Working Capital Gap Explained using examples from Dell and Amazon. What is it? How do you manage it? How do you measure it? How do you improve cash flow? Why is Amazon so unique? These are some of the questions that are answered here.
Size: 3.75 MB
Language: en
Added: Jul 28, 2012
Slides: 10 pages
Slide Content
Shaker Cherukuri
Managing Principal
Process IS Inc.
(317)258-3552 [email protected]
http://process-improvement-solutions.com/
1/26/2010 1
Copyright 2010, Process IS Inc.
◦
Assets (Current + LT) = Liabilities (Current + LT)
+ Stock Holders Equity (SE)
◦
Current Assets (CA) ◦
Cash + Marketable Securities (notes etc)
◦
Inventory (Inv.)
◦
Accounts Receivables (A/R)
◦
Pre-Paid Accounts (PPA)
Current Liabilities (CL)
◦
Current Liabilities (CL) ◦
Short Term Debt (STD)
◦
Accounts Payables (A/P)
◦
Unearned Revenue (UR)
◦
Stock Holders Equity (SE) ◦
Paid in Capital (PIC)
◦
Retained Earnings (RE) ◦
Revenues-Expenses
1/26/2010 2 Copyright 2010, Process IS Inc.
S
Working Capital =
S
Current Assets (CA) – Current Liabilities (CA)
S
If CA > CL, then positive Working Capital
S
If CA < CL, then negative working capital
S
So what do we want?
1/26/2010 3 Copyright 2010, Process IS Inc.
◦
Conventional Wisdom ◦
Positive Working Capital is the norm.
◦
Increase in WC yields negative cash flows
◦
How do you fund it? ◦
Cash flow from operations that is greater than the
◦
Cash flow from operations that is greater than the negative cash flow for working capital
◦
Cash flow from financing or investing
◦
Other?
1/26/2010 4 Copyright 2010, Process IS Inc.
◦
Ratio Analysis to Measure Efficiency ◦
Day’s Receivables (DR) = (Lower the better) ◦
Average Accounts Receivable/Average Daily Sales
◦
Average number of days that elapse between sale and cash
collection
◦
Days’ Inventory (DI) = (Lower the better) ◦
Average Inventory/Average Daily COGS
◦
Average number of days of sales that can be made using
only the supply of inventory on hand
◦
Days’ Payables (DP) = (Higher the better) ◦
Avg. Acc Payable/Average Daily Purchases
◦
Avg. Acc Payable/Average Daily Purchases
◦
Inventory Turnover = (Higher the Better) ◦
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)/Average Inventory
◦
Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) = DR + DI - DP ◦
Working Capital Gap (lower the better)
◦
Time between cash outflow and cash inflow
◦
Higher working capital indicates liquidity
◦
However, excessive liquidity ties up capital and
lowers overall return on assets.
1/26/2010 5 Copyright 2010, Process IS Inc.
S
Use unconventional wisdom and business
model
S
To fund internal operations using negative
working capital
S
Cash Conversion cycle could be negative!
S
Cash Conversion cycle could be negative!
S
And get rewarded for it…..
S
How do they do that?
1/26/2010 6 Copyright 2010, Process IS Inc.
◦
Current Assets (CA) ◦
Cash + Marketable Securities (notes etc)
◦
Inventory (Inv.)
◦
Accounts Receivables (A/R)
◦
Pre-Paid Accounts (PPA)
◦
Current Liabilities (CL) ◦
Short Term Debt (STD)
◦
Accounts Payables (A/P)
◦
Unearned Revenue (UR)
◦
Unearned Revenue (UR)
◦
Stock Holders Equity (SE) ◦
Paid in Capital (PIC)
◦
Retained Earnings (RE) ◦
Revenues-Expenses
◦
Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) = DR + DI – DP
◦
WC = CA - CL
1/26/2010 7 Copyright 2010, Process IS Inc.
S
Requires the right business model.
S
Automakers do not get paid before they ship. In fact
they have their capital tied in inventory for a lon g
time which is why they have a huge working capital.
S
Amazon and Dell to an extent (since Dell is not just
online/direct anymore as they used to be) get paid
before they ship.
S
So
extending payables
allows
them to create a
small
S
So
extending payables
allows
them to create a
small
cash conversion cycle (could be negative).
S
The Unearned revenue, which is a liability, turns the
working capital negative (credit UR and debit cash)
S
They pay the suppliers with cash they get from
customers and have some left over all the time in
essence getting an interest free loan from the
customers!
1/26/2010 8 Copyright 2010, Process IS Inc.
S
Yes, you could. However, that usually is a red flag for
the credit rating agencies (i.e. funding operations
with cash from investing or financing activities)
S
Amazon does not have to worry about credit rating
downgrade due to A/P increase.
S
They
are doing it to increase their working capital
S
They
are doing it to increase their working capital
efficiency and not because of cash flow constraint.
S
They did issue large amount of debt few years ago
and was the reason for Amazon.bom Barron's article.
S
Servicing that debt is not an issue anymore and they
successfully used the capital raised to scale
themselves and the rest as they say is history
1/26/2010 9 Copyright 2010, Process IS Inc.
◦
Dell is going through a transformation ◦
http://process-improvement- solutions.com/blog/2009/11/03/dells-transformation/
◦
Is loosing PC market share
◦
Due to focus on margin
◦
Strategic Decision to reposition during a trough in the
economic cycle
◦
http://process-improvement- solutions.com/blog/2009/04/20/repositioning-during- troughs/ troughs/
◦
Objective being to move from products to services ◦
http://process-improvement- solutions.com/blog/2009/03/03/from-products-to- services-how-do-they-do-that/
◦
Why? For profitable growth – A topic for another
discussion ◦
Next: Case Scenarios with Numerical Examples
1/26/2010 10 Copyright 2010, Process IS Inc.