) Instance Variable A variable declared inside the class but outside the body of the method, is called an instance variable. It is not declared as  static . It is called an instance variable because its value is instance-specific and is not shared among instances . 3) Static variable A variable that is declared as static is called a static variable. It cannot be local. You can create a single copy of the static variable and share it among all the instances of the class. Memory allocation for static variables happens only once when the class is loaded in the memory.

19. Example to understand the types of variables in java public   class  A   {        static   int  m=100;//static variable     int  data=50;//instance variable          void  method()       {              int  n=90;//local variable         }        public   static   void  main(String  args [])       {              }   }//end of class   

20. Java Variable Example: Add Two Numbers public   class  Simple{     public   static   void  main(String[]  args ){     int  a=10;     int  b=10;     int  c= a+b ;     System.out.println (c);     }   Output : 20

21. Identifiers in Java Identifiers in Java are symbolic names used for identification. They can be a class name, variable name, method name, package name, constant name, and more. However, In  Java , There are some reserved words that can not be used as an identifier. For every identifier there are some conventions that should be used before declaring them. Let's understand it with a simple Java program : public   class   HelloJava  {        public   static   void  main(String[]  args ) {            System.out.println ("Hello  JavaTpoint ");       }   }  

22. From the above example, we have the following Java identifiers: HelloJava (Class name) main (main method) String (Predefined Class name) args (String variables) System (Predefined class) out (Variable name) println (method) let's understand the rules for Java identifier:

23. Rules for Identifiers in Java There are some rules and conventions for declaring the identifiers in Java. If the identifiers are not properly declared, we may get a compile-time error. Following are some rules and conventions for declaring identifiers: A valid identifier must have characters [A-Z] or [a-z] or numbers [0-9], and underscore(_) or a dollar sign ($). for example, @ javatpoint is not a valid identifier because it contains a special character which is @. There should not be any space in an identifier. For example, java tpoint is an invalid identifier. An identifier should not contain a number at the starting. For example, 123javatpoint is an invalid identifier. An identifier should be of length 4-15 letters only. However, there is no limit on its length. But, it is good to follow the standard conventions. We can't use the Java reserved keywords as an identifier such as int , float, double, char, etc. For example, int double is an invalid identifier in Java. An identifier should not be any query language keywords such as SELECT, FROM, COUNT, DELETE, etc.

24. Java Reserved Keywords Java reserved keywords are predefined words, which are reserved for any functionality or meaning. We can not use these keywords as our identifier names, such as class name or method name. These keywords are used by the syntax of Java for some functionality. If we use a reserved word as our variable name, it will throw an error. In Java, every reserved word has a unique meaning and functionality . Consider the below syntax : double  marks;  in the above statement, double is a reserved word while marks is a valid identifier.

25. Below is the list of reserved keywords in Java: abstract continue for protected transient Assert Default Goto public Try Boolean Do If Static throws break double implements strictfp Package byte else import super Private case enum Interface Short switch Catch Extends instanceof return void Char Final Int synchronized volatile class finally long throw Date const float Native This while Although the const and goto are not part of the Java language; But, they are also considered keywords.

26. Example of Valid and Invalid Identifiers Valid identifiers : Following are some examples of valid identifiers in Java: TestVariable testvariable a i Test_Variable _ testvariable $ testvariable sum_of_array TESTVARIABLE jtp123 JavaTpoint Javatpoint123

27. Java Data Types (Primitive ) In this tutorial, we will learn about all 8 primitive data types in Java with the help of examples. Java Data Types As the name suggests, data types specify the type of data that can be stored inside  variables in Java . Java is a statically-typed language. This means that all variables must be declared before they can be used . Example int speed; Here, speed is a variable, and the data type of the variable is int. The   int  data type determines that the speed variable can only contain integers. There are 8 data types predefined in Java, known as primitive data types.

28. 1) Primitive data types In Java, we have eight primitive data types: boolean , char, byte, short, int , long, float and double. Java developers included these data types to maintain the portability of java as the size of these primitive data types do not change from one operating system to another. byte ,  short ,  int  and  long  data types are used for storing whole numbers. float  and  double  are used for fractional numbers. char  is used for storing characters(letters). boolean  data type is used for variables that holds either true or false.

