What is Plagiarism ?How not to use this ?

This presentation speaks of plagiarism being sometimes adopted by scholars while reporting their research.What is it  
and 
How to Recognize and Avoid it?
It discusses Definition of Plagiarism
Referencing
Incorporating Another's Work
Common Knowledge
Inadvertent Plagiarism
Deliberate Plagiarism
Citation
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (http://www.m-w.com), to plagiarize means:
“transitive senses : to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own : use (another's production) without crediting the source�intransitive senses : to commit literary theft : present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source”
"In an academic setting, authoring a document constitutes a representation that the author is the source of all ideas and words not otherwise attributed.

Thus, failure to attribute borrowed words or ideas constitutes plagiarism

PLAGIARISM IS BOTH A LIE AND A THEFT
Plagiarism covers ALL INSTANCES in which the work of another is used without sufficient acknowledgement, not just the cases of deliberate copying without acknowledging the source.

Note: Plagiarism does not require a deliberate attempt to cheat on behalf of the student.
Why do Students Plagiarise??Laziness/Sloppiness/Ignorance

In order to obtain a higher mark

Poor time management

Regardless of the reason, there is no excuse for plagiarism

1. Plagiarism What it is   and  How to Recognize and Avoid it?

2. Plagiarism Not Giving Credit Where Credit is Due! -- taken from Joyce Brannon ’ s “ Plagiarism. ” PowerPoint Presentation & Joyce Valenza ’ s “ What is Plagiarism? ” (See works cited). (Internet downloads)

3. How is the word Plagiarism pronounced?

4. PLA G IARISM or PLA J IARISM ? G - as in Get ? J - as in in Jet ? Or

5. The pronunciation of 'g' generally (but not always) depends on the letter that follows it. The general rule is this:  if the letter after 'g' is 'e', ' i ' or 'y', the pronunciation is a 'soft g' as in 'fringe'. Some examples of words with the soft 'g' are: general, giant, gymnastics, large, energy and change .( Source BBC Online)

6. Contents Definition of Plagiarism Referencing Incorporating Another's Work Common Knowledge Inadvertent Plagiarism Deliberate Plagiarism Citation

7. 1. Definition Oxford English Dictionary defines plagiarism as: 'to take somebody else's ideas or words and use them as if they were one's own .‘ NUIG Code of Practice for Dealing with Plagiarism 'plagiarism is the act of copying, including or directly quoting from the work of another without adequate acknowledgement' Available online at: http://www.nuigalway.ie/plagiarism

8. PoliticsNJ, The Pulblis Group, Hoboken, NJ. http://www.politicsnj.com/plagerism090903.htm . Plagiarism defined : The word “ plagiarism ” comes from the Latin plagiarus meaning “ kidnapper ”

9. According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary ( http://www.m-w.com ), to plagiarize means: “ transitive senses : to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own : use (another's production) without crediting the source intransitive senses : to commit literary theft : present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source ”

10. Plagiarism "In an academic setting, authoring a document constitutes a representation that the author is the source of all ideas and words not otherwise attributed. Thus, failure to attribute borrowed words or ideas constitutes plagiarism PLAGIARISM IS BOTH A LIE AND A THEFT L.H Edwards, Legal Writing Process, Analysis and Organization (2nd ed. 1999) p.10

11. Plagiarism Plagiarism covers ALL INSTANCES in which the work of another is used without sufficient acknowledgement, not just the cases of deliberate copying without acknowledging the source. Note: Plagiarism does not require a deliberate attempt to cheat on behalf of the student.

12. Why do Students Plagiarise ? ? Laziness/Sloppiness/Ignorance In order to obtain a higher mark Poor time management Regardless of the reason, there is no excuse for plagiarism

13. 2 Referencing You avoid plagiarism by ensuring that every piece of writing you create is fully and properly referenced. Further mention of reference and citation style is made below.

14. Referencing When to reference? AND How to reference?

15. When to Reference? Statements of Law Primary – Legislation Status of Children Act 1986 Secondary – Case Law Murray v Ireland [1985] IR 532 (SC), [1985] ILRM 542

16. When to reference ? Books – Example: Bryan McMahon and William Binchy , The Law of Torts (3rd ed. Butterworths 2000).

17. When to reference ? 2.    Direct Quotations You must attribute each and every quotation to its author and the book/article/journal from which it was drawn, as well as page number or paragraph number.

18. When to reference? 3. Factual Material Unless common knowledge, factual material must be attributed to its source. Common knowledge is dealt with below.

