Wild Bananas of Malaysia (P. Malaysia & Sabah).pptx

Wild bananas diversity

1. Biodiversity of Wild Bananas of M alaysia

2. 1. Musa acuminata ssp. a cuminata Colla Distribution Tapah (Perak), Petaling , Hulu Langat (Selangor), Maran, Raub (Pahang), Rembau (Negeri Sembilan). Ecology Small populations grow in opened areas, by the road sides and nearby oil palm plantations, either on flat or undulating land areas or on slopes, prefers sandy loam or loamy soil type.

3. A B C D E A. Habit and leaf habit B. Slender pseudostem with moderate blotches at petiole base. Immature fruit bunch and male bud C. Watery green underlying pseudostem D. Matured fruit bunch E. matured seed (25x magnification)

4. 2. Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis ( Ridl .) N.W.Simmonds Distribution Tapah (Perak), Petaling , Hulu Langat (Selangor), Maran, Raub (Pahang), Rembau (Negeri Sembilan). Ecology Small populations grow in opened areas, either on flat or undulating land areas or on slopes, prefers sandy loam or loamy soil.

5. A B C D E A. Habit and leaf habit B. Slender pseudostem with moderate blotches at petiole base. Immature fruit bunch and male bud C. Watery green underlying pseudostem D. Matured fruit bunch E. matured seed (25x magnification)

6. 3. Musa acuminata ss p . flava ( Ridl .) Nasution Distribution Maran, Raub (Pahang) Ecology Small populations grow in opened areas, by the road sides and nearby oil palm plantations, on flat or undulating land areas, prefers sandy loam or loam soil.

7. A B C D E A. Habit and leaf habit B. Slender pseudostem with moderate blotches at petiole base. Immature fruit bunch and male bud C. Watery green underlying pseudostem D. Matured fruit bunch E. matured seed (25x magnification)

8. Musa acuminata ssp . truncata ( Ridl .) Kiew Distribution Tapah (Perak), Raub Cameron Highlands, Fraser Hills (Pahang). Ecology Small populations grow in opened areas, by the road sides and nearby oil palm plantation, either on flat or undulating land areas or on slopes. Soil type is sandy loam or loam.

9. A B C D E A. Habit and leaf habit B. Slender pseudostem with moderate blotches at petiole base. Immature fruit bunch and dark purple male bud C. Dark brown underlying pseudostem D. Matured fruit bunch E. Matured seed (25x magnification)

10. 4. Musa acuminata ssp. microcarpa ( Becc .) N.W. Simmonds Distribution Raub (Pahang). Ecology A small population, found nearby road sides. Soil type is sandy loam and loam on flat or undulating lands or slopes

11. A B C D E A. Habit and leaf habit B. Slender pseudostem with moderate blotches at petiole base. Immature fruit bunch and yellow male bud C. Watery green underlying pseudostem D. Matured fruit bunch E. Matured seed (25x magnification)

12. 5. Musa gracilis Holttum Distribution Raub (Pahang) Ecology Small populations grow in opened areas, by the road sides and nearby secondary forest, either on flat or undulating land areas or on slopes. Soil type is sandy loam

13. A B C D E A. Habit and leaf habit B. Slender pseudostem with moderate blotches at petiole base. Immature fruit bunch and male bud C. Watery green underlying pseudostem D. Matured fruit bunch E. Matured seed (25x magnification)

14. 6. Musa violascens Ridl . Distribution Jerantut (Pahang), Hulu Langat (Selangor). Ecology Small populations grow in opened areas, by the road sides and in oil palm plantation, either on flat, undulating land areas or on slopes. Soil type is sandy loam.

15. A B C D E A. Habit and leaf habit B. Slender pseudostem with moderate blotches at petiole base. Immature fruit bunch and male bud C. Watery green underlying pseudostem D. Matured fruit bunch E. Matured seed (25x magnification)

16. 7. Musa borneensis Becc . Distribution Three districts in Sabah (Tawau, Sipitang and Nabawan ) Ecology Small populations grow in opened areas, by the road sides and nearby oil palm plantations, either on flat, undulating land areas or on slopes. Soil type is sandy loam.

