Zoogeographical regions In the World.pptx

This is about the Zoogeographical regions in the world and their sub regions . This may also include the flora and fauna of these regions.

1. CONTENT 1 .1  ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REAGIONS                                                                                                               1.2  TYPS OF ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS                                                                                           1.2.1 PALAEARCTIC REGION                                                                                                                            1.2.3 SUB REAGION OF PALAEARCTIC REGION                                                                                       1.2.4 FAUNA OF PALAEARCTIC REGION                                                                                                     1.2.5 FLORA OF PALAEARCTIC REGION                                                                                                     1.2.6 NEARCTIC REGION                                                                                                                                 1.2.7 SUB REGION OF NEARCTIC REGION                                                                                                 1.2.8 FAUNA OF NEARCTIC REGION                                                                                                            1.2.9 FLORA OF NEARCTIC REGION                                                                                                                          

2. 1.2.10   NEOTROPICAL REGION                                                                                                                             1.2.11 SUB REAGION OF NEOTROPICAL REGION                                                                                       1.2.12  FAUNA OF NEOTROPICAL REGION                                                                                                   1.2.13   FLORA OF NEOTROPICAL REGION                                                                                                 1.2.14     ETHOPIAN REGION                                                                                                                           1.2.15 SUB REGION OF ETHOPIAN REGION                                                                                               1.2.16  FAUNA OF ETHOPIAN REGION                                                                                                         1.2.17    FLORA OF ETHOPIAN REGION                                                                                                                                                                                        

3.   1.2.18 ORENTAL REGION                                                                                                                                   1.2.19 SUB REGION OF ORENTAL REGION                                                                                                 1.2.20 FAUNA OF ORENTAL REGION                                                                                                           1.2.21 FLORA OF ORENTAL RGION                                                                                                               1.2.22 AUSTRALIAN REGION                                                                                                                           1.2.23 SUB REGION OF AUSTRALIAN REGION                                                                                         1.2.24 FAUNA OF AUSTRALIAN REGION                                                                                                      1.2.25  FLORA OF AUSTRALIAN REGION

4. ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REAGIONS A biogeographic region is an  area of animal and plant distribution having similar or shared characteristics throughout . It is a matter of general experience that the plants and animals of the land and inland waters differ to a greater or lesser degree from one part of the world to another .

5. TYPES OF ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGION Nearctic Region: Includes North America, except for the tropical regions of Mexico. Palearctic Region: Encompasses Europe, Asia north of the Himalayas, and northern Africa. Neotropical Region: Covers South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Ethiopian (Afrotropical) Region: Includes Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Oriental (Indomalayan) Region: Encompasses South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of East Asia. Australian (Australasian) Region: Encompasses Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, and nearby islands.

6. PALAEARCTIC REGION This is the largest of the  Six regions  is covering an area of 14,000,000 square miles. In this region Europe, Asia, North of Himalayas and Northern parts of Africa. This region shows wide range of temperature fluctuations. It also shows wide range of fluctuation in the amount of rainfall.

7. SUB-REGION

8. SUB-REGION

9. Fauna: This region is supported by good fauna. Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Bijds and Mammals are represented. Fishes:  Most of the fishes show greater affinity to North America. Paddle fishes in China, Cyprinus, Anabas and Sucker fish (Echenis) are present. Amphibians:  Frogs like Discoglossus , Bufo, Hyla, Rhacophorus, Salamanders like Proteus, Megalobatrachus , and a number of tailed am- phibians are seen in palaearctic and Nearctic regions.

10. FLORA

11. Alpine Flora: Mountainous areas, such as the Alps, Caucasus, and the Himalayas, host diverse alpine flora. This includes a variety of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and hardy perennial species adapted to the challenging conditions of high altitudes. Mediterranean Vegetation: Along the southern edges of the Palaearctic region, especially in the Mediterranean Basin, characteristic flora includes evergreen shrubs like the Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), olive trees (Olea europaea), and various species of herbs adapted to the Mediterranean climate. Endemic Species: Some areas within the Palaearctic region have unique and endemic plant species, meaning they are found nowhere else in the world. Conservation efforts often focus on protecting these rare and specialized plants. Boreal Forests: In the northern parts of the Palaearctic , boreal forests dominate the landscape. Coniferous trees like spruce (Picea), fir (Abies), and pine (Pinus) are well-adapted to the colder climates of these regions.

