What is Syntax in English

What is Syntax in English

1. What is Syntax? GRADUATE PROGRAM MAKASSAR STATE UNIVERSITY JUVRIANTO CHRISSUNDAY JAKOB

2. Points of Presentation Preliminarry Studying the World Studying Language Why Do Languages Have Syntax? Conclusion

3. English and Turkish Version : The right version from English : Where are my two suitcases? Nerede var benim iki bavullar The right version from Turkish: Two suitcase-my where? Iki bavul -in nerede ?

4. The Other Example : English version : I am eat bakso now Now, go where ? Don’t what-what Makassar version : Lapar ka ” etc…

5. Explanation of the case : From all example shows is what all languages. If you want to speak a language. A dictionary is not enough because the meaning you are trying to express does not because the meaning you are trying to express does not fully determine word choice and word order. Here is the additional information not generally included in dictionaries that you need to formulate.

6. Preliminary What is syntax ?

7. Crystal (1980;346) : syntax as the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in language. Paul Robert (1964:1) : syntax as the area of grammar which they are pit together to form sentences. Francis (1958:31) : syntax is a subdivision of grammar which deals with the structure of word groups.

8. Fromkin and Rodman (1983:200) : syntax is the part of four linguistic knowledge which concerns with the structure of sentences. Gleason (1955:128) : the principles of arrangement of the construction formed by the process of derivation and inflection (words) into larger constructions of various kinds.

9. Syntax is the study of the interrelationship of word groups. In other words, we can say that syntax is concerned with the structure of word group.

10. 2. Studying the World Mismatch At time. The gap. Something may seem impossible.

11. Observations Our images formed of reality rather than reality itself.

12. Descriptions Verbal rendering of observations.

13. Scientific inquiry outside the human mind inside the human mind observations are limit

14. 3. Studying Language Overview Three basic domains of linguistic observation:  Function  utility, i.e. what sentences are used for. Function  the concern of semantics, pragmatics, stylistics, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics  Location  spatial and temporal context in which sentences occur. Location  textual, spatial, temporal, natural, social and physiological context  Structure  refers to composition out of smaller part (sounds, morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, sentences) Structure  concern of descriptive linguistics

15. b. Structure A sentence has a structure consisting of words which form phrases  collection of nouns, verbs, adjective, adverbs. Sentence structure cannot simply be a dictionary listing of words  different languages will have different structures . Mastering structure of a language means to have performative or linguistic competence. Where are my two suitcases? appropriate in English Nedere war benim iki bavullar ? Iki bavul-im nedere ? (Two suitcase my where?) Not appropriate in Turkish appropriate in Turkish Johannes soll einen hut kaufen (Jack should a hat to:buy ) appropriate in German (Jack should buy a hat) Janosnak vennie kellene egy kalapot (Jack to:buy should a hat) appropriate in Hungarian (Jack should buy a hat)

16. Observed Sentences Descriptive Statement (a) There is a squirrel behind the trees (A) It is a well-formed sentence in English (b) There is a frog behind the trees (B) It is a well-formed sentence in English (c) Is there a squirrel behind the trees? (C) It is a well-formed sentence in English (d) Is there a frog behind the trees? (D) It is a well-formed sentence in English

17. Observed Sentences Descriptive Statement (a) There is a squirrel behind the trees (A) The unstressed there immediately precedes the verb in declarative sentences (b) There is a frog behind the trees (B) The unstressed there must immediately follow the verb in questions (c) Is there a squirrel behind the trees? (C) The verb must agree with its subject in number (d) Is there a frog behind the trees? (D) Nouns must occur with an article (E) Article must precede their nouns (F) The meaning “squirrel” maybe expressed by the sound form squirrel (G) Vowel must be nasal preceding nasal consonants

18. c. Function Language is a human artifact and it does have functions. It is a means of communication. Language function is related to the role of language in the context of society or the individuals. Meaning of an utterance cannot be understand merely from the language structure (lexical meaning) but also from social, cultural, anthropological psychological context. Examples: Can you pass the salt please? Can you close the door from outside, please? Sorry love, I saw you were home. There’s a cat stuck under the gate number 67. Maaf , kaki saya keinjak . Wah , panas sekali ya ? Mastering function of a language means to have communicative linguistic competence.

