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1. R adiographic (x-rays & gamma rays) Presented by: Mohanad faek noori

2. 1.1 Introduction This module presents information on the NDT method of radiographic inspection or radiography. Radiography uses penetrating radiation that is directed towards a component. The component stops some of the radiation. The amount that is stopped or absorbed is affected by material density and thickness differences. These differences in “absorption” can be recorded on film, or electronically. Detection of internal defects such as porosity, voids and inclusions Fig (1) 2

3. 1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation The radiation used in Radiography testing is a higher energy (shorter wavelength) version of the electromagnetic waves that we see every day. Visible light is in the same family as x-rays and gamma rays. Fig (2) 3

4. 1.3 Technology development The essential difference between X-Rays and Gamma Rays and other electromagnetic radiations such as light, Ultra-violet rays and infrared rays from the testing and evaluation point of view is that X-Ray and Gamma Rays are able to penetrate matter which is opaque to light but have a photographic action similar to light. Fig (3) 4

5. 1.4 Characteristics of Gamma Radiation and X-Rays :- Gamma radiation and X-rays are electromagnetic radiation like visible light, radio waves, and ultraviolet light. These electromagnetic radiations differ only in the amount of energy they have . Gamma radiation is able to travel many meters in air and many centimeters in human tissue. It readily penetrates most materials and is sometimes called "penetrating radiation” Radioactive materials that emit gamma radiation and X-rays constitute both an external and internal hazard to humans . Gamma radiation or X-rays frequently accompany the emission of alpha and beta radiation . Fig (4) 5

6. 1.5 Advantages of Radiography -Technique is not limited by material type or density. -Can inspect assembled components. -Minimum surface preparation required. -Sensitive to changes in thickness, corrosion, voids, cracks, and material density changes. -Detects both surface and subsurface defects. -Provides a permanent record of the inspection. 1.6 Disadvantages of Radiography - Many safety precautions for the use of high intensity radiation. -Many hours of technician training prior to use. -Determining flaw depth is impossible without additional angled exposures. -Expensive initial equipment cost. Access to both sides of sample required . Orientation of equipment and flaw can be critical . 6

7. 1.7 General Principles of Radiography Top view of developed film X-ray film The part is placed between the radiation source and a piece of film. The part will stop some of the radiation. Thicker and more dense area will stop more of the radiation. = more exposure = less exposure The film darkness (density) will vary with the amount of radiation reaching the film through the test object. Fig (5) 7

8. 2.1 X-ray Electromagnetic radiations. Wavelength of x rays 0.01 to 10 nanometers longer than gamma rays. Can penetrate some solids and liquids, and all uncompressed gases. Used for diagnostic radiology. 2.2 Radiation Sources Industrial radiography is often subdivided into “X-ray Radiography” or “Gamma Radiography”, depending on the source of radiation used. Fig (6) 8

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10. 2.3 Computed Radiography Computed Radiography (CR) is a digital imaging process that uses a special imaging plate which employs storage phosphors. Fig (7) 10

11. Motor A/D Converter Imaging Plate Optical Scanner Photo-multiplier Tube 110010010010110 Laser Beam As a laser scans the imaging plate, light is emitted where X-rays stimulated the phosphor during exposure. The light is then converted to a digital value. Fig (8) 11

12. 2.4 Parts of X-ray machine x-rays are produced by an X-ray generator system,These systems typically include an:- X-ray tube head high voltage generator control console X-rays are produced by establishing a very high voltage between two electrodes, called the anode and cathode. To prevent arcing, the anode and cathode are located inside a vacuum tube, which is protected by a metal housing. Fig (8) Parts of X-ray machine control 12

13. Fig (10) X-ray Radiography High Electrical Potential Electrons - + X-ray Generator or Radioactive Source Creates Radiation Exposure Recording Device Radiation Penetrate the Sample The cathode contains a small filament much the same as in a light bulb. Current is passed through the filament which heats it. The heat causes electrons to be stripped off. The high voltage causes these “free” electrons to be pulled toward a target material (usually made of tungsten) located in the anode. The electrons impact against the target. This impact causes an energy exchange which causes x-rays to be created. 13