12. Wetlands and Riparian Zones: The Palaearctic region contains numerous wetlands, including lakes, rivers, and marshes, which support a diverse array of aquatic and semi-aquatic plant species. Reed beds (Phragmites) are common in these areas. Human Impact: Human activities have significantly influenced the flora of the Palaearctic region through agriculture, urbanization, and deforestation. Many areas have undergone changes in land use, impacting both the distribution and abundance of plant species. Given the vast size and ecological diversity of the Palaearctic region, its flora is continually studied by botanists, ecologists, and conservationists to better understand the intricate relationships between plants and their environments and to develop effective strategies for conservation and sustainable land use.

13. NEARCTIC REGION

14. NEARCTIC REGION The region above the tropics of North America is the Nerctic region. Towards north it includes New found land, the Arctic Archipelago and Greenland. This region is known as  ‘ Head quarters of urodels ' .

15. SUB-REGION Sub Regions:  Nearctic region is divided into four sub-regions. 1. California Sub-region:  A part of North America Nevadaand Cascade ranges and part of British Columbia are included in it Nearly 86 families of vertebrates like Haplodotidae Anielhade Vampires and Free tailed bats are seen in this sub region 2. Rocky mountain Sub-region:  It includes mountains of East California with nearly 107 families of terrestrial vertebrates. Goats, Haplocerus, Prairie dogs and Lizards are commonly seen.

16. Reptiles:  Rich number of Reptiles like, Musk turtle, Trionyx , Emydines , Alligators ophiosaurs , and vipers like Pituophis couophis and Chilomeniscus are present. Birds:  Nearly 39 families of birds including Pelicans, Heron, Humming birds, Woodpeckers, Mocking birds, Larks and Sand-pipers are present. Mammals:  Mammals like Squirrels, Moles, Rabbits, Beavers, Cats, Bats, Deers, Bears, Weasels, Opposum , Porcupine and Armadillo are present. Nearly 24 families are seen in this region.

17. FLORA The Nearctic region is one of the eight major biogeographic realms and encompasses North America, including parts of Greenland and the highlands of Mexico. The flora of the Nearctic region is diverse and influenced by a variety of ecosystems, climates, and geological features. Here are some key aspects of the flora in the Nearctic region: Coniferous Forests: The northern part of the Nearctic region, especially in Canada and Alaska, is characterized by extensive coniferous forests. Iconic tree species include spruce (Picea), fir (Abies), pine (Pinus), and cedar (Thuja). These forests play a crucial role in supporting diverse ecosystems. Deciduous Forests: Eastern North America features broadleaf deciduous forests with tree species like oak (Quercus), maple (Acer), hickory (Carya), and beech (Fagus). These forests are known for their vibrant fall foliage.

18. Grasslands and Prairies: The central part of North America, including the Great Plains, is home to vast grasslands and prairies. Dominant grass species include big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem ( Schizachyrium scoparium ), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Desert Flora: The southwestern part of the Nearctic region includes deserts like the Sonoran and Mojave. Plant adaptations to arid conditions are seen in species like Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia ), various cacti, and drought-resistant shrubs. Alpine Flora: Mountainous regions such as the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada host alpine flora adapted to high elevations. Alpine plants like lupines (Lupinus), Indian paintbrush (Castilleja), and various sedges thrive in these harsh environments. Arctic Tundra: The northernmost areas, including parts of Alaska and Canada, feature Arctic tundra. Low-growing vegetation such as mosses, lichens, and hardy flowering plants like Arctic poppies (Papaver radicatum ) are adapted to the cold and harsh conditions.