19. d. Location Everything – both simple and compound objects and object without function – occurs somewhere. The location of an object can be specified in terms of space, time and natural & social context. Examples: Boats are normally found in water Two legs as a means of locomotion are located in humans and birds. Location of sentences is definable in reference to linguistic and extralinguistic context. Sentences are generally not used in isolation, rather they occur as parts of sentence sequences forming coherent discourse, such as conversation, lectures, poems, or novels.

20. Space  where the language is used. Indonesian has variations for many words such as for “you”  anda , saudara , kamu , kau , engkau , dikau , bapak , ibu , etc. Time  when the language is used. English has tenses (present, past and future) to indicate te time, whereas in Indonesian we need additional expression: I go to the campus I went to the campus I will go to the campus Natural & social context. Eskimo languages have an extensive set of terms for various kinds of snow. Shona people of Zimbabwe and Mozambique have at least 20 different words for “walking”. Indonesian has some terms to refer “rice”: padi , gabah , beras , nasi .

21. Sample case Javanese has three major styles which are recognized and named by speakers of the language as ‘KRAMA’ (high), ‘MADYA’ (middle) and ‘NGOKE’ (low). Expressing a question “Are you going to eat rice or cassava now?” has five levels of expressions depending who is the speaker and who is the listener. Geertz (1960) Level Are you going To eat Rice And Cassava Now Complete Sentence 3a Menapa Pandjenengan bade dahar sekul kalijan kaspe samenika Menapa pandjenengan bade dahar sekul kalijan kaspe samenika? 3 Sampeyan neda Menapa sampeyan bade neda sekul kalijan kaspe samenika? 2 Napa adjeng lan saniki Napa sampeyan adjeng neda sekul lan kaspe saniki? 1a Apa arep sega saiki Apa sampeyan arep neda sega lan kaspe saiki? 1 Kowe mangan Apa kowe arep mangan sega lan kaspe saiki ?

22. 4. Why Do Languages Have Syntax? Grammar consists of three major components: (1) phonology (2) Semantics (3) Lexical Phonology (describing the sound form of sentences) For example, the word spill words like / spil / and none like / psil / the /s/ must be precede by /p/

23. Semantic (describing the meaning of sentences) For example : Joe wrote a letter Wrote is a predicate Joe and a letter are arguments And the tense is past Lexical (relation sound form and meaning) For example: In the system of traffic lights, the colours – red, green, amber . They have symbolize of the meanings , wait, go, and prepare to stop

24. Do these three types of rules suffice to describe what well-formed sentences are like? The answer is NO ! There are two reasons that we need to know to make well-formed sentences: Firstly : morphology Second ly : syntax

25. Morphology What the morphology rules do? Knowledge of morphology includes knowledge or individual morphemes, their pronunciation, and their meaning, and knowledge of the rules for combining morphemes into complex words .

26. Syntax Syntax is complements the other components of grammar- semantic, phonology, the lexicon, and morphology

27. The syntax rule s: The rules of syntax combine words into phrases and phrases into sentences. The rules specify the correct word order for a language . For example, English is a Subject–Verb Object (SVO) language. The rules of the syntax also specify the grammatical relations of a sentence, such as subject and direct object. The rules of yntax also specify the grammatical relations of a sentence, such as subject and direct object. 4. Grammatical judgements are neither idiosyncratic nor capricious, but are determined by rules that are shared by all speakers of a language. 5. The ules tell us how words form groups in a sentences.

28. Syntax Syntax (describe the correspondence between sentence structure and sentences meaning) Syntax deals with the relation of words to each other as component parts of a sentence, and with their proper arrangement to express clearly the intended meaning.

29. Why do languages have syntactic rules? most sentences consist of more than one word the selection and order of the words in sentences are not free the sum of the word meanings does not always equal the meaning of the entire sentences and the sum of the word forms does not always equal the phonological form of the entire sentences .

30. 5. Conclusion On Science Linguistics is a branch of science which can be analyzed based on scientific approaches. On Descriptive Linguistics Linguistics is a science dedicated to the study of the structure, function and location of sentences. Descriptive linguists focus on language structure and aim at providing general analytic descriptions called grammar. On Syntax Syntax describes the selection and order of words that make well-formed sentences and it does so