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1. Communication Series THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586 Shiv Singh Yadav Study – Banda University Of Agriculture and technology Bnada , Havenly Miss. Sapna Study- CSAUAT , Kanpur

2. WHEAT ( Triticum aestivum L.) Wheat , In India it is second important staple food crop, rice being the first. In areas where rice is the staple cereal food it is eaten in the form of ' chapatis'.In areas where rice is the staple cereal food wheat is eaten in the form of ' puris ' or in the form of ' upma '(cooked from suji or rawa ). t is the world's most widely cultivated food crops. Beside staple food for human beings, wheat straw is good source of feed for a large population of cattle in our country. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

3. Wheat compares well with other important cereals in its nutritive value. It contains more protein than other cereals.Wheat has a relatively high content of niacin and thiamin. Wheat proteins are of special significance. Besides, their significance in nutrition, they are principally concerned in providing the characteristic substances 'gluten' which is very essential for bakers. In bakery gluten provides the structural and other baked products. Flours of other cereals lacking gluten are, therefore, not good for bread making. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

4. ORIGIN AND HISTORY Wheat has been grown since pre -historic times, so long ago that the origin of wheat is still a matter of speculation. All available records and evidence reveal its origin from the North East, where wild forms of wheat were cultivated as early as 10,000 to 15,000 B. C. in the modern wheat, the most important cultivated wheat species are Triticum aestivum (hexaploid) and triticum durum (tetraploid). THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

5. The spread of wheat has also not been clearly established. Ancient Chinese record indicate its cultivation in China around 2700 B. C. In the Indian context, Mohenjodaro excavation show that wheat was used throughout the Harappan period from 2300 to 1750 B.C. This wheat was hexaploid and appears to have originated in the North-Western sector of the Indian subcontinent. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

6. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION Wheat is the world's leading cereal crop, cultivated over an area of about 215 million hectares with a production of 764.4 million tonnes of grains(2017-18). Maximum area under wheat is in China followed by India, Russian fed and USA. In production France stands first followed by U.S.A. In India wheat is the main cereal crop THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

7. CLASSIFICATION Wheat is an annual plant of Gramineae Family .It belongs to genus Triticum . Although as many as 18 species of wheat have been described and recognised by Percival (1921) only a few are of importance in agriculture. The following is the classification on the basis of chromosomal number: THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

8. Einkorn series(diploid) chromosome No 1.Triticumaegiloploids. 7 2.Triticummonecoccum. 7 Einkorn series( tetraploid ) 1.Triticumdicoccoides. 14 2.Triticumtimopheevi. 14 3.Triticumpersicum. 14 4. Triticumpolonicum . 14 5.Triticumturgidum. 14 6.Triticumorientale. 14 7. Triticum durum. 14 8.Triticumdicoccum. 14

9. Dinkale series( hexaploid ) 1.Triticumspelta. 21 2.Triticummacha. 21 3.Triticum aestivum or vulgare 21 In India only three species of wheat namely Triticum aestivum ( common bread wheat), Triticum dicoccum ( emmer wheat) are economically important. The bread wheat( Triticum aestivum ) is the most important species accounting to a little over 87 percent of the total wheat production of India followed by the durum wheat (about 12 %) and dicoccum wheat (about 1%). THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

10. The common wheat( T.aestivum )which is good for chapati making and bakery products, is grown in whole of North India and also in Central and South India. The durum wheat which is good for ' suji ', ' semya ', spaghetti and macaroni' is grown only in Central and South India and that too under rainfed conditions. The dicoccum wheat is grown only on limited acreage in Tamil Nadu,AndhraPradesh,Maharashtra and Gujarat. It is good for the South Indian dish ' Uppumav '. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

11. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Wheat plant can be divided into two distinct parts viz., root system and shoot system. Root system:- PRIMARY ROOT SYSTEM OR TEMPORARY ROOT SYSTEM It forms at the time of seed germination and absorbs nutrients for the young seeding. It arises at the depth where seeds is planted. As plant growth progresses, the primary root system usually dies and is replaced by the more permanent secondary root system. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