19. Wetland Vegetation: Wetland ecosystems, including marshes, swamps, and bogs, are scattered across the Nearctic region. Common plants found in these areas include cattails (Typha), water lilies (Nymphaea), and various sedges. Endemic Species: Some regions within the Nearctic have endemic plant species that are unique to specific habitats. Conservation efforts often focus on protecting these localized and specialized plants. Human Impact: Human activities, including urbanization, agriculture, and resource extraction, have significantly influenced the vegetation of the Nearctic region. Conservation initiatives aim to address the impact of human activities on native plant communities. Understanding the diverse flora of the Nearctic region is crucial for conservation efforts, sustainable land use, and the preservation of biodiversity in this vast and ecologically significant part of the world.

20. NEOTROPICAL REGION This region includes S. America, Central America, Mexico and West Indies.

21. SUB-REGION This is divided into 4 sub-regions. Chillian sub region Brezelian sub region Mexicon sub-region West Indies sub-region.

22. This region shows tropical conditions. The southern part of South America shows temperate zones, because of these varied environmental conditions Luxuriant forests, Deserts, Plains and Rivers are common. In the Amazon region thick forests are present. They are all evergreen forests. Grassy plains e present in Argentina. This region shows Andes Mountains. Because of these conditions good vegetation is seen and rich fauna is present.

23. 1. Chillian Sub-region:  It includes West Coast of South America. It contains Ands mountain ranges Bolivea, Peru, Argentina. ,. It includes 3 toed Ostrich called Rhea americana, Clamas, Oil birds are common. 2. Brazelian Sub-region:  It includes tropical forests of South America. It shows evergreen forests. Plains are also seen Rivers are present hence more vegetation is seen. It supports rich fauna. in this region Amrican Monkey, Blood sucking bats (Vampire) Armadillos are common. ‘

24. 3. Mexican Sub-region:  North of isthmus of Panama is called Mexkon sub-region. This region shows rocky mountains. It is showing sub. tropical conditions. in this region Tapiers , Mudterrapins etc., are common. 4. West Indies or Antelian Sub-region:  The region contains West Indies, islands. Trinidad and Tobago are not included in this region. These islands contain mountains. In this sub-region the Vertebrate fauna is poor.

25. Fauna in neotropical region: In this region many endemic species are present, and 39 families are recognised . Fishes in Neotropical region:  In this region many fresh water fishes are present. The important features of the regions are the absence of Carps. In this region Cat fishes; Trygonids , Edi fishes are present. In South American region one Dipnoi fish is present Lepidosiren is called South American Fresh water Lung fish. Amphibians in Neotropical region:  In this zone 14 families of Amphibians are present 1) Pipa pipa 2) Hyla 3) Bufo 4) Rana etc. Caecelians are also represented in this region 1) Siphanophis 2) Rainotrema , Urodeles are very few.

26. Birds in Neotropical:  Avian fauna of this region i striking and peculiar. Hence South America is called  Bird continent .  (Neotropical region is referred as Bird continent). Rhea americana ( 3 toed ostrich) - American Ostrich Tinamus (Flightless bird is Endemic to this region) Ducks Pigeons Patrots Swifts Wood peckers King fishers Starks are common Ant  thrushers , Tree creepers, Oil birds are endemic to this region only. Mammals in neotropical region: 32 families are available. Nearly 10 families are endemic to this region. Ex:   Hapalidae , Cebidae etc. families of New World monkeys. Armadillos, sloths, Ant eaters, Didelphis etc., are also seen in this region. 1) Tapiers 2) Uamas 3)Deer 4) Squirrels 5) Rabbit 6) Armadios are common in this region. In this region Hayeans (Aye-aye), Hedge-hog and Native Horses are absent

27. FLORA The Neotropical region, also known as the Neotropics, is one of the eight major biogeographic realms and encompasses Central and South America, as well as the Caribbean. This region is renowned for its extraordinary biodiversity and a wide array of ecosystems, ranging from tropical rainforests to arid deserts. Here are some key characteristics of the flora in the Neotropical region: Amazon Rainforest: The Amazon rainforest, the largest tropical rainforest in the world, is a defining feature of the Neotropics. It is home to an unparalleled diversity of plant species, including numerous types of trees, epiphytes, and understory plants. Notable tree species include mahogany (Swietenia spp.), rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis ), and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa ).

