Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservation

Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.

1. Wildlife Management Techniques and methods of wildlife conservation Wildlife Census C onservation of wildlife - frozen zoo N ational and international conservation bodies: IUCN, UNDP, FAO, ESA, CITES, WWF. Anish Gawande Dr. Manisha Kayande

2. W ildlife conservation Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes. Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.

3. Techniques and methods of wildlife conservation Methods of conservation: Protection by law : Laws should be enacted to protect wild life. The Indian law for wild life conservation came into force in 1972 as the Indian wild life protection Act . Establishment of protected Areas: It is essential to establish wild life sanctuaries, national parks and biosphere reserves to protect wild life. These places provide ideal condition for wild life . Restoration of Original habitat: Restoration of original habitat to be built in the deforested areas. Every year Vanmahostav to be observed . Better living condition: The animals are to be encouraged to live under the cover of thick grass or bushes and trees . Educating common people: Common people to be educated for the conservation and protection of wild life. This is the most effective method of preserving wild life . Training of wild management: Training of wild life forest officers, wild life ecologists is essential for conservation wild life.

4. Techniques and methods of wildlife conservation Conversation strategy: The strategies developed by the conservation Biological Diversity (CBD) are as follows: All efforts to be made to conserve threatened species. All endangered species should be protected. The wild life must be protected both in natural habitat and artificial habitats by establishing zoological and botanical gardens or parks. Varieties of useful food crops, plants, animals and microbes should be preserved for national and international breeding programs. The wild plants and animals should be conserved as a gene bank for the later. The habits of animals should be guarded and well protected. A protected area to be established to preserve the habitat or migratory or wide ranging animal species. Unique ecosystem should be conserved on top priority basis. Ecosystem to be determined for exploited species during productive periods. International trade and commerce to be prohibited in the areas of wild animals and plants .

5. Wildlife Census Introduction By conservation census is defined as the counting of all individuals belonging to the group of interest within a defines area and a survey when only a proportion are counted. It is originated from the Latin word censere which means to estimate . METHODS : GENERAL QUADRATE MARK RECAPTURE DISTANCE SAMPLING CAMERA TRAPPING OTHER METHODS

6. GENERAL METHOD Count directly the number of individuals Sampling the habitat Attempted complete enumeration Plot less sampling

7. QUADRATE METHOD Sampling area is divided into small squares called quadrate. Suitable for sampling plants, slow moving animals and some aquatic organisms.

8. MARK RECAPTURE METHOD Sample animals are catched up marked them and releases them to mixed thoroughly with the rest of the population and recaptured to estimate the size of the population mathematically.

9. DISTANCE SAMPLING METHOD It is a widely-used group of closely related methods for estimating the density and/or abundance of biological populations. The main methods are: 1) Line transect A series of straight lines(track lines) is traversed by an observer. This may be achieved in various ways, depending on the study species. 2) Point transect In this method points are selected randomly and count number of organism present at each point from this number the population size is estimated.

10. CAMERA TRAPPING METHOD The use of automatic cameras triggered by passing animals, record medium to large mammals and terrestrial birds in the field. Photographs provide objective records or evidence of an animal’s presence and identity . Its types are: Active camera trap Noted only motion of animal. Passive camera trap Noted motion as well as stripes.

11. OTHER METHODS Hand capturing Noosing Trapping Marking individuals noose Total counts Nesting or resting structure Line transects Aerial survey Individual recognition Trapping Counting dung Counting foot prints

12. Conservation of wildlife - frozen zoo A frozen zoo is a storage facility in which genetic materials taken from animals (e.g. DNA, sperm, eggs, embryos and live tissue) are gathered and thereafter stored at very low temperatures in tanks of liquid nitrogen waiting to be reprogrammed into stem cells for optimal preservation over a long period (see cryopreservation). Some facilities also collect and cryopreserve plant material (usually seeds). The original idea comes from Gregory Benford's 1992 paper proposing a Library of Life .