12. SECONDARY ROOT SYSTEM It arises at a point above the primary root system as the principle organ of absorption as the young wheat seeding progresses to maturity. It is the root system which arises near the soil surface at the time of crown root initiation stage (usually 21-25 days after sowing in Mexican dwarf wheat). It is a permanent root system. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

13. Shoot System Shoot System Collectively applies to all plants visible above the ground. It is composed of stems, leaves and inflorescence (flowering and fruiting clusters). A stem and inflorescence may be called a culm . STEM The stem of wheat plant is round or cylindrical. In most varieties of the bread wheat at the stem are hollow , except at the nodes where they are solid, but in a few varieties of macaroni wheat the internodes are completely filled with soft pith. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

14. LEAVES Leaf consist of four parts: Leaf sheath : It is the basal part of the leaf. It encircles the culm (stem) and protects the growing point and axillary buds from the weather, and provides some support to stem. Leaf blade : The flattened, parallel veined portion of the leaf. Ligule : A membranous or cartilaginous fringe at the junction of the sheath and the blade on the sides of the leas next to culm . The continuation of the sheath through the collar is known as the ligule . Auricle : Lobes of the leaf blade which extend downward on each side at the junction of the blade and she THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

15. INFLORESCENCE The flowering portion of the wheat plant is called 'ear' or 'head ', but in botanical language it is a spike . Spikelets are systematically arranged and are distributed along a common axis. The central zigzag axis is the rachis. The spikelets are borne on alternate sides of the rachis , which gives it a zigzag appearance. Spikelet: spikelet is composed of flowers called florets. The number of florets in a spikelet may vary from 1-5.The florets in each spikelet are enclosed by two glumes. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

16. Florets: The outer covering of a floret is made up of a lemma and a palea . The lemma enfolds the palea near their attachment point. If an awn is present it is attached to the lemma. Kernel: wheat has a caryopsis type of fruit. The typical wheat kernel is from 3-10 millimeter in length and from 3-5 millimeter in diameter. The composition of a wheat kernel is : THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

17. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

18. The germ (the embryo, consisting of plumule,scutellum radicle and hypocotyl ) comprises about 2.5 per cent. It is high in proteins and fats. The bran ( pericarp , testa , nucellus , and aleurone layer) comprises as much as 14 per cent. It is a by-product of milling and is used in dairy and poultry feeds. Small amounts are used in dairy and poultry feeds. Small amounts are used in breakfast cereal. The starchy endosperm ( the storage part of the caryopsis that develops from the union of polar nuclei with the endosperm nucleus) comprises from 83 to 87 per cent. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

19. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS Wheat crop has wide adaptability. It can be grown not only in the tropical and sub-tropical zones but also in the temperate zone and the cold tracts of the far north, beyond even the 60* north latitude. Wheat can tolerate severe cold and snow and resume growth with the setting in of warm weather is spring. It can be cultivated from sea level to as high as 3300 metres . The bestwheats are produced in areas favoured with cool, moist weather during the major portion of the growing period followed by dry, warm weather to enable the grain to ripen properly. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

20. The optimum temperature range for ideal germination of wheat seed is 20 to 25*C though the seeds can germinate in the temperature range 3.5-35*C. Rains just after sowing hamper germination and encourage seedling blight. Areas with a warm and damp climates are not suited for wheat growing During the heading and flowering stage excessively high or low temperature and drought are harmful to wheat. Cloudy weather,with high humidity and low temperature is conductive for rust attack. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

21. Wheat plants requires about 14-15*C optimum average temperature at the time of ripening. The temperature conditions at the time of grain filling and development are very crucial for yield. Temperatures above 25*C during this period tend to depress grain weight. When temperatures are high, too much energy is lost through the process of transpiration by the plants and the reduced residual energy results in poorer grain formation and lower yields. Wheat is mainly a Rabi(winter) season crop in India. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