28. Andean Highlands: The Andes mountain range runs through the western part of the Neotropical region, harboring diverse plant life adapted to varying altitudes. These high-altitude ecosystems support unique flora, including different species of orchids, bromeliads, and hardy shrubs. Cloud Forests: Cloud forests, found in mountainous regions with persistent cloud cover, are characterized by lush vegetation and high levels of biodiversity. Ferns, mosses, and epiphytic plants thrive in these humid environments, with tree ferns (Cyathea spp.) being a common sight. Savannas and Grasslands: The Neotropical region includes extensive savannas and grasslands, such as the cerrado in Brazil and the llanos in Venezuela and Colombia. Dominant vegetation includes grasses, scattered trees, and shrubs adapted to periodic fires. Chaparral and Thorn Scrub: In drier regions like parts of Mexico and Central America, chaparral and thorn scrub vegetation dominate. Species like agaves, cacti, and drought-resistant shrubs are well-adapted to arid conditions.

29. Deserts: The northern part of the Neotropical region includes arid zones and deserts, such as the Sonoran Desert. Xerophytic plants, including various cacti and succulents, have evolved to thrive in these harsh environments. Mangrove Ecosystems: Coastal areas in the Neotropics feature mangrove ecosystems, where species like red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) and black mangrove ( Avicennia germinans ) play a crucial role in stabilizing shorelines and providing habitat for diverse marine life. Biodiversity Hotspots: The Neotropical region is recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot due to its incredible species richness and endemism. Conservation efforts in this region often focus on protecting critical habitats and addressing threats like deforestation and habitat fragmentation. Indigenous Plant Use: Indigenous communities in the Neotropics have a long history of utilizing local plant species for various purposes, including food, medicine, and cultural practices. Many traditional knowledge systems regarding plant use are still important today. The Neotropical region's flora is characterized by its richness, complexity, and ecological significance. Ongoing research and conservation efforts are crucial to preserving the diverse plant life in this biogeographically unique and vital part of the world.

30. ETHIOPIAN REGION Zoogeographers  divided the earth into different zoogeographical regions. Ethiopian region is one among them. In this realm Africa, Sahara desert, Southern part of Arabia, Madagascar Island are included. This region shows extensive desert on the North side. It is called “Sahara desert”.

31. SUB-REGION On its Western side thick forests are present. Rest of Africa shows Greenland. This Ethiopian region was divided into four sub regions. East African sub region West African sub region South African sub region Malagassy sub region

32. South African Sub-Region:  This Southern part of the African continent is included in this region. It shows peculiar fauna. Secretory birds, African moles, Rats, Bandicoots, South African lung fish ( Protopterus ). Malagasy Sub-Region:   Ii includes Madagascar and nearby islands. Darlington separated this Madagascar from Ethiopian region. In this region Chameleons are more popular. This island was separated from the main land after the development of Lemurs.It has no connection with the main land. African continent Evolution is continued. Many Eutherians has invaded in that place. But in Madagascar there is no fresh Evolution, only old animals are represented. Hence this sub-region shows dissimilarity in Fauna when compared to the main land.

33. FLORA The Ethiopian region, also known as the Afro-tropical region, encompasses the African continent south of the Sahara Desert. This vast and diverse region is home to a rich array of ecosystems, ranging from tropical rainforests to arid deserts. The flora of the Ethiopian region is characterized by its adaptability to various climates and includes a wide variety of plant species. Here are some key aspects of the flora in the Ethiopian region: Tropical Rainforests: The western part of the Ethiopian region, particularly in Central Africa, is characterized by tropical rainforests. These dense forests are home to a diverse range of tree species, such as mahogany (Khaya spp.), iroko (Milicia excelsa), and various hardwoods. Epiphytes, lianas, and a rich understory of herbaceous plants contribute to the high biodiversity of these ecosystems. Savannas and Grasslands: Extensive savannas and grasslands cover large portions of the Ethiopian region, particularly in East Africa. Acacia trees, including species like Acacia senegal and Acacia tortilis, are common, along with grasses adapted to seasonal rainfall patterns.