29. byte : This can hold whole number between -128 and 127. Mostly used to save memory and when you are certain that the numbers would be in the limit specified by byte data type. Default size of this data type: 1 byte. Default value: The byte data type is used to save memory in large arrays where the memory savings is most required. It saves space because a byte is 4 times smaller than an integer. It can also be used in place of " int " data type . Example class JavaExample { public static void main( String [] args ) { byte num ; num = 113 ; System . out .println ( num ); } } Output : 113 Try the same program by assigning value assigning 150 value to variable num , you would get type mismatch error because the value 150 is out of the range of byte data type. The range of byte as I mentioned above is -128 to 127 .

30. short: This is greater than byte in terms of size and less than integer. Its range is -32,768 to 32767. Default size of this data type : 2 byte The short data type can also be used to save memory just like byte data type. A short data type is 2 times smaller than an integer. Example : class JavaExample { public static void main( String [] args ) { short num ; num = 150 ; System . out .println ( num ); } } Output : 150 The byte data type couldn’t hold the value 150 but a short data type can because it has a wider range.

31. int : Used when short is not large enough to hold the number, it has a wider range: -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 Default size: 4 byte Default value: The int data type is generally used as a default data type for integral values unless if there is no problem about memory . Example: class JavaExample { public static void main( String [] args ) { short num ; num = 45676 ; System . out .println ( num ); } } Output: 45676

32. long: Used when int is not large enough to hold the value, it has wider range than int data type, ranging from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 . size: 8 bytes Default value: Example : class JavaExample { public static void main( String [] args ) { long num = - 12332252626L ; System . out .println ( num ); } } Output : - 12332252626

33. f loat: You should use a floating point type whenever you need a number with a decimal, such as 9.99 or 3.14515 .  It is recommended to use a float (instead of double) if you need to save memory in large arrays of floating point numbers. The float data type should never be used for precise values, such as currency. Its default value is 0.0F . size: 4 bytes Example class JavaExample { public static void main( String [] args ) { float num = 19.98f ; System . out .println ( num ); } } Output:19.98

34. b oolean : A boolean data type is declared with the  boolean  keyword and can only take the values  true  or  false : Example class JavaExample { public static void main( String [] args ) { boolean b = false ; System . out .println (b); } } Output : false

35. c har: The   char  data type is used to store a  single  character. The character must be surrounded by single quotes, like 'A' or 'c': size: 2 bytes class JavaExample { public static void main( String [] args ) { char ch = 'Z ' ; System . out .println ( ch ); } } Output : Z

36. Java Type Casting Type casting is when you assign a value of one primitive data type to another type. In Java, there are two types of casting : Widening Casting  (automatically) - converting a smaller type to a larger type size byte  ->  short  ->  char  ->  int  ->  long  ->  float  ->  double Narrowing Casting  (manually) - converting a larger type to a smaller size type double  ->  float  ->  long  ->  int  ->  char  ->  short  ->  byte

37. Widening Casting Widening casting is done automatically when passing a smaller size type to a larger size type : Example public class Main { public static void main ( String [] args ) { int myInt = 9 ; double myDouble = myInt ; // Automatic casting: int to double System . out . println ( myInt ); // Outputs 9 System . out . println ( myDouble ); // Outputs 9.0 } } Try it Yourself »

38. Narrowing Casting Narrowing casting must be done manually by placing the type in parentheses in front of the value : Example public class Main { public static void main ( String [] args ) { double myDouble = 9.78d ; int myInt = ( int ) myDouble ; // Manual casting: double to int System . out . println ( myDouble ); // Outputs 9.78 System . out . println ( myInt ); // Outputs 9 } }

39. Java Operators In this session, you'll learn about different types of operators in Java, their syntax and how to use them with the help of examples . Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For example,  +  is an operator used for addition, while  *  is also an operator used for multiplication . Operators in Java can be classified into 5 types : Arithmetic Operators Assignment Operators Relational Operators Logical Operators Unary Operators Bitwise Operators

40. 1. Java Arithmetic Operators Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data . For example, a + b; Here, the  +  operator is used to add two variables  a  and  b . Similarly, there are various other arithmetic operators in Java.