19. When to reference? 4.  Definitions Again, must be attributed to their source.

20. 3. Incorporation of Another's Work There are three main ways of incorporating the work of another author into your legal writing: Summarising Paraphrasing Direct Quotation

21. Summarising This occurs when the student rewrites the author's original words in a shortened form, but captures the key points which the author made.

22. Paraphrasing This occurs when the student rewrites the author's original words but retains the original meaning which the original author made.

23. Direct Quotation This occurs when the student writes the author's words exactly.

24. You may have been told that if you put something into your own words, you need not cite. This is incorrect. The material is still someone else ’ s idea and requires acknowledgement. Paraphrasing requires a citation.

25. Incorporation of Another's Work All three instances require that the student reference the original author's work because to do otherwise would be plagiarism. This is because in all three instances, the work is not the original work of the student but that of the original author.

26. Incorporation of Another's Work GOLDEN RULE: IF IN DOUBT - REFERENCE

27. 4 . Common Knowledge If the material you include in your legal writing is of common knowledge you are not required to reference the source. There is no generally accepted rule or definition as to what constitutes  "common knowledge"

28. Common Knowledge Widely known historical or current events could be considered common knowledge:  Eg   Éamonn de Valera was both a Taoiseach and subsequently the President of Ireland during his political career. Newton was a great scientist who coined the laws of motion.

29. Knowledge is a Moveable Feast The more you know, the harder it is to determine what is "common knowledge". Rule of Thumb Can it be found in several sources? Do many people know this information? The more sources and people who know the information, the more likely that particular  piece of information is "common knowledge" and does not need to be referenced.

30. Common Knowledge AGAIN: THE GOLDEN RULE IF IN DOUBT - REFERENCE

31. Do I have to cite everything?

32. Nope! Facts that are widely known, or Information or judgments considered “ common knowledge ” Do NOT have to be documented . Hooray for common knowledge!

33. Two types of plagiarism: Intentional Copying a friend ’ s work Buying or borrowing papers Cutting and pasting blocks of text from electronic sources without documenting Media “ borrowing ” without documentation Web publishing without permissions of creators Unintentional Careless paraphrasing Poor documentation Quoting excessively Failure to use your own “ voice ”

34. 5 Inadvertent Plagiarism Inadvertent plagiarism is poor or lazy referencing resulting in incomplete referencing of another's ideas, words or work in the student's piece of legal writing. * Please note it is still plagiarism .

35. 6 . Deliberate Plagiarism Deliberate plagiarism is when a student takes a conscious and deliberate decision to pass the work of another as their piece of writing without acknowledging the original author .

36. Cut and Paste (Internet) Material Sourced online needs to be referenced " Word of warning" - the internet is a repository for information but a student should be extremely cautious of information relied upon unless the author of such information is known. Many sites which purport to give definitive answers to law related issues lack the precision and subtlety required and in certain cases are just plain wrong In many cases the information may be out of date or from a different jurisdiction.

37. 7 . Citation In particular, pieces of legal writing must refer to and rely upon the original work of others, be it primary or secondary legislation, an authoritative text book or even an academic piece of writing, to support the argument put forward by the student in their own piece of legal writing so as to lend weight/authority/strength/force to that argument. In order to defeat any suggestion of plagiarism, you must fully and accurately reference your piece of legal writing using an appropriate style of citation consistently.

38. Citation There is now one style of citation which has been adopted by many organizations. The School of Law, NUI Galway will only accept the style of referencing/citation as is outlined in  OSCOLA Ireland OSCOLA stands for 'Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities'

39. GOLDEN RULE IF IN DOUBT - REFERENCE

40. Why is plagiarism important? Who really cares? Plagiarism is theft of intellectual property. Plagiarism is cheating. Plagiarism may result in receiving a failing grade or zero for the assignment. Plagiarism could result in a disciplinary referral. Students caught plagiarizing may be denied admittance to or removal from the National Honor Society.

41. Some of the things that you think you know about plagiarism may be wrong. It does not matter if the person whose work you have cited is alive or dead. If it is not your own idea, you must cite your source! If you translate or paraphrase something, you must still give a citation. If you use a picture from the Internet, you must cite the source.

42. Why is it Important? It is a matter of academic honesty The information in books, the internet and other sources does not belong to you – it belongs to the writers who created it.

43. Excuses It ’ s okay if I don ’ t get caught! I was too busy to write that paper! (Job, big game, too much homework!) My teachers expect too much! I ’ ve got to get into ??? U.! My parents expect “ A ” s! This assignment was BORING! Everyone does it!

