Working at Height & Scaffolding Training Module (R).ppt

Working at Height & Scaffolding Training

1. SCAFFOLDINGSCAFFOLDING
Working AT HeightWorking AT Height

4. What’s the Big Deal?
•Gravity involves constant
acceleration, You don’t
need to fall from very far
to have a problem!!
HELP!

5. How Long Does It Take to Fall?
Time (secs)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Distance (feet)
4
16
36
64
100
144
Residential Roofing

6. What’s the Big Deal?
•Pain: Falls Hurt !
•Its not the fall that kills,
it’s the…
•Remember, all falls are
arrested.

7. What’s the Big Deal?
28%
18%
6%
12%
6%
12%
12%
6%
Falls
Electrocution
Buried
Struck By
Crush: Equipment
Crush: Vehicles
Trenching
CO Poison

8. Key Questions
1.When am I at risk of
getting killed or
injured in a fall?
2.How do I protect
myself?
•Here’s the process
we need to work
through…

9. Basic Requirements for WAH
9
•Utilise Hierarchy of Control to control the risk
•Conduct site Fall Hazard Risk Assessment (FHRA)
•Obtain Working at Height Permit (WAH)
•Use of Fixed Platforms – to isolate the risk (HOC)
•Use of Fall Restraint and Fall Arrest Systems
•Use of Ladders
•Drop Zone
•Training and Qualification
•Post Fall Recovery Plan

10. Understanding Hierarchy of Control
10
•RISK of FALL - shall be eliminated or
reduced utilizing the Hierarchy of
Control methodology in the
following order of preference and
effectiveness:
•ELIMINATION – eliminating
the need to work at height
(e.g. bring the work to ground
level)
•ISOLATION – using physical
barriers to enclose an area
(e.g. fixed platform and rails)
•ENGINEERING – using
temporary platforms to gain
access to work area (e.g.
mobile elevated work
platform, scaffolding)
•ADMINISTRATIVE & PPE –
using risk assessments, safe
work practices, permits,
training and personal fall-
restraint and fall-arrest
systems

11. Understanding Hierarchy of Control
11

12. Two Basic Definitions in WAH
12
•Fall Restraint Equipment –means
a full body harness connected to a
restraint line and attached to a fall
restraint static line or anchor
point which prevents an individual
from getting into a situation
where he could fall over the
unprotected edge.
•Fall Arrest Equipment – means
a full body harness and a
shock absorbing lanyard
connected to an anchor point
or static line that will limit and
arrest a fall to less than 1.8
meters.
1.8 meters max
free fall
Worker is
connected such
that they cannot
get close enough
to an open edge
to fall.

13. FULL BODY HARNESS
•The best body support for fall
protection.
•It distributes the impact
throughout the body.

14. WHAT HAPPENS IN A FALL?
•When falling at 6 ft., a person
will exert up to 10 times their
body weight as a shock load on
the fall protection equipment.

15. BODY HARNESS VS BODY BELT
•Body harness distributes the impact
throughout the body while body belt
concentrates impact in the idsection.
•Body harness keeps body suspended
upright while waiting for rescue.

16. IMPORTANT NOTIONS
•In practice, a free fall factor 2
happens when the anchoring
point is located below the
user.

17. ABC Rule
17
•Anchor Point – Secure
point of attachment that
supports entire weight of
the system
•Body Harness - Personal
protection worn by
workers performing the
job.
•Connecting Device -
Attaches harness to
anchor point. Examples
are lanyards, rope grabs
and deceleration devices.

18. FALL PROTECTION SAFETY INSPECTION
Control no. :________________________
Owner :___________________________
Date :______________________________ 1.Carabiner connector condition
2.Snap hook condition
3.Shock absorber condition
4.Connecting lanyard condition
5.Dorsal attachment D Ring
6.Chest attachment loops
7.Harness condition (upper)
8. Harness condition (lower)
Safe Unsafe
REMARKS. :___________________________

CARABINER SNAP HOOK
SHOCK ABSORBER
LANYARD
FULL BODY HARNESS
Note: Validity of inspection– 6 months

19. Training and Qualification
19
•The Individuals are;
–fit to work at height.
–adequately trained and assessed for competency
•Inspection and maintenance of WAH equipment shall
be performed by trained and competent individuals.
•Health Consideration for WAH

20. Fall clearance calculation
For D-Ring
After Fall
Anchor point
6 foot length
of lanyard
4 foot
deceleration distance
6 foot
height of
worker
3 foot safety margin
Total:
19’ from
anchor
point
Review Local
Standards /
Legislation & Revise
as Required

21. Reducing Fall Forces: 1
•
As Free Fall Distance INCREASES
•
Fall Forces INCREASE
•Objective?
–Minimize your free fall distance.
1. Attach higher
2. Use a shock absorber

22. Fit Testing
•Time for a hands-on
exercise
•We’re going to walk
through “donning”
and fit testing of a full
body harness

23. Post Fall Recovery Plan
23
•Site emergency response plans
that include task-specific protocols
for the rapid retrieval of personnel
in the event of a fall from height.
•Before permitting any workers into
areas where fall hazards exist,
employers must make sure that,
workers are trained and instructed in
the fall protection / rescue plan.
•Do not allow anyone to hang for
more than 15 minutes!