41. Operator Operation + Addition - Subtraction * Multiplication / Division % Modulo Operation (Remainder after division)

42. Example 1: Arithmetic Operators class Main { public static void main (String[] args ) { // declare variables int a = 12 , b = 5 ; // addition operator System.out.println ( "a + b = " + (a + b )); // subtraction operator System.out.println ( "a - b = " + (a - b)); // multiplication operator System.out.println ( "a * b = " + (a * b)); // division operator System.out.println ( "a / b = " + (a / b)); // modulo operator System.out.println ( "a % b = " + (a % b)); } } Output a + b = 17 a - b = 7 a * b = 60 a / b = 2 a % b = 2

43. In the above example, we have used  + ,  - , and  *  operators to compute addition, subtraction, and multiplication operations . / Division Operator Note the operation,  a / b  in our program. The  /  operator is the division operator. If we use the division operator with two integers, then the resulting quotient will also be an integer. And, if one of the operands is a floating-point number, we will get the result will also be in floating-point . In Java, ( 9 / 2 ) is 4 ( 9.0 / 2 ) is 4.5 ( 9 / 2.0 ) is 4.5 ( 9.0 / 2.0 ) is 4.5 % Modulo Operator The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When  a = 7 is divided by b = 4, the remainder is 3 . Note : The  %  operator is mainly used with integers.

44. 2. Java Assignment Operators Assignment operators are used in Java to assign values to variables. For example , int age; age = 5 ; Here, = is the assignment operator. It assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. That is, 5 is assigned to the variable age.

45. Operator Example Equivalent to = a = b; a = b; += a += b; a = a + b; -= a -= b; a = a - b; *= a *= b; a = a * b; /= a /= b; a = a / b; %= a %= b; a = a % b; Let's see some more assignment operators available in Java.

46. Example 2: Assignment Operators class Main { public static void main (String[] args ) { // create variables int a = 4 ; int var ; // assign value using = var = a; System.out.println ( " var using =: " + var ); // assign value using =+ var += a; System.out.println ( " var using +=: " + var ); // assign value using =* var *= a; System.out.println ( " var using *=: " + var ); } } Output var using =: 4 var using +=: 8 var using *=: 32

47. 3. Java Relational Operators Relational operators are used to check the relationship between two operands. For example, // check if a is less than b a < b; Here ,  <  operator is the relational operator. It checks if  a  is less than  b  or not. It returns either  true  or  false .

48. Operator Description Example == Is Equal To 3 == 5 returns false != Not Equal To 3 != 5 returns true > Greater Than 3 > 5 returns false < Less Than 3 < 5 returns true >= Greater Than or Equal To 3 >= 5 returns false <= Less Than or Equal To 3 <= 5 returns true

49. Example 3: Relational Operators class Main { public static void main (String[] args ) { // create variables int a = 7 , b = 11 ; // value of a and b System.out.println ( "a is " + a + " and b is " + b ); // == operator System.out.println (a == b); // false // != operator System.out.println (a != b); // true // > operator System.out.println (a > b ); // false // < operator System.out.println (a < b); // true // >= operator System.out.println (a >= b); // false // <= operator System.out.println (a <= b); // true } } Note : Relational operators are used in decision making and loops.

50. 4. Java Logical Operators Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is  true  or  false . They are used in decision making. Operator Example Meaning && (Logical AND) expression1 && expression2 true only if both expression1 and expression2 are true || (Logical OR) expression1 || expression2 true if either expression1 or expression2 is true ! (Logical NOT) !expression true if expression is false and vice versa

51. Example 4: Logical Operators class Main { public static void main (String[] args ) { // && operator System.out.println (( 5 > 3 ) && ( 8 > 5 )); // true System.out.println (( 5 > 3 ) && ( 8 < 5 )); // false // || operator System.out.println (( 5 < 3 ) || ( 8 > 5 )); // true System.out.println (( 5 > 3 ) || ( 8 < 5 )); // true System.out.println (( 5 < 3 ) || ( 8 < 5 )); // false // ! operator System.out.println (!( 5 == 3 )); // true System.out.println (!( 5 > 3 )); // false } }

52. Working of Program (5 > 3) && (8 > 5)  returns  true  because both  (5 > 3)  and  (8 > 5)  are  true . (5 > 3) && (8 < 5)  returns  false  because the expression  (8 < 5)  is  false . (5 < 3) || (8 > 5)  returns  true  because the expression  (8 > 5)  is  true . (5 > 3) && (8 > 5)  returns  true  because the expression  (5 > 3)  is  true . (5 > 3) && (8 > 5)  returns  false  because both  (5 < 3)  and  (8 < 5)  are  false . !(5 == 3)  returns true because  5 == 3  is  false . !(5 > 3)  returns false because  5 > 3  is  true .