13. Conservation of wildlife - frozen zoo Zoos such as the San Diego Zoo and research programs such as the Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species cryopreserve genetic material in order to protect the diversity of the gene pool of endangered species, or to provide for a prospective reintroduction of such extinct species as the Tasmanian tiger and the mammoth. Frozen Zoo at San Diego Zoo Conservation Research has been freezing biological materials from animals and plants in liquid nitrogen (−196 °C) since 1976. They currently store a collection of 8,400 samples from over 800 species and subspecies.[8] Frozen Zoo at San Diego Zoo Conservation Research has acted as a forbearer to similar projects at other zoos in the United States and Europe including the Frozen Ark Project. However, there are still less than a dozen frozen zoos worldwide.

14. Conservation of wildlife - frozen zoo The future of frozen genetic material Stored material can be stored indefinitely and used for artificial insemination, in vitro fertilisation , embryo transfer and cloning. RBC Director Steven Stice and animal and dairy science assistant professor Franklin West thought of saving the endangered cat species that made it into a reality. Artificial insemination provides a remedy for animals who, due to anatomical or physiological reasons, are unable to reproduce in the natural way. Reproduction of stored genetic material also allows for the fostering of genetic improvements, and the prevention of inbreeding. Modern technology allows for genetic manipulation in animals without keeping them in captivity. However, the success of their restoration into the wild would require the application of new science and a sufficient amount of previously collected material .

15. National and international conservation bodies The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN) IUCN is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, and education. IUCN's mission is to "influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable".

16. National and international conservation bodies The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN ) Over the past decades, IUCN has widened its focus beyond conservation ecology and now incorporates issues related to sustainable development in its projects. Unlike many other international environmental organizations, IUCN does not itself aim to mobilize the public in support of nature conservation. It tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice, and through building partnerships. The organization is best known to the wider public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide . IUCN has a membership of over 1400 governmental and non-governmental organizations. Some 16,000 scientists and experts participate in the work of IUCN commissions on a voluntary basis. It employs approximately 1000 full-time staff in more than 50 countries. Its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland .

17. National and international conservation bodies United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global development network. Headquartered in New York City, UNDP advocates for change and connects countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. It provides expert advice, training and grants support to developing countries, with increasing emphasis on assistance to the least developed countries. It promotes technical and investment cooperation among nations. The status of UNDP is that of an executive board within the United Nations General Assembly. The UNDP Administrator is the third highest-ranking official of the United Nations after the United Nations Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General .

18. National and international conservation bodies United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) UNDP is funded entirely by voluntary contributions from member nations. The organization operates in 177 countries, where it works with local governments to meet development challenges and develop local capacity. Additionally, the UNDP works internationally to help countries achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). UNDP was one of the main UN agencies involved in the development of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. UNDP works with nations on their own solutions to global and national development challenges. As they develop local capacity, they draw on the people of UNDP and its wide range of partners. However UNDP offers to help only if the different nations request it to do so.

19. National and international conservation bodies Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate arguments and debate policy. FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all. Its Latin motto, fiat panis , translates as " let there be bread ". As of May 2017, FAO has 194 member states, along with the European Union, and the Faroe Islands and Tokelau, which are associate members .

20. National and international conservation bodies European Space Agency (ESA) With the ESA-patented technology “Imaging Optics and Optical Device for Mapping a Curved Image Field”, the team’s Horus project could produce real time aerial imagery at a lower cost and offer greater responsiveness than existing alternatives. Installed on UAVs, it could monitor large areas, helping rangers to know where poachers are hunting animals like rhinoceros and elephants. “ESA patent 561 presented us with a platform technology to produce inherently high-quality, non-distorted and wide-angle images. W ildlife conservation requires constant coverage over vast areas to counter poaching. In providing rangers and non-governmental organizations with this crucial monitoring ability at limited cost, Horus could boost effectiveness and efficiency.

21. National and international conservation bodies Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITIES) CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals. It was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The convention was opened for signature in 1973 and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild, and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 35,000 species of animals and plants. In order to ensure that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was not violated, the Secretariat of GATT was consulted during the drafting process .

22. National and international conservation bodies World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961, working in the field of the wilderness preservation, and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States. The Living Planet Report is published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation.

23. National and international conservation bodies World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF ) It is the world's largest conservation organization with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300 conservation and environmental projects. WWF is a foundation, with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2014. The group's mission is "to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." Currently, much of its work concentrates on the conservation of four biomes that contain most of the world's biodiversity: oceans and coasts, forests, and freshwater ecosystems. Among other issues, it is also concerned with endangered species, sustainable production of commodities and climate change.

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