17. A B C D A. Habit and leaf habit B. Slender pseudostem with moderate blotches at petiole base. Immature fruit bunch and male bud C. Matured fruit bunch D. Matured seed (25x magnification)

18. 8. Musa beccarii N.W.Simmonds var. beccarii Distribution Telupid (Sabah). Ecology Small populations grow in an opened area, by the road side and nearby oil palm plantation, either on flat or undulating land areas or on slopes. Soil type is sandy loam.

19. A B C D A. Habit and leaf habit B. Slender pseudostem with moderate blotches at petiole base. Immature fruit bunch and male bud C. Matured fruit bunch D. Watery green underlying pseudostem

20. Methods of Banana Conservation The Surveyed Collections Ex Situ conservation Conservation of wild species Field Collection In vitro Collection Cryopreserva t ion Collection Conservation of wild species through seed.

21. Ex Situ conservation Conservation of wild species Some wild germplasm accessions disappear from ex situ collections because field collections do not always provide the suitable ecology. Wild species are sometimes better at seed propagation than vegetative propagation. It helps access to a wider selection of genes, rather than one or two collected genotypes within the population. The idea of wild sub-collections in appropriate environments is interesting but difficult to implement. The best alternative is in situ conservation of wild taxa , with geo-referenced passport data.

22. Propagation principle A well developed plantain plant has a corm with clumps of meristems of different ages and stages of development. Beside the main apical meristem, there are several lateral meristems found opposite the bases of the leaf sheaths When the apical meristem is destroyed lateral buds develop from lateral meristems on corms. Principle employed for macropropagation and field decapitation techniques for clean planting material production

23. Micropropagation Shoot tip initiation Establishment and proliferation Multiple bud formation Rooted plantlets Sword suckers Explant preparation Shoot tip culture

24. Field Collection Field gene banks provide easy access to plant genetic resources. It helps for characterization, evaluation or utilization, while the same material conserved in vitro or in cryo must be regenerated and grown before it can be evaluated. Materials grown in the field are also important for conserving vegetatively propagated genotypes that commonly produce variants (genetic variation), since these can be more easily identified in the field than in vitro .

25. According to the survey the most damaging biotic factors affecting the field collections are the following:- Fusarium wilt, Bacterial wilt,

26. In vitro Collection In vitro collections are used mainly for the safety duplication of the field collections and for rapid multiplication and safe movement of disease-free planting material. Controlled growth conditions avoids infestation of the germplasm by pests and diseases, as well as climate shocks. Production of robust, rooted in vitro plants

27. Conservation of wild species through seed Conservation of the wider Musa wild diversity through seeds and zygotic embryo rescue . Seed storage behavior is studied as germination of Musa seeds in soil is still very unpredictable. The germination process is slow and takes long time.

28. ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF ZYGOTIC EMBRYO RESCUE Produce new hybrids - used for haploid production by making intergeneric and interspecific crosses Save embryo that fail to develop naturally Reduce lengthy dormancy periods Seedling development study Embryo rescue and chromosome doubling by tissue culture are useful methods for overcoming barriers of hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility Each seed represent one individual and after transferred to growth chambers and hardening the seedlings ready for diseases screening Excised embryos were placed in the prepared medium,the embryo cultures were then incubated in darkness for germination PARAMETERS EMBRYO RESCUE SEED SOWING SUCKER CULTURE Germination rate Germination time Free - Pest & Disease Segregation population Costing Save plant material ( > 85%) Save time ( 15 - 30 days) – faster and more reliable Recover healthy plant material – planting material free from P & D before weaning Yes < RM1.00 (< 60%) ( > 3 months) No aseptic condition –direct contact with germination medium Yes <RM1.00 - - Yes No RM(1.50-2.50) PURPOSES :Screening wild population with highly resistance to disease-for identification and utilization resistance gene from wild banana in order to develop molecular marker

29. Overview of Banana Conservation Vegetative methods are the best and more widely used methods of banana conservation. Germplasm can be maintained as vegetatively maintained genotypes in fields or screenhouses (field banks), in tissue culture (zygotic embryo rescue) or via cryopreservation ( in vitro ). When the objective is solely to conserve the genes (but not specific combinations of genes), true seeds can be used instead, as long as seeds are produced. Seeds can probably also be conserved with cryo techniques . Genes can also be maintained for further use in the form of DNA (DNA banks or lyophilized leaves) or cryopreserved pollen .

30. Thank you.