22. SOIL Wheat is grown in a variety of soils in India. Soils with a clay loam or loam texture, good structure and moderate water holding capacity are ideal for wheat cultivation. Heavy soils with good drainage are suitable for wheat cultivation under dry conditions. These soils absorb and retain rain water well. Heavy soils with poor structure and poor drainage are not suitable as wheat is sensitive to water logging . wheat can be successfully grown on lighter soils provided their water and nutrient holding capacities are improved. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

23. In India the wheat growing areas can be mainly divided into five soil divisions, viz ; The gangetic alluvium of Uttar pradesh and Bihar. The indus alluvium of the Punjab and Haryana. The black soil regions of central and southern India comprising Madhya pradesh and parts of Maharashtra and karnataka . The hilly regions of the Himalaya and elsewhere, and The desert soils of Rajasthan. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

24. VARIETIES THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

25. Variety Year of Yield Area of Characteristics release (q/ha) adoption HD 2733 2001 5 t/ha NEPZ resistant to all three rusts VSM HW 2045 2002 4.1 t/ha NEPZ heat tolerant Kaushambi HD 2824 2004 4.6 t/ha NEPZ resistant to rust and leaf blight Poorva HD 2864 2004 4.6 t/ha Central zone resistant to brown and black rust Urja

26. Variety Year of Yield Area of Characteristics release (q/ha) adoption HD 2851 2005 5.6 t/ha NCR Resistant to all three rusts Pusa Vishesh WR 544 2005 3.73 t/ha NCR Suitable for late sown conditions Pusa Gold HD 2888 2006 2.25 t/ha NEPZ Resistant to leaf and stem rust Pusa wheat 107 HD 2833 2006 3.89 t/ha Peninsular zone Suitable for late sown Pusa Tripti conditions

27. Variety Year of Yield Area of Characteristics release (q/ha) adoption HD 2932 2006 3.89 t/ha Central zone suitable for late sown Pusa Wheat 111 conditions HD 2984 2008 5.2 t/ha NCR Resistant to leaf rust Pusa Wheat 109 HD 4713 2008 4.71 t/ha NCR Resistant to brown rust Pusa wheat 110 THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

28. Variety Year of Yield Area of Characteristics release (q/ha) adoption HD 2987 2010 3-3.2 t/ha peninsular zone suitable for restricted Pusa Bahar irrigated and rainfed areas HW 5207 2010 5.2 t/ha southern hill zone suitable for restricted Pusa Navagiri irrigated, timely sown conditions HI 1563 2011 3.8 t/ha NEPZ suitable for late sown conditions HD 3043 2012 4.28 t/ha NWPZ resistant to stripe and leaf rust

29. Variety Year of Yield Area of Characteristics release (q/ha) adoption HD 2967 2010 5.04 t/ha NWPZ & NEPZ resistant to leaf & yellow rust HD 2985 2010 3.5-4 t/ha NEPZ resistant to major diseases Pusa Basant HD 4728 2015 5.42 t/ha Central zone semi-dwarf, resistant to Pusa Malvi stem and leaf rust HS 562 2015 5.2 t/ha Northern hill zone resistant to stripe & leaf rust

30. Variety Year of Yield Area of Characteristics release (q/ha) adoption   HS 542 2015 3.3 t/ha NE hills Semi-dwarf, resistant to Pusa Kiran stripe and leaf rust HW 1098 2015 4.55 t/ha Dicoccum growing resistant to stem, leaf & Nilgiri Khapli regions yellow rust HDCSW 18 2015 6.28 t/ha NCR resistant to high temperature brown rust and karnal bunt HD 3117 2015 4.7 t/ha NCR free from brown & yellow rust

31. Recommended varieties for Bundelkhand region: Pusa Bahar (HD-2987) Pusa Wheat-107 (HD-2888) Harshita (HI-1531) Pusa Aditya (HD-2781) THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

32. CROPPING SYSTEM – In India many rotations of crops involving wheat are feasible. Rotation Duration Rice-wheat Maize -wheat Pigeon pea-wheat Maize-wheat-cotton- barseem Maize-wheat- sugarcane-ratoon Maize- toria -wheat- moong THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