34. Desert and Arid Regions: In the northern and southwestern parts of the Ethiopian region, there are arid and semi-arid zones. Drought-resistant plants like acacias, euphorbias, and succulents are adapted to the challenging conditions of these areas. Montane Forests: The Ethiopian Highlands feature montane forests adapted to high altitudes. Hagenia abyssinica , Juniperus procera , and Podocarpus falcatus are among the tree species found in these mountainous regions. Endemic Flora: The Ethiopian region is a center of plant endemism, with many species found only within specific geographic areas. This high level of endemism is due to the region's varied topography and climatic conditions, fostering unique evolutionary processes. Ethnobotanical Importance: Indigenous communities throughout the Ethiopian region have a deep connection to the local flora, using plants for various purposes such as traditional medicine, food, construction materials, and cultural practices. Preserving this traditional knowledge is important for sustainable resource use.

35. Riparian and Wetland Vegetation: Riverine and wetland ecosystems in the Ethiopian region support a diverse range of plants, including papyrus (Cyperus papyrus), water lilies (Nymphaea spp.), and various grasses adapted to wet conditions. Bamboo Forests: Some parts of the Ethiopian region, particularly in East Africa, are home to bamboo forests. Bamboo species, such as Yushania alpina , play important ecological roles and are utilized by local communities for various purposes. Conservation Challenges: The Ethiopian region faces significant conservation challenges, including deforestation, habitat degradation, and the impacts of climate change. Conservation efforts aim to protect key biodiversity hotspots and address threats to the region's unique plant life. Understanding and conserving the diverse flora of the Ethiopian region are crucial for maintaining ecological balance, supporting local livelihoods, and preserving the region's extraordinary biodiversity.

36. ORIENTAL REGION This region includes Indian sub-continent Ceylon Burma Philippines. Formosa and Scathe China, form the North of this region Himalayas are present. On the West of it Arabian sea is present. In the South east corner physical boundary is absent This region includes 4 sub regions. This region shows tropical and temperate zones. In the North East Asia rain forest is present towards the west desert is present The remaining part shows plains and rivers hence this region show different types of conditions. Hence more vegetation is present and more fauna is seen.

37. SUB-REGION The 4 sub regions are Indian sub-region Ceylon sub-region Indo-China sub-region Indo-Malayan sub-region

38. Indian Sub-Region:  It includes North India and Central part. It starts from the root of Himalaya and extend up to Malabar Coast. This region shows plains and deserts. It shows temperate and tropical conditions. In this region Antelopes, Peacock, Indian Bison, Black Elephant, Equas and some important snakes are present. Ceylonian Sub-Region:  It includes Ceylon, Small Indian Peninsula. It shows Loris, Elephants, Equas , Rat, Bandicoots and Snakes.

39. Indo-China Sub-Region:  It includes China south of Palaearctic region. It includes Gibbons, Lemurs, Rhinoceros, Salamanders, Disc tongued frogs are present. Indo-Malayan Sub-Region:  It includes Malayan peninsula and surrounding Islands. This region supports 132 families of fauna Gibbon, Rhinoceros, Badger, Broad bills etc. are very common in this region.

40. Fauna of Oriental Region: The fauna of Oriental region shows resemblances that of Ethiopian region. Hence some Zoogeographists have attempted to place Ethiopian and Oriental regions in PalaeoTropical region. Fishes in Oriental Region:  Fish fauna of Oriental region will resemble that of Ethiopian region. Oriental fish fauna is dominated by Carps and Cat fishes. Notopteridae Anabantklae Syngnathus Cypsilurusetc

41. Amphibians in Oriental Region:  Tailed Amphibians are very rare, only one genusis represented Tylptotriton verrucosus . Anura and Apoda Amphibians are more. Rana species, Hyla. Rhacophorus, Bufo, Discoblastidae nembers , lcthyophis , Uraeotyphlus , Gegenophis etc. Reptiles in Oriental Region:  Many reptiles are seen in this region. This fauna Is dominated by lizards, snakes, turtles and Crocodiles.