53. Unary operators are used with only one operand. For example,  ++  is a unary operator that increases the value of a variable by  1 . That is,  ++5  will return  6 . Different types of unary operators are : 5. Java Unary Operators

54. There are five unary operators in  Java : Unary Plus Unary Minus Increment Operator Decrement Operator The following table describes the short description of the unary operators . Operator Name Symbol Description Example Equivalent Expression Unary Plus + It is used to represent the  positive  value. +a a Unary Minus - It is used to represent the  negative  value. -a - Increment Operator ++ It  increments  the value of a variable by  1 . ++a or a++ a=a+1 Decrement Operator -- It  decrements  the value of a variable by  1 . --a or a-- a=a-1

55. Unary Plus It is used to represent positive values. Usually, we do not write the operator before the operand. Hence, it is optional . Syntax: +(operand)   Example:  x=+99 or x=99 ; Unary Minus It is used to convert a positive value into a negative one. Syntax: -(operand)  

56. Increment Operator It is used to increment the value of an operand by one. The operator is represented by a pair of plus operators (++). The operator can be applied before or after an operand . Pre-increment Operator :  If an increment operator is written before  (prefix)  the operand is known as pre-increment. In such a case, the value is first incremented by 1 and then taken for the computing purpose. Syntax: ++operand   Example:  Suppose x=9, then the value of ++x will be 10 . Post-increment Operator:   If an increment operator is written after  (postfix)  the operand is known as post-increment. In such a case, the value is first processed and then incremented. It means the value that the variable holds first used for the computing purpose and then incremented by 1. Syntax: operand++   Example:  Suppose x=11, then the value of x++ will be 1

57. Let's use the pre-increment and post-increment operators in a Java program. PrePostIncrementExample.java public   class   PrePostIncrementExample     {   public   static   void  main(String  args [])   {   int   i  = 10;   i ++;   //prints 11   System.out.println ( i );   ++ i ;                  //prints 12   System.out.println ( i );   //prints 13   System.out.println (++ i );   //prints 13   System.out.println ( i ++);   //prints 14   System.out.println ( i );   }   }   Output : 11 12 13 14 11 12 13 13 14 11 12 13 13 14

58. Decrement Operator It is used to decrement the value of an operand by 1. The operator is represented by a pair of minus operators (--). The operator can be applied before or after an operand. Pre-decrement Operator :  If a decrement operator is written before  (prefix)  the operand is known as pre-decrement. In such a case, the value is first decremented by 1 and then used for the computing purpose. Syntax: --operand   Example:  Suppose x=9, then the value of --x will be 8 . Post-decrement Operator :  If a decrement operator is written after  (postfix)  the operand is known as post-decrement. In such a case, the value is first used and then decrements by 1. Syntax: operand--   Example:  Suppose x=11, then the value of x-- will be 10.

59. Let's use the pre-decrement and post-decrement operators in a Java program. PrePostDecrementExample.java public   class   PrePostDecrementExample     {   public   static   void  main(String  args [])   {   int   i  = 10;   i --;   //prints 19   System.out.println ( i );   -- i ;                  //prints 18   System.out.println ( i );   //prints 17   System.out.println (-- i );   //prints 17   System.out.println ( i --);   //prints 16   System.out.println ( i );   }   }   Output : 19 18 17 17 16

60. Java Operator Precedence Operator precedence determines the order in which the operators in an expression are evaluated. Before you start reading this article, you should have a basic knowledge of  Java Operators . Now, take a look at the statement below : int myInt = 12 - 4 * 2; What will be the value of  myInt ? Will it be (12 - 4)*2, that is, 16? Or it will be 12 - (4 * 2), that is, 4 ? When two operators share a common operand, 4 in this case, the operator with the highest precedence is operated first. In Java, the precedence of * is higher than that of -. Hence, the multiplication is performed before subtraction, and the value of  myInt  will be 4.