33. Field preparation- Wheat crop requires a well pulverised but compact seed-bed for good and uniform germination. In irrigated areas wheat is usually sown after kharif crops like maize, paddy, sorghum, Blackgram , Greengram etc. After the harvest of previous crop, the field should be ploughed with disc or mouldboard plough, where tractor is available One deep ploughing followed by two to three harrowings with disc or tines and 2-3 planking should be given to prepare a well pulverised seed bed. Harrowing or four to five inter cross ploughing with local plough should be done. Planking should be done after each ploughing with local ploughing.One pre-sowing irrigation 7-10 days before seeding is necessary to ensure good germination. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

34. Seed and sowing- Selection of seed – only healthy seeds of right variety suitable for a particular locality should be selected for sowing. Always use certified seed. If seed is not treated, treat with Vitavex , Thiram or Agrosan G.N. at the rate of 2.5 g per kg seed. Time of sowing- The optimum time of sowing varieties depends upon following factors: Type of variety[duration] Weather condition Soil temperature Irrigation facilities Land preparation Availability of inputs.

35. Seed rate and spacing: Seed rate varies with variety used depending upon its seed size and germination percentage, tillering ability, time of sowing, and method of sowing. In favourable condition- 100kg per hec In late sowing condition- 125 kg per hec In dibbler method- 25-3o kg per hec Spacing- For normal sown crop a spacing of 20 to 22.5 cm b/w rows in recommended. When sowing is delayed a closer spacing of 15 to 18 cm should be adopted. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

36. Depth of sowing- The coleoptile length is shorter in case of mexican wheat as compared to tall varieties . The coleoptile length of high yielding variety is about 5 cm. Therefore seeds of these varieties should be covered not by more than 5 cm soil. Seeds of semi dwarf varieties could be sown at the depth of 5-6 cm . In late sown crop seeds should be sown shallow about 4 cm deep. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

37. Methods of sowing- Wheat is sown by four methods: Broadcasting: In this methods the seeds are broadcast and then worked in by harrowing in order to cover them. However, the seeds are not uniformly distributed in the field. This method of sowing is very in sufficient and should not be encouraged. Germination of broadcast seed is relatively poor and The plant stand is often irregular. Wastage of seed also results because most of the seed is left on the surface where they can't germinate and may, therefore, be picked up and eaten by birds. Behind local plough- A majority of farmers use this method. This method consists of dropping the seeds by hand into the furrows. That have been opened with local plough when seed is dropped in furrows by hand, it is called ' Kera ' method. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

38. when it is dropped through a Pora or Nai or Hazara a special attachment with local plough it is called ' Pora ' method. In this method seeds are dropped at a depth of 5-6cm and germination is satisfactory. Drilling- In this method seed is sown by seed Drill or ferti seed drill. With the help of this implement seeds drop at uniform depth and results in uniform germination and regular stand. Seed bed should be fine and well levelled free from clods and weeds for the use of seed drill or ferti -seed drill. They may be either bullock driven or tractor driven. Ferti - seed drill should be used where ever possible to ensure uniform depth of sowing, proper placement of fertilizers and good germination. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

39. Dibbling method: This method is used in case where supply of seed is limited. Sowing is done with the help of a small implement known as Dibbler. It is a wooden or iron frame with pegs. The frame is released in the field and lifted and then one or two seeds are dropped by hand in each of the hole. It is not common a method because it is a very time consuming process. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

40. Zero tillage technique- This new method is used in rice- wheat cropping system where sowing of wheat is delayed beyond 25 November. Sowing is delayed due to multiple reason, viz , preparation of field, uncertain rainfall and rice harvesting with traditional method. Out of these , the field preparation is one of the most important reasons, which causes delay in wheat sowing. After harvesting of rice crop, field requires at least 6-8 tillage operations in ploughing and harrowing for sowing of wheat, in which generally 10 -15 days are required for proper field preparation.