42. Birds in Orintal Region:  In this region 66 families of Birds are included. Honey Guides, Wood Pecker, Horn bill, Pea-cock etc. Mammals in Oriental Regions:  This region includes 30 mammalian families. Shrews, Rabbit, Canis, Cat, Aye-aye (Hyaena), Sues,

43. FLORA The Oriental region, also known as the Indomalayan region, is a biogeographic realm that includes South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of East Asia. This region is characterized by a wide range of ecosystems, from tropical rainforests to high mountain ranges. The flora of the Oriental region is exceptionally diverse, and it exhibits unique adaptations to the varied climatic and ecological conditions. Here are some key features of the flora in the Oriental region: Tropical Rainforests: The Oriental region is home to extensive tropical rainforests, particularly in Southeast Asia. These rainforests feature a high diversity of tree species, including dipterocarps like Shorea species, teak (Tectona grandis), and various hardwoods. Epiphytic plants, orchids, and ferns contribute to the lush understory. Mangrove Ecosystems: Coastal areas in the Oriental region support mangrove ecosystems, with species like Rhizophora, Avicennia, and Ceriops. Mangroves play a crucial role in coastal protection, providing habitat for various marine species.

44. Montane Forests: The mountainous regions of the Oriental region, including the Eastern Himalayas, host montane forests with diverse plant life adapted to higher altitudes. Rhododendrons, oaks, and coniferous trees are common in these areas. Grasslands and Savannahs: Some parts of the Oriental region, especially in South Asia, feature grasslands and savannahs. Grass species, along with scattered trees like acacias, characterize these open landscapes. Deserts and Arid Regions: The northwestern part of the Oriental region, including parts of Pakistan and northwestern India, has arid and desert regions. Adapted plant species, such as thorny bushes and xerophytic plants, thrive in these harsh environments. Bamboo Forests: Bamboo is a significant component of the flora in the Oriental region. Various bamboo species are found in different habitats, from lowland forests to higher elevations, and are utilized for construction, crafts, and as a source of food. Endemism: The Oriental region is known for its high level of endemism, with many plant species found only within specific geographic areas. This diversity is driven by the region's complex topography, diverse climates, and historical factors.

45. Ethnobotanical Significance: Indigenous communities in the Oriental region have a long history of utilizing plants for various purposes, including traditional medicine, food, and cultural practices. Many plant species hold cultural significance and are integral to local livelihoods. Conservation Challenges: The Oriental region faces conservation challenges, including deforestation, habitat degradation, and the impact of agriculture. Conservation efforts focus on protecting key biodiversity hotspots, promoting sustainable resource use, and addressing the threats posed by human activities. The diverse flora of the Oriental region contributes to its status as one of the world's biodiversity hotspots. Conservation initiatives are essential to preserving this rich botanical heritage and ensuring the sustainability of the region's ecosystems

46. AUSTRALIAN REGION

47. The entire earth shows animal fauna. As per the distribution of the fauna the earth is divided into Zoogeographical regions. Australian region contains Australia, Newzealand, New Guinea and nearby Islands in the Pacific ocean Walice” includes Celebas islands in Australian region. But now a days it was kept in Oriental region.

48. SUB-REGION Sub Regions of Australian Region:  The realm is sub divided into four sub regions. Australian subregion Austromalayan Subregion Polynesian Subregion  Newzealand Subregion Newzealand Subregion

49. a) Australian Sub-region:  It includes Australia and Tasmania. This region is located towards Southwest of Pacific ocean. In this region very peculiar fauna is seen. It is because this part is separated from the main land by a big stretch of Ocean. It shows tropical and temperate climate. In this subregion 34 genera of marsupials included. Hence it is called “Home of Marsupials”. Tailed Amphibians ar -reported in this region. Flightless birds like Emus are included in this region. b) Austromalayan Sub-region:  This region includes Malayan Archepelago islands, New Guinea, Solmon Islands etc., Crowned Pigeons, Fly river Turtles are common. Dendrolagus, Dayrus etc., Marsupials are present

50. c) Polynesian Sub-region:  This region includes Polynesian Islands. In this region fauna is poor. Tooth build Pigeons are common. d) Newzealand Sub-region:  In this subregion Newzealand is included. In this subregion snakes are absent Sphenodon a living fossil is confined to this region only. In this region Kiwi flightless birds are present Hence these people are called Kiwis. Kiwi is the National bird of Newzealand. Rats and Bats are common.