61. Operator Precedence Table The table below lists the precedence of operators in Java; higher it appears in the table, the higher its precedence . Java Operator Precedence Operators Precedence postfix increment and decrement ++ -- prefix increment and decrement, ++ -- multiplicative * / % additive + - relational < > <= >= instanceof equality == != bitwise inclusive OR | logical AND && logical OR || ternary ? : assignment = += -= *= /= %=

62. Example: Operator Precedence class Precedence { public static void main(String[] args ) { int a = 10, b = 5, c = 1, result ; result = a-++c-++b; System.out.println (result); } } Output : 2 The operator precedence of prefix  ++  is higher than that of  -  subtraction operator. Hence, result = a-++c-++b ; is equivalent to result = a-(++c)-(++b ); When dealing with multiple operators and operands in a single expression, you can use parentheses like in the above example for clarity. The expression inside the parentheses is evaluated first .

63. Associativity of Operators in Java If an expression has two operators with similar precedence, the expression is evaluated according to its associativity (either left to right, or right to left). Let's take an example . a = b = c; Here, the value of c is assigned to variable b. Then the value of b is assigned of variable a. Why? It's because the associativity of = operator is from right to left. The table below shows the associativity of Java operators along with their associativity.

64. Java Operator Precedence and Associativity Operators Precedence Associativity postfix increment and decrement ++ -- left to right prefix increment and decrement, ++ -- + - ~ right to left multiplicative * / % left to right additive + - left to right relational < > <= >= instanceof left to right equality == != left to right logical AND && left to right logical OR || left to right ternary ? : right to left assignment = += -= *= /= %= right to left

65. You don't need to memorize everything here. Most of the time, the precedence and associativity of operators makes sense in itself. You can always come back to this article for reference when in doubt. Also, you can use parenthesis if you think it makes your code easier to understand.

66. Java Control Statements | Control Flow in Java Java compiler executes the code from top to bottom. The statements in the code are executed according to the order in which they appear. However,  Java  provides statements that can be used to control the flow of Java code. Such statements are called control flow statements. It is one of the fundamental features of Java, which provides a smooth flow of program .

67. Java provides three types of control flow statements. Decision Making statements if statements switch statement Loop statements do while loop while loop for loop for-each loop Jump statements break statement continue statement

68. Decision-Making statements: As the name suggests, decision-making statements decide which statement to execute and when. Decision-making statements evaluate the Boolean expression and control the program flow depending upon the result of the condition provided. There are two types of decision-making statements in Java, i.e., If statement and switch statement.

69. 1) If Statement: In Java, the "if" statement is used to evaluate a condition. The control of the program is diverted depending upon the specific condition. The condition of the If statement gives a Boolean value, either true or false. In Java, there are four types of if-statements given below. Simple if statement if-else statement if-else-if ladder Nested if-statement Let's understand the if-statements one by one.

70. 1) Simple if statement: It is the most basic statement among all control flow statements in Java. It evaluates a Boolean expression and enables the program to enter a block of code if the expression evaluates to true . Syntax of if statement is given below . if (condition) {     statement  1; //executes when condition is true    }   

71. Consider the following example in which we have used the if statement in the java code . Student.java Student.java public   class  Student {     public   static   void  main(String[]  args ) {     int  x = 10;     int  y = 12;     if ( x+y  > 20) {     System.out.println ("x + y is greater than 20");     }     }       }      Output: x + y is greater than 20

72. 2) if-else statement The   if-else statement  is an extension to the if-statement, which uses another block of code, i.e., else block. The else block is executed if the condition of the if-block is evaluated as false . Syntax : if (condition) {     statement 1; //executes when condition is true    }   else {   statement 2; //executes when condition is false    }  

73. Consider the following example . Student.java public   class  Student {   public   static   void  main(String[]  args ) {   int  x = 10;   int  y = 12;   if ( x+y  < 10) {   System.out.println ("x + y is less than      10");   }    else  {   System.out.println ("x + y is greater than 20");   }   }   }   Output : x + y is greater than 20

74. 3) if-else-if ladder: The if-else-if statement contains the if-statement followed by multiple else-if statements. In other words, we can say that it is the chain of if-else statements that create a decision tree where the program may enter in the block of code where the condition is true. We can also define an else statement at the end of the chain . Syntax of if-else-if statement is given below . if (condition 1) {     statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true    }   else   if (condition 2) {   statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true    }   else  {   statement 2; //executes when all the conditions are false    }  