44. Possible Consequences  scholarly reputation  self-concept  grades Dissertation not accepted Expulsion from university/no degree Expulsion from professional organizations Loss of job (GA/faculty )

45. Real life consequences: Damaged the reputation of two prominent historians, Stephen Ambrose and Doris Kearns Goodwin, Kearns left television position and stepped down as Pulitzer Prize judge for “ lifting ” 50 passages for her 1987 book The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys (Lewis) Senator Joseph Biden dropped his 1987 campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination. ( Sabato ) Copied in law school and borrowed from campaign speeches of Robert Kennedy Boston Globe journalist Mike Barnicle forced to resign for plagiarism in his columns ( “ Boston Columnist . . . ” ) Probe of plagiarism at UVA--45 students dismissed, 3 graduate degrees revoked CNN Article AP. 26 Nov. 2001 Channel One Article AP. 27 Nov. 2002

46. Is this important? What if: Your architect cheated his way through math class. Will your new home be safe? Your lawyer paid for a copy of the bar exam to study. Will the contract she wrote for you stand up in court? The accountant who does your taxes hired someone to write his papers and paid a stand-in to take his major tests? Does he know enough to complete your tax forms properly? (Lathrop and Foss 87)

47. What ’ s the big deal? If I change a few words, I ’ m okay, right? Wrong! Paraphrasing original ideas without documenting your source, is plagiarism too!

48. How can you “ borrow ” from the works of others in your own work?

49. Use these three strategies Quoting Paraphrasing Summarizing To blend source materials in with your own, making sure your own voice is heard.

50. Quoting Quotations are the exact words of an author, copied directly from a source, word for word. Quotations must be cited! Use quotations when: You want to add the power of an author ’ s words to support your argument You want to disagree with an author ’ s argument You want to highlight particularly eloquent or powerful phrases or passages You are comparing and contrasting specific points of view You want to note the important research that precedes your own

51. Quotations must be attributed to the original author and the source that you used. For example: If you use the phrase, “ Fourscore and twenty years ago, our forefathers . . . ” you must give credit to Abraham Lincoln and the book in which he is quoted. Lincoln, Abraham. Gettysburg Address . In Lincoln at Gettysburg: the Words that Remade America , Garry Wills. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992.

52. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words of an author, putting his/her thoughts in your own words. When you paraphrase, you rework the source ’ s ideas, words, phrases, and sentence structures with your own. Like quotations, paraphrased material must be followed with in-text documentation and cited on your Works-Cited page. Paraphrase when: You plan to use information on your note cards and wish to avoid plagiarizing You want to avoid overusing quotations You want to use your own voice to present information Carol Rohrbach and Joyce Valenza

53. Examples: Source: Unless steps are taken to provide a predictable and stable energy supply in the face of growing demand, the nation may be in danger of sudden power losses or even extended blackouts, thus damaging our industrial and information-based economies. – John Doe, 1999, p.231. Inadequate paraphrase: Doe (1999) recommends that the government take action to provide a predictable and stable energy supply because of constantly growing demand. Otherwise, we may be in danger of losing power or even experiencing extended blackouts. These circumstances could damage our industrial and information-based economy. (p.231).

54. As you take notes: Include any direct quotes or unique phrases in quotation marks or mark with a big Q and make sure the speaker ’ s /writer ’ s name is identified. Make sure you note a paraphrase with the writer ’ s name and mark it with a big P Include page numbers and source references so you can go back and check for accuracy as you write.

55. WHEN IN DOUBT, USE A CITATION!! Sorry, you cannot use someone else ’ s paper, art work, or presentation without proper citation even if he gave you permission. (Of course, your guide may not want someone else ’ s paper as your work even with proper citation!) You may even have to cite yourself. If you created a work for a previous paper or presentation, and you are using it again, you must cite your previous work.

56. #1 - Is This Plagiarism? You are a member of the audience where research results are presented. You use ideas described by one of the speakers in the design of your next research project .

57. #2 - Is This Plagiarism? You are reading a journal article, chapter, or book. You paraphrase passages of text from the material you have been reading in the literature review of a manuscript you are writing.

58. #3 - Is This Plagiarism? You are reviewing a submitted manuscript. You decide to use novel research methods described in that manuscript to enhance your own research.

59. #4 - Is This Plagiarism? You are doing research using the internet. You choose to use ideas from a web site in the design of your next research project, and also use some quotes from the web site in your literature review.