51. Mammalian Fauna in Australian region: Ornithorhynchus (Duck billed Platypus), Macropus (Kangaroo), Dasous (Tiger Cat), Dendrologous, Pteropus (Flying fox), Paramoles (Marsupial Bandicoot), Echidna(Spiny ant eater), Ratus ratus (Rat),

52. FLIGHTLESS BIRDS These flightless birds are common in this region. The other birds can be seen in this region are Pigeon (Columba livia ), Duck, Crane, Crow, Passer domesticus (Sparrow), Tooth billed Region.

53. REPTILES Reptiles in Australian Region: In Newzealand snakes are absent. Sphenodon is seen only in this region. Varanus (Monitor Lizard) Trionyx , Testudo elegans, Caretta caretta , Chamaeleon, Calotes versicolor, Mabuya etc., Reptiles are seen.

54. Amphibians: ailed Amphibians, Frogs and Apodans are common in Australian region. Rana species, Hyla arbouria , Micro hyla, Rhachophorus, Alytes etc., Amphibians are common.

55. Fishes in Australian region: In this region the most important fish is a lung fish. Ceratodous is seen in this region. It is called “Australian Lung Fish”. In this region many other fresh water and marine fishes are present. Scoliodon . Macarell . Cynoglosus . Catla catla . Anabas. Saccobranchus .

56. INVERTEBRATES Invertebrates In the Australian region “ Trigonia ” a fresh water bivalved Molluscan is seen. Thus Australian realm is showing faunal Characters.

57. This Phot

58. FLORA The Australian region, also known as the Australasian region, is a biogeographic realm that includes Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and several neighboring islands. This region is characterized by unique and diverse ecosystems, shaped by its isolation and distinct geological history. The flora of the Australian region is adapted to a range of climatic conditions, from arid deserts to lush rainforests. Here are some key features of the flora in the Australian region: Eucalyptus Forests: Eucalyptus trees are iconic in the Australian landscape. These trees are well-adapted to the continent's diverse climates, with species like the gum tree (Eucalyptus globulus) dominating various ecosystems, including open woodlands and sclerophyll forests. Acacia Scrublands: Acacia species, commonly known as wattles, are widespread in the Australian region. They thrive in various habitats, including arid regions, and are known for their adaptation to nutrient-poor soils.

59. Heathlands: Many parts of Australia and its surrounding islands feature heathlands dominated by plants adapted to nutrient-poor soils and fire-prone environments. Banksias, Grevilleas, and other members of the Proteaceae family are common in these areas. Desert Flora: Arid regions in Australia, such as the Outback, support unique desert flora. Succulents, adapted grasses, and hardy shrubs like spinifex ( Triodia spp.) are characteristic of these landscapes. Rainforests: The Australian region includes pockets of tropical and subtropical rainforests, especially in northeastern Australia and New Guinea. These rainforests harbor diverse plant species, including figs (Ficus spp.), palms, and a variety of flowering plants. Cycads and Ferns: The Australian region is home to a variety of cycads and ferns. Cycads, such as the Macrozamia species, are often found in subtropical and tropical regions, while ferns thrive in moist and shaded environments. Xerophytic Plants: Given the prevalence of arid and semi-arid environments, the Australian region has a range of xerophytic plants adapted to water conservation. Examples include various saltbushes (Atriplex spp.) and native grasses. Endemism: The Australian region is known for its high level of endemism, with many plant species found nowhere else in the world. This is attributed to the region's long isolation and unique evolutionary history.

60. Island Flora: The flora of islands within the Australian region, such as those in the Pacific, often includes unique and specialized plant species. These plants have evolved in isolation and are adapted to the specific conditions of their island habitats. Conservation Challenges: The Australian region faces conservation challenges, including habitat loss, invasive species, and the impact of climate change. Efforts to conserve biodiversity focus on protecting unique ecosystems, managing threats, and promoting sustainable land use. The flora of the Australian region contributes to its reputation as a region with a remarkable diversity of plant life. Conservation efforts are crucial to safeguarding the unique and often fragile ecosystems within this biogeographic realm.