75. Consider the following example . Student.java public   class  Student {   public   static   void  main(String[]  args ) {   String city =  “MPK";    if (city ==  “Karachi")  {   System.out.println ("city is  karachi ");    } else   if  (city ==  “Hyderabad")  {   System.out.println ("city is  Hyderabad");    } else   if (city ==  “ Sanghar ")  {   System.out.println ("city is  Sanghar ");    } else  {   System.out.println (city);   }   }   }   Output :

76. 4. Nested if-statement In nested if-statements, the if statement can contain a  if  or  if-else  statement inside another if or else-if statement . Syntax of Nested if-statement is given below . if (condition 1) {     statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true    if (condition 2) {   statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true    }   else {   statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is false    }   }  

77. Consider the following example . Student.java public   class  Student {     public   static   void  main(String[]  args ) {     String address =  “MPK,   Pak";           if ( address.endsWith (“Pak"))  {     if ( address.contains (“ Khipro "))  {     System.out.println ("Your city is  Khipro ");      } else   if ( address.contains (“ Sindhri "))  {     System.out.println ("Your city is  Sindhri ");      } else  {     System.out.println ( address.split (",")[0]);     }     } else  {     System.out.println ("You are not living in  Pak");      }     }     }     Output : MPK

78. Switch Statement: In Java,  Switch statements  are similar to if-else-if statements. The switch statement contains multiple blocks of code called cases and a single case is executed based on the variable which is being switched. The switch statement is easier to use instead of if-else-if statements. It also enhances the readability of the program. Points to be noted about switch statement: The case variables can be int , short, byte, char, or enumeration. String type is also supported since version 7 of Java Cases cannot be duplicate Default statement is executed when any of the case doesn't match the value of expression. It is optional. Break statement terminates the switch block when the condition is satisfied. It is optional, if not used, next case is executed. While using switch statements, we must notice that the case expression will be of the same type as the variable. However, it will also be a constant value.

79. The syntax to use the switch statement is given below . switch  (expression){        case  value1:        statement1;         break ;       .       .       .        case   valueN :         statementN ;         break ;        default :         default  statement;   }  

80. Consider the following example to understand the flow of the switch statement. Student.java public   class   Student  {   public   static   void  main(String[]  args ) {   int   num  = 2;   switch  ( num ){   case  0:   System.out.println ("number is 0");   break ;   case  1:   System.out.println ("number is 1");   break ;   default :   System.out.println ( num );   }   }   }   Output : 2

81. Loop Statements In programming, sometimes we need to execute the block of code repeatedly while some condition evaluates to true. However, loop statements are used to execute the set of instructions in a repeated order. The execution of the set of instructions depends upon a particular condition. In Java, we have three types of loops that execute similarly. However, there are differences in their syntax and condition checking time. for loop while loop do-while loop Let's understand the loop statements one by one.

82. Java for loop In Java,  for loop  is similar to  C  and  C++ . It enables us to initialize the loop variable, check the condition, and increment/decrement in a single line of code. We use the for loop only when we exactly know the number of times, we want to execute the block of code . Syntax: for (initialization, condition, increment/decrement) {     //block of statements     }    

83. The flow chart for the for-loop is given below.

84. Consider the following example to understand the proper functioning of the for loop in java . Calculation.java public   class   Calculattion  {   public   static   void  main(String[]  args ) {   // TODO Auto-generated method stub   int  sum = 0;   for ( int  j = 1; j<=10; j++) {   sum = sum + j;   }   System.out.println ("The sum of first 10 natural numbers is " + sum);   }   }   Output : The sum of first 10 natural numbers  is 55

85. Java while loop The   while loop  is also used to iterate over the number of statements multiple times. However, if we don't know the number of iterations in advance, it is recommended to use a while loop. Unlike for loop, the initialization and increment/decrement doesn't take place inside the loop statement in while loop. It is also known as the entry-controlled loop since the condition is checked at the start of the loop. If the condition is true, then the loop body will be executed; otherwise, the statements after the loop will be executed . The syntax of the while loop is given below . while (condition){     //looping statements     }    

86. The flow chart for the while loop is given in the following image.

87. Consider the following example. Calculation .java public   class  Calculation {     public   static   void  main(String[]  args ) {     // TODO Auto-generated method stub     int   i  = 0;     System.out.println ("Printing the list of first 10 even numbers \n");     while ( i <=10) {     System.out.println ( i );     i  =  i  + 2;     }     }     }     Output : Printing the list of first 10 even  numbers 2 4 6 8 10