24. Rescue
•We frequently provide
fall protection
equipment without
thinking about rescue
•Here’s what we need
to consider…

25. Rescue
•Any problems
here?

26. Time Constraints
•
IF the worker is not injured…
Studies have indicated that
15 – 30 minutes
is all that’s required before discomfort and blood restriction
in the extremities sets in

27. 27
Type of Rescue Plan
Self Rescue
•Consists of trained co-workers Responsible
to initiate a rescue operation
•Use equipment specifically selected for the
work place
•Highly trained, physically fit workers
•Specialized rescue equipment
•Regular training (mock scenario).
Rescue by co-workers/ In house rescue team Professional rescue
• Can the worker safely get to the nearest
structure / level?
• Does worker have rescue equipment?
• Can the worker climb back to the point of
origin, or will this place them at a greater
risk?
• Falling into a “spent” Protection Fall
Arrest System.
•Performed by co-workers in the
immediate vicinity
•Typically uses whatever equipment
and manpower is available.
•Doesn’t involve any pre-planning
•Most likely a function of luck.
•Usually comprised of Firefighters,
Paramedics, Municipal or Private
rescue teams.
•Generally more efficient and
proficient in effecting the safe rescue
of a worker.
• Advisable to train with In-House
teams to become more familiar with
potential work place hazards and
risks
Ad-hoc rescue

28. Let’s check our learning……..

29. What is SCAFFOLDING ?
 It is a temporary steel framework which is used to
support workers to perform job at heights and serve as
access platform for materials, tools & equipment for
construction, repair, maintenance and demolition .

31. DIFFERENT PARTS OF SCAFFOLDS
1. Bay - the space between the center lines of two
two adjacent standards.
2. Lift - the assembly of ledgers and transoms
forming each horizontal level of a scaffold.
3. Foot Lift - kicker or base lift. A lift erect to the
ground it is approximately 150 mm
from the ground.
4. Standard - a vertical tube based ground or a
structure which carry the entire load.

32. DIFFERENT PARTS OF SCAFFOLDS
5. Ledger - longitudinal tube normally fixed
parallel to the face of the building in
the direction of the larger dimensions
of the scaffold. It acts as support for
transom and frequently for the tie tubes
and ledger braces and is usually joined
to the adjacent standards.
6. Transom - a tube spanning across ledger to form
the support for boards or units forming
the working platform or to connect
the inner standards to the outer
standards.

33. DIFFERENT PARTS OF SCAFFOLDS
7. Brace - a tube placed diagonally with respect to
vertical or horizontal members of a
scaffold & fixed to them to afford stability.
8. Façade Brace - face, wind or sway brace. A brace
parallel to the face of a building or
structure.
9. Ledger Brace - a brace at right angle to the bldg.
or structure.
10. Plan Brace - a brace in a horizontal plane

34. DIFFERENT PARTS OF SCAFFOLDS
11. Guard Rail - a member incorporated in a
structure to prevent the fall of a
person from a platform or access
way.
12. Butt Tube - a short length of tube. Usually 12”
in length.
13. Toe Board - an upstand at the edge of a platform
intended to prevent materials or
operatives feet from slipping the
platform.
14. Working Platform - the deck from which building
operations are carried out.

35. DIFFERENT PARTS OF SCAFFOLDS
15. Coupler - a component used to fix scaffold tubes
together.
16. Check Coupler/ - a coupler added to a joint under
Safety Coupler load to give security to the
coupler carrying the load.
17. Sole Plate or - a timber, concrete or metal
Sole Board spreader (300mmx300mmx6mm)
used to distribute the load from a
standard or base plate to the ground.
- it is necessary particularly on soft
ground as means of spreading the
weight over a greater area.

36. DIFFERENT PARTS OF SCAFFOLDS
18. Base Plate - this is a metal plate for distributing
and spreading the load from a
standard. Normally
100mmx100mmx6mm thick it is fitted with spigot
(38mm dia and 75mm long) to prevent lateral
movement.

37. BASIC SCAFFOLDINGBASIC SCAFFOLDING

38. BASIC SCAFFOLDING

39. BASIC SCAFFOLDING

41. 5 MAIN TYPES OF COUPLERS
1. Right Angle Coupler (90 deg.)
- a load bearing fitting for connecting two tubes at
right angles. Commonly referred to us a
“double coupler”.

