Modern innovative techniques for enhancing vegetables productivity

Various innovative techniques for enhancing vegetables productivity like hydroponics, aquaponics,biochar, gene editing, genetic engineering etc.

1. Presented by Soumya Pragalva Mohanty Adm. No.:- 2403309002 Ph.D. 1 st year 1 st Semester Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University , Pusa, Bihar PG College of Agriculture Department of Horticulture (Vegetable Science ) Presentation On Modern innovative techniques for enhancing vegetable productivity Presented to Dr. Rajeev Kumar Yadav Assistant professor Department of Horticulture

2. Contents Global imperative for yield improvement Hydroponics Aquaponics Vertical farming Gene editing Precision agriculture Microbiome engineering Nanotechnology Grafting Biochar Future directions

3. Global Imperatives for Yield Intensification 🌍 Population growth: 9.7 billion by 2050 (UN, 2022) ❗Demand surge:  70% increase in vegetable needs by 2050 (FAO, 2021). 🌡️ Climate constraints: 1.5°C warming → 10-25% yield loss (IPCC, 2023). ⚠️ Soil degradation: 33% of arable land degraded (FAO, 2022) Critical Gap : "Current productivity growth (<1% annually) is insufficient to meet future demand"  (Ray et al.,  PLOS ONE , 2019).

4. Hydroponics: Soilless Cultivation Nutrient solutions ( Hoagland’s formula ). 30-50% faster growth  ( Resh , 2022). 90% less water  vs. soil farming (Jensen