88. Java do-while loop The   do-while loop  checks the condition at the end of the loop after executing the loop statements. When the number of iteration is not known and we have to execute the loop at least once, we can use do-while loop. It is also known as the exit-controlled loop since the condition is not checked in advance. The syntax of the do-while loop is given below . do       {     //statements     }  while  (condition);    

89. The flow chart of the do-while loop is given in the following image.

90. Java is an object-oriented programming language. The core concept of the object-oriented approach is to break complex problems into smaller objects . An object is any entity that has a  state  and  behavior . For example, a  bicycle  is an object. It has States : idle, first gear, etc Behaviors : braking, accelerating, etc . Before we learn about objects, let's first know about classes in Java.

91. Java Class A class is a blueprint for the object. Before we create an object, we first need to define the class. We can think of the class as a sketch (prototype) of a house. It contains all the details about the floors, doors, windows, etc. Based on these descriptions we build the house. House is the object. Since many houses can be made from the same description, we can create many objects from a class.

92. Create a class in Java We can create a class in Java using the class keyword. For example , class ClassName { // fields // methods } Here, fields (variables) and methods represent the  state  and  behavior  of the object respectively. fields are used to store data methods are used to perform some operations

93. For our bicycle object, we can create the class as class Bicycle { // state or field private int gear = 5 ; // behavior or method public void braking() { System.out.println ("Working of Braking"); } } In the above example, we have created a class named Bicycle. It contains a field named gear and a method named braking(). Here, Bicycle is a prototype. Now, we can create any number of bicycles using the prototype. And, all the bicycles will share the fields and methods of the prototype . Note : We have used keywords  private  and  public . These are known as access modifiers.

94. Java Objects An object is called an instance of a class. For example, suppose Bicycle is a class then  MountainBicycle ,  SportsBicycle ,  TouringBicycle , etc can be considered as objects of the class . Creating an Object in Java Here is how we can create an object of a class. c lassName object = new className (); // for Bicycle class Bicycle sportsBicycle = new Bicycle(); Bicycle touringBicycle = new Bicycle(); Here,  sportsBicycle  and  touringBicycle  are the names of objects. We can use them to access fields and methods of the class. As you can see, we have created two objects of the class. We can create multiple objects of a single class in Java . Note : Fields and methods of a class are also called members of the class.

95. Access Members of a Class We can use the name of objects along with the  .  operator to access members of a class. For example, class Bicycle { // field of class int gear = 5 ; // method of class void braking() { ... } } // create object Bicycle sportsBicycle = new Bicycle (); // access field and method sportsBicycle.gear ; sportsBicycle.braking (); n the above example, we have created a class named  Bicycle . It includes a field named  gear  and a method named  braking() . Notice the statement,

96. Bicycle sportsBicycle = new Bicycle (); Here, we have created an object of Bicycle named  sportsBicycle . We then use the object to access the field and method of the class . sportsBicycle.gear  - access the field  gear sportsBicycle.braking ()  - access the method  braking() We have mentioned the word  method  quite a few times. You will learn about  Java methods  in detail in the next chapter . Now that we understand what is class and object. Let's see a fully working example.

97. Example: Java Class and Objects class Lamp { // stores the value for light // true if light is on // false if light is off boolean isOn ; // method to turn on the light void turnOn () { isOn = true; System.out.println ("Light on? " + isOn ); } // method to turnoff the light void turnOff () { isOn = false; System.out.println ("Light on? " + isOn ); } } class Main { public static void main(String[] args ) { // create objects led and halogen Lamp led = new Lamp(); Lamp halogen = new Lamp (); // turn on the light by // calling method turnOn () led.turnOn (); // turn off the light by // calling method turnOff () halogen.turnOff (); } }

98. Output : Light on? true Light on? false In the above program, we have created a class named  Lamp . It contains a variable:  isOn  and two methods:  turnOn ()  and  turnOff () . Inside the  Main  class, we have created two objects:  led  and  halogen  of the  Lamp  class. We then used the objects to call the methods of the class led.turnOn ()  - It sets the  isOn  variable to  true  and prints the output. halogen.turnOff ()  - It sets the  isOn  variable to  false  and prints the output . The variable  isOn  defined inside the class is also called an instance variable. It is because when we create an object of the class, it is called an instance of the class. And, each instance will have its own copy of the variable. That is, led and halogen objects will have their own copy of the  isOn  variable.