41. A zero-till- ferti -seed-drill machine has been developed at G.B. Pant university of agriculture and technology, Pant Nagar by which direct sowing of wheat is done in rice field without ploughing. This helps advancing the sowing of wheat as the time required for field preparation is saved. Zero tillage can be adopted with following precautions- 1. At the time of sowing there should be proper moisture in the field. 2. Rice should be harvested near the ground and the leftover stubble should not be more than 15 cm in height and field should be free from weeds . THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

42. 3. At the time of sowing the seed drill should be lifted up or lower down very slowly to avoid chocking of furrow opener by soil, otherwise seeds and fertilizer will not drill in the furrow. 4. Seed should be treated with Vitavax or Bavistin at the rate of 2.5 g/kg of wheat seed, Seed rate should be 140-150 kg/ha. 5. Sowing depth should be maintained about 5 -6cm. 6. After, sowing by zero tillage drill, other package of practices remains the same as in other methods. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

43. MANURES AND FERTILIZER Manures and fertilizers both play important role in wheat cultivation. use of manure improve the general physical condition and structure of the soil and it capacity to hold water . A bout 10 to 15 tonnes of the rotted farm yard manure or compost should be applied 4 to 6 week before showing and work well into the soil. The high yielding dwarf variety of the wheat fully exhibits their yield potential only when supply with adequate quantity of nutrient at proper time. T he crop of wheat yielding 50 quintal of grain per hectares remove 100 to 150 kg Nitrogen,70- 80 kg phosphorus and 125 to 150 kg potash from the soil.

44. Fertilizer recommendations R ecommend dose – 120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5, 40 kg K2O, Irrigate timely sown crop in all zone. And half of N full quality of P2O5 and K2O should be drilled about 5 cm below the seeds at the time of sowing . The remaining half N should be top dressed at the first irrigation. Rainfed conditions peninsular and central zone recommend dose 60 kg N, 30 kg P2O5, 20 kg K2O, Rainfed condition total quantity of N and P2O5 and K2O should be applied 8-10 cm deep in soil at or before sowing THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

45. Nutrient s and time of application Nitrogen. The wheat plant absorb much of nitrogen by the time of flowering, but absorb of nitrogen continue till maturity. Critical concentration of nitrogen in wheat leaves is reported to be 2.5 per cent below which deficiency symptoms appear. In the absence of adequate supply of nitrogen, wheat plant and turn yellow and growth becomes stunted. There’s poor tailoring and few tillers bear small ear heads. Grains are also not fully developed. All of these results in poor yield. In dian soils are universally deficiency of nitrogen and call for adequate nitrogen application.

46. Phosphorus Phosphorus is a critical nutrient for wheat growth, particularly for dwarf wheat; about 25% increase in response to NPK application is attributed to Phosphorus. Phosphorus deficiency also reduce the number and size of grains. The crops yield response have been observed up to 60 kg phosphorus per hectares. Water soluble phosphorus fertilizer such as diaamonium phosphate and super phosphate are more efficient . THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

47. Potassium Wheat respond to potassium up to 40-50 kg K2O per hectares in the soil having low to medium levels of potassium. Most of the potassium in the wheat is absorbed by seven weeks before the maturity of crops. Potassium difference adversely affects the grains productivity as well as quality. Potash fertilizer should be applied at the time of sowing ; it can also be top-dressed at the time of first irrigation. Example: Murate of potash, potassium sulphate. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

48. Sulphur In most crops the younger leaves turn yellow due to S deficiency. In contract it is the older leafs than turn yellow due to N deficiency. Source, ammonium sulphate (21% N, 24% S) & SSP ( 12% S). Most of S applied to soil at sowing. Quantity of sulphur should be added at sowing time ,will be 10-15 kg/ha. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

49. Integrated nutrients management (INM) Farmyard manure and green manure are generally applied to kharif crops in crops rotation W hen wheat is the succeeding crops. In Long – term experiment, where 10-15 tonnes FYM/ ha year was applied in kharif season, I ts impact on wheat yield range from 2-27% and there was a clear tendency that it increased with time. Biofertilizers also constitute an important components of the INM or IPNS. Azotobacter inoculation increase wheat yield by 10-30% . THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