42. 5 MAIN TYPES OF COUPLERS
2. Put Log Coupler
- it is used mainly for fixing board bearing transom
to the ledger. It is commonly referred to as a
single coupler.

43. 5 MAIN TYPES OF COUPLERS
3. Swivel Coupler
- a coupler used for connecting tubes together at
any right angle. Approximately 45
0
to 55
0
angle.

44. 5 MAIN TYPES OF COUPLERS
4. Sleeve Coupler
- this is an external sleeve which clamps two tubes
together.

45. 5 MAIN TYPES OF COUPLERS
5. Joint Pins
- a coupler also used to connect tubes together end
to end. However, it consists of a spigot which is
placed inside the tube ends and expands to form
a joint. It is not used anymore for safety reasons.

46. 3 MAIN TYPES OF TUBE USED IN UK
Black Steel Tubes
Galvanized Steel Tubes
Aluminum Tubes
SCAFFOLD TUBE
Tube should be manufactured and tested in
accordance with BS 1139 Part 1 “Specification for
tubes use in Scaffolding”
•Outside Diameter = 48.3 mm
•Nominal Wall Thickness - 4.0 mm
•Weight = 4.37 kg/m (2.92 lb/ft)
Outside Diameter = 48.3 mm
Nominal Wall Thickness - 4.47 mm
Weight = 1.67 kg/m (1.12 lb/ft)

47. INSPECTION
 the ability of a scaffold to carry its calculated load is largely
dependent on the strength and condition of the tubes used in its
construction.
1. Straight
2. Free from cracks, split end, dents & excessive corrosion
3. Cut square and clean at each end

48. COMMON FAULTS
Note : It should be separated & removed from service

49. INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
 Scaffold should be cleaned and the hoop iron of nail plates
secured or replaced.
 No cut out, burns, oil stains or projecting nails should be
present, warped/twisted and traffic damaged sign.
 Boards should not be painted or treated in anyway that may
conceal defects.

50. COMMON TYPE OF SCAFFOLDS
1. Independent Type
- the most commonly used scaffold. It consist of
two rows of standards parallel to the building or
structure joint together which ledger fixed with
right angle coupler. In turn transoms are fixed at
right angle to the ledgers with right angle coupler
(or putlog couplers under a boarded deck). The
assembly must be braced with ledger bracing
usually at every alternate pair of standards and
with façade bracing every 30 m along the face of
the scaffold. The scaffold is usually tied to the
building or structure for stability.

51. Independent Type

58. COMMON TYPE OF SCAFFOLDS
2. Birdcage Type
- this is so called because it resembles a steel cage.
It is normally used inside a building or structure
to provide an access platform over a relatively
large area.

59. Birdcage Type

60. COMMON TYPE OF SCAFFOLDS
3. Tower Type
- towers are constructed with steel scaffold tube to
provide a small working platform at height. They
may be static or fitted with castors to make them
mobile.
- the maximum height to base ratio must be care-
fully controlled on free standing tower.
Internal towers where
there are no wind load
Static 4:1
Mobile 3.5:1
External towers
Static 3.5:1
Mobile 3:1

61. Tower Type

65. COMMON TYPE OF SCAFFOLDS
4. Slung Type
- scaffold hung from overhead structures where
scaffold from ground level would be impractical or
undesirable. They are made up vertical drop
tubes laced with ledger and transoms and braced
in both directions for stability. Each drop tube
are fitted with “Check Coupler” for extra safety
insurance.

66. Slung Type

70. SCAFFOLD CLASSIFICATION
Scaffolds are classified by type according to their purpose for use. Each
scaffold will have set maximum loadings, which in turn will determine
the maximum bay centers as follows:

71. SCAFFOLD INSPECTIONS
1. Prior to handling over the scaffold.
2. At least every seven days thereafter
3. Before use following severe weather condition
or damaged caused by external force
(e.g. collision of vehicle) which could affect the
integrity of the scaffold.
4. After alteration or adaptation to the scaffold
have taken place.
Inspections must take place :

72. SCAFFOLDS INSPECTION
1. Scafftags
- the scafftag system is a simple means of indicating weather
or not scaffold is safe to climb on at the same time provides
various other information to help prevent overloading.
2. Red Status
- the scafftag is placed on the scaffold after the first lift has
been erected. This indicates red condition and states
“Do not use Scaffold”.
3. Green Status
- after the scaffold has been completed and inspected by a
competent person. This indicates the scaffold is safe for use
4. Yellow Status
- during subsequent statutory inspection the status card is
reversed showing its yellow face.

73. Suppo
rt
SupportScaffolds

74. Scaffolds
Support

75. <0.2
m
Scaffolds
Support

76. Scaffolds
Support

77. Scaffolds
Support

78. Support

79. Support

80. Support

81. Support

82. No !
Support