60. #5 - Is This Plagiarism? You are writing a paper in English, and your native language is Martian. When writing a review of literature, you use another author’s exact words because you are not confident about paraphrasing or synthesizing the ideas into your own words in English.

61. #6 - Is This Plagiarism? You are writing a manuscript for publication that is based upon your own previous research. You decide to include some exact text from one of your earlier manuscripts in the new paper.

62. Plagiarism in Research Plagiarism is specifically defined as a form of research misconduct The definition of research misconduct on the next slide is from the MSU Procedures Concerning Allegations of Misconduct in Research and Creative Activities, http://rio.msu.edu/June_2009_Procedures.pdf

63. Plagiarism in Research “Misconduct means fabrication, falsification, plagiarism , or any other practice that seriously deviates from practices commonly accepted in the discipline or in the academic and research communities generally in proposing, performing, reviewing, or reporting research and creative activities.”

64. Plagiarism in Research “Ohio University is investigating 44 possible cases of plagiarism by current and former engineering graduate students, all of which were discovered by a former graduate student who believes that professors there have fostered a culture of cheating.” T. Bartlett, Ohio U. Investigates Plagiarism Charges, Chronicle of Higher Education , 3/10/06

65. Plagiarism in Research

66. Detecting Plagiarism Readers and reviewers Check references Google 4-6 words (Harris, 2004) Plagiarism detection software (e.g., plagiarismchecker.com , plagiarismdetect.com )

67. On-line Plagiarism Detection There are many free and Premium websites Viz., Urkund , Turnitin , Ouriginal , iThenticate , and many more that provide plagiarism check.

68. Best free plagiarism checkers in 2022 Plagiarism checker Overall score 100% free? Limitations 1.  Scribbr 4.7  No full report in the free version 2.  Quetext 3.3 Trial of 1 scan (2,500 words) 3.  Grammarly 3.2 “Free” version gives no information 4.  Unicheck 3.0 200-word trial 5.  Check-plagiarism.com 2.3 Limits not clearly explained 6.  Plagiarism Detector 2.2 1,000 words / check 7.  Pre Post SEO 2.2 1,000 words / check 8.  Search Engine Reports 1.7 1,500 words / check 9.  Small SEO Tools 1.7 1,000 words / check 10.  DupliChecker 1.7 1,000 words / check 11.  Plagiarismchecker.co 1.2 5 free checks; 800 words / check 12.  Writer 1.2 2,000 words / check; no percentage

69. MSU Resources MSU’s Procedures Concerning Allegations of Misconduct in Research and Creative Activities http://rio.msu.edu/June_2009_Procedures.pdf Plagiarism. Research Integrity Newsletter , MSU Grad School, Volume 9 (2), 2006 http://grad.msu.edu/researchintegrity/docs/ri05.pdf Plagiarism . PowerPoint presentation & notes http://grad.msu.edu/researchintegrity/resources

70. MSU Offices Research Integrity Officer http://www.rio.msu.edu/ Graduate School http://grad.msu.edu Ombudsman https://www.msu.edu/unit/ombud/

71. FOR MORE INFORMATION : The Copyright Crash Course, by Georgia K. Harper, 2001, University of Texas at Austin, http://www.utsystem.edu/ogc/IntellectualProperty/cprtindx.htm . This site explains copyright and fair use in easy to understand language. Online! A reference guide to using Internet sources, by Andrew Harnock and Eugene Kleppinger , 2003, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/index.html . This site includes links to many citation styles. OWL, Online Writing Lab, Purdue University, “ Research and Documenting Sources, ” http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research . This site contains explanations and examples of many aspects of writing a paper.

72. “ Plagiarism Sites, ” English Department, Jacksonville State University, Alabama, http://www.jsu.edu/depart/english/treed/plagiarism.html . A compiled list of sites dealing with plagiarism. “ Plagiarism in the News, ” Bridgewater College Online Writing Lab, Bridgewater, Virginia, http://www.bridgewater.edu/WritingCenter/Workshops/PlagiarismCases.htm . A discussion of recent legal cases involving plagiarism. This presentation has been prepared by Joyce A. Brannan, Julia Tutwiler Library, University of West Alabama, Livingston, Alabama, 35470. 2004. “ What is Plagiarism? ” Georgetown University. http://www.georgetown.edu/honor/plagiarism.html . Covers many aspects of plagiarism in an often humorous manner . FYI -- continued

73. The End You are encouraged to engage in further discussions about plagiarism with your mentors and colleagues from your discipline

74. Thank you for your patience! 74