14. Medicine : for medical analysis. Industry : to inspect products made by various kinds of materials. Science : to analyze the arrangement of atoms in many kinds of substances, particularly crystals. Consumer Goods : X-rays are also used in consumer goods the manufactures treat certain kinds of plastic to check the quality of many mass produced products. Also suitable for detecting changes in 1. Material composition 2. Thickness measurement 3. Locating defective parts or components from assembled part 2.5 Uses 14

15. 3.1 Gamma Radiography Gamma-ray is often denoted by the Greek letter gamma,  Gamma-ray is a form of radiant energy from the atom nuclei emission of radioactive substances or electromagnetic radiation produced by radioactivity or nuclear Gamma rays are produced by a radioisotope. Gamma-ray wave length ranging is between 10 –5 nm to 0.1 nm Gamma-ray has frequencies between 10 20 - 10 25 Hz 3.2 The type that this inspection can detect: cracks non-uniformity of material density change weld defects 3.3 Equipment : portable or fixed setups on industry / company requirement traditional radiography requires film development facilities and equipment 15

16. 3.4 The occurrence of Gamma-ray Gamma-ray (  ) is resulted from the destruction of the merger process of two high-energy atomic nuclei in atomic nuclei (gamma decay) and high-energy particle interactions of sub-atomic in natural processes and man made mechanisms. Fig ( 11) 16

17. 3.5 Gamma ray use :- medicine :- Gamma rays used in medicine for kill carcinogens cells and prevent them from growing. industry :- Gamma rays are used in industry to check the oil pipeline and discover the weak points. the field of science :- Gamma rays used in the development of nuclear reactors and bombs. 3.6 Flaw Orientation : Radiography has sensitivity limitations when detecting cracks. Gamma-rays “see” a crack as a thickness variation and the larger the variation, the easier the crack is to detect. When the path of the Gamma-rays is not parallel to a crack, the thickness variation is less and the crack may not be visible. Fig ( 12) 17

18. 3.7 Question λ = 1.10 -4 nm Velocity ​​of the wave in vacuum is 3.10 8 m/s. Determine the frequency of gamma-ray (λ = 1.10 -4 nm)! Known: v = 3.10 8 m/s λ = 1.10 -4 nm Asked: f = ? Answered: 18

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20. 20 Contans :- 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 1.3 Technology development 1.4 Characteristics of Gamma Radiation and X-Rays 1.5 Advantages of Radiography 1.6 Disadvantages of Radiography 1.7 General Principles of Radiography 2.1 X-ray 2.2 Radiation Sources 2.3 Computed Radiography 2.4 Parts of X-ray machine 2.5 Uses 3.1 Gamma Radiography 3.2 The type that this inspection can detect 3.3 Equipment 3.4 The occurrence of Gamma-ray 3.5 Gamma ray use 3.6 Flaw Orientation 3.7 Question

21. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray http://www.stmary.ws/highschool/physics/xray_1.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/physics-terms/xray-info2.htm dsu-physics.org/physics180/physics180B/Topics/electromagnetism/images_em/em_sp ectrum5.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray http://tienkartina.wordpress.com/2010/08/27/sinar-gamma/ http://minamini.wordpress.com/tag/sinar-gamma/ http://fisikasmasmk.blogspot.com/2012/02/spektrum-gelombang-elektromagnetik.html http://paling-asik.blogspot.com/2012/03/spektrum-gelombang-elektromagnetik-dan.html http://budisma.web.id/materi/sma/fisika-kelas-x/pemanfaatan-spektrum-gelombang-elektromagnetik-dalam-kehidupan/ http://www.mediabali.net/fisika_hypermedia/spektrum_em.html http://id.shvoong.com/exact-sciences/physics/2310506-fisika/ http://makalah-artikel-online.blogspot.com/2009/04/spektrum-gelombang-elektromagnetik.html http://kliktedy.wordpress.com/2009/10/20/radioaktivitas-sinar-gamma/ http://vespaungu.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/gamma-knife-dan-pengenalannya/ http://gammaknifeindonesia.com/id/2012/04/11/gamma-knife-metode-bedah-otak-tanpa-pisau/ https://orise.orau.gov/reacts/guide/gamma.htm Book : Volume 17 nondestructive evaluation and quality control Reference 21