50. Water management Wheat is required about 300-400 mm of irrigation water, depending upon climate factor , soils characteristics and the duration of variety. About 90% of area under wheat in India is irrigated Scheduling of irrigation. With the introduction of high-yielding dwarf wheat in India, irrigation at critical stage of wheat growth received considerable attention. Crown roots initiation-21 DAS; Late Tillering -42 DAS; Late jointing-60 DAS; Flowering stage -80 DAS; Milking stage-95 DAS; Dough stage-115 DAS;

51. M ethods of irrigation Furrow irrigation has become possible in wheat with the introduction of FIRB ( furrow-irrigated raised bed) of wheat cultivation. It certainly increased water use efficiency. In FIRB system, first irrigation apply immediately after sowing for proper germination. Border strip is most common adopted method of irrigation, followed by check basin method. Spring irrigation is also finding its way in wheat crops, specially on light soils having sand dunes, where border strip or even check basin is not possible. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

52. Weed control Weed emerge with the emerging crops seeding and if not controlled in the early stages of crops growth these May cause reduction in yield varying from 10-40% depending upon the intensity and kind of weed present in an area. Grassy weed: Phalaris minor ( little canary grass, mandusi , kanaki , guli danda ) , Avena tatha . Ludivociana ( wildoat , jangli jaee ), cynodon dactylon ( bermuda grass, doob ), poa annua ( annual meadow, poa ghas ), polypogon Monospliensis ( foxtail grass, lomari ghas ).

53. List of herbicides: Herbicide Dosage (kg a.i./ha) Time of application 2,4-D 0.40 5 weeks after sowing (3-5 leaf stage) Avadex 1.00 Pre-planting mixing to top 2-3 cm soil. Nitrofen (TOK-E-25) 1.5 Pre-emergence or post-emergence 10 days after first irrigation Asulam 1.5 Post-emergence 25 DAS Isoproturon 1.0 30-35 DAS Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319526602_Weed_Management_in_Wheat

54. Diseases Rust. Rust are caused by three different species of the fungus P uccinia. Brown rust. Caused by P uccinia recondita tritici I t’s develop on mainly the leaves but in severe attack, these appear on sheath and stem as well. I t is also leaf rust. This rust is most widespread in the country and generally the most damaging in several area. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

55. Yellow rust: Caused by Puccinia striiformis . In the mild attack of this rust, uredia are formed chiefly on the leaves, but in case of severe attack, these appear on leafs sheath, stalks and glumes as well. Black rust: Caused by puccinia graminis tritici. Also known as stem rust. The stem is often most severely affected . The pustules of black rust are reddish brown in colour and elongated in shape.

56. Control measures Grow rust residents variety of wheat recommendation for particular area HD-2733, HD-2189, HD-2428, U. P. 2425 Late sown crops is more exposed to rust damage. Damage by wheat rust may be minimised by spraying zineb or Mancozeb 75 wp . Spray 0.2% Zineb or Mancozeb 75 WP Give first spray when rust pustules are seen. This normally occurs during the last week of January first week of February. Give second spray 10 day after the first, use 750 litres solution per hectares Give third and forth spray at an interval 13 day ,use 1000 litre solution per hectare.

57. Loose smut: This destructive disease of wheat is caused by a smut fungus, U stilago nuda tritici. Terminal symptoms in all the variety is the production of black powder in place of wheat grain in the ears. Almost every ear of the disease plants is concerted in to black powder Control : Grow resistance variety like VL-719, 646,. Since loose smut fungus totally depends on wheat seed for its survival and carry -over from one season to another, Chemical control fungicide vitavax 75WP 2g/ Kg seed

58. Loose smut

59. Karnal bunt First observed in experimental seed plot at karnal ( Haryana) in 1930,was regarded as a very minor disease of wheat till recently. But now this disease has become a problem in many places in northern India, mainly in the Himalayan foot -hill and tarai region. This disease is caused by the fungus called Neovossia indica. A portion of the grains along its groove is converted in to black powder mass. Control:- Avoid planting highly susceptible wheat variety. Seed treating seed with vitavax at the rate of 2.5 g/ kg seed. Avoid excessive irrigation particularly during flowering of wheat crops. Avoid continuous cropping of wheat in the same field. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

60. Karnal bunt THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

61. Alternaria leaf blight Caused by A lternaria triticina. The disease first make it appears as small, oval, discoloured lesions, irregular scattered on the leaves. The spot become irregular in shape as these enlarge and take up dark brown to grey colour. Control measure. Apply adequate fertilizer and irrigation. 0.2% zineb Or mancozeb 75 WP Spray . yellow marginal zone is some time seen around the spot . The disease spread very fast under warm and humid conditions.

62. Powdery Mildew Caused by: Erysiphe graminis tritici. This disease is characterised by formation of white, powdery growth of the fungus on the upper surface of leaves. The white growth contains mycelium and spores of fungus. Later on, the colour of the powdery growth becomes grey or brown. Control measure. Grow residents variety like WH-283, 542. Burn crops refused in the field after harvesting is over. Spraying with a mixture of Mancozeb 75 WP and Karathane has been found beneficial. Prepare mixture by mixing 16 part of Mancozeb 75 WP and 4 part of Karathane 25 wettable powder. Spray mixture at the rate of two kg in 1000 litre water per hectares.

63. INSECT PESTS Wheat is attacked by number of insect-pests and rodents both in the field and in storage. Some of the most important and common ones are giving below.   Termites – Termites damage the crop soon after sowing and sometimes near maturity . The damaged plants dry up completely and are easily pulled out. The plants damaged at later stages give rise to white ears. Infestation is heavy under un irrigated condition and in the fields where un decomposed farm yard manure( FYM ) is applied before sowing. For the control of this insect 2% methyl parathion dust @ of20 – 25 kg per hectare and mix it well in the soil at the time of last ploughing before sowing. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

64. INSECT PESTS Army Worms –   Caterpillers of this insect feed on plants particularly tender parts during the night and hide during the day time. They damaged leaves and earhead also . They May be controlled by dusting of 2% Methyl parathion dust @ of 25 kg per hectare . A spray of Carbaryl( sevin 50 WP) @of 2.5 kg per hectare in 800 liters of water per hectare will also control this insect.   THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

65. INSECT PESTS Brown wheat mite, Aphids and jassids   These leaf sucking insects also damage the wheat crop resulting in discolouration of leaves. To control these pests spray Quinalphos 25 EC @ of 1.25 litres per hectare is 1000 litres of water.  Gujhia weevil -   It attacks germinating seedlings. As a result of heavy infestation plants die out . Control measure for this insect 2% methyl parathion dust @of 20 – 25 kg per hectare and mix well in the soil at the time of last ploughing before sowing .  

66. RODENT Field Rats   They cause heavy loss to what crop and do considerable damage to the harvested crops lying in stacks in the field. For the control of field rats close all burrows in the evening and fumigate the reopened burrows of rates in the morning time with aluminium phosphide @ of 1 tablet of 0.5g per Small burrows and 3.0 g per large burrow. In case or reappearance in the same field, bait with cumarin ( ratafin ) @ of 1kg of prepared bait ( 1 part cumarin : 19 part wheat or maize flour, 1 part molasses and 1 part mustard oil). THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

67. HARVESTING AND THRESHING High yielding dwarf varieties of wheat should be harvested when the leaves and stems turn yellow and become fairly dry . To avoid loss in yield crop should be harvested before it is dead ripe . When harvesting is not done in time, grain may be lost due to damage by rats , birds , insects , shattering and consumer acceptance . The right stage for harvesting is when there is abo25 -30% moisture in grains . Harvesting is normally done with serrate edged sickles by hand . Bullock-driven reapers are also used occasionally . Combines are also available which can do harvesting, threshing and winnowing what crop in single operation THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

68. After harvesting the crop by hand , it is dried for three to four days on the threshing floor and then threshing is done by trampling bullocks or thresher attached to bullocks. Now-a-days power driven stationary threshers are becoming more popular because these are easy in operation and hasten the process. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

69. YIELD When cultivation of high yielding dwarf varieties of wheat is done with improved scientific method, they produce about 45 – 55 quintals of grain per hectare under irrigated condition. And 20 – 25 quintals per hectare under rainfed condition. For safe storage, grain should be cleaned and dried well in sun for a few days so that moisture content of the grain comes down to 10 – 12% . THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

70. Post Harvest Technology Wheat is usually ground into flour before used as food. Earlier days stone grinding was done. Nowadays steel roller mills are available for grinding. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

71. Process of milling Before milling wheat is tempered by adding water about 24 to 48 hours earlier to milling so that the moisture of grains comes around 14%. This allows better separation of bran from the endosperm. Wheat is eaten as atta in the north and west, in the south and east as maida and suji . Rava is consumed mainly in the south. Pasta is a mixture of flour and salt. Pasta products comprise vermicelli, noodles, macaroni and spaghetti.  THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

72. Storage If the moisture content of grain is more than 12% they are eaten up by storage pests. There is marked deterioration in weight, taste, nutrients or nutritive value and germination of wheat grains when they are stored. Safe storage means ensuring that the stored grains retain their original weight, taste, nutritive value and germination. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

73. Important points : Botanical name of wheat Triticum aestivum Macroni wheat is known as Triticum durum Most critical stage for sowing CRI (21DAS) Gene responsible for dwarfness in wheat Norin-10 Important mimicry of weed Phalaris minor Test weight of wheat seed 40g Drift hazard in to adjoining pulse crop is due to spray of 2,4 D Triple Gene dwarf varities of wheat Heera, Moti, Arjun First man made cereal Triticale

74. Cont… Wheat protein is essential for good bread quality Gluten Export quality of wheat is influenced by Karnal bunt Dwarfing agent for wheat crop Cyocel Objectionable weed of wheat Convolves arvensis In wheat the most common hybridization method is Goojo method Absolute weed of wheat is Chenopodium album Recommend Ratio for wheat + mustard intercropping 9:1 Biofertilizer for wheat Azotobacter Multi lines in wheat is produced by Back crossing method Indian wheat varieties contain gene Rht-1 and Rht-2

75. HARVEST INDEX H.I = Economic yield/Biological yield *100 = Sink/source *100   H.I of whet 30 percent in old cultivars . 50 percent in new caltivars .   THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

76. YIELD ATTRIBUTING CHARACTER OF WHEAT 1. No of effective tiller per unit area . 2. No of fertile spike per penicle . 3. No of grains per spiklets . 4. No of grains per penicle . 5. Weight of 1000 grains . THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

77. Yield estimation of wheat crop Y= a X b X c /1000 x 1000 Y= yield kg /ha a= plant population/ha b= no of grains /plant c= test weight THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

78. GROWTH H PARAMETERS OF WHEAT Total dry matter . Leaf area index . Crop growth ratio and net assimilation leaf area ratio . Relative leaf growth rate . Specific leaf area and leaf weight ratio. THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

79. References : Modern Techniques of Raising field crops - Chhidda Singh, Prem Singh, Rajbir Singh Textbook of field crop production - Rajendra Prasad Textbook of field crops - Mukund Joshi https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334453270_Wheat_Production_in_India_Trends_and_Prospects https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319526602_Weed_Management_in_Wheat https://www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/crop%20info/wheat.htm#:~:text=The%20wheat%20crop%20requires%20a,dry%20crop%20on%20alluvial%20soils. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#search/wheat http://www.fao.org/in-action/inpho/crop-compendium/cereals-grains/en/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat https:// www.apnikheti.com/en/pn/agriculture/crops/cereals/wheat-kanak-gehu . THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

80. THANK YOU THE STUDY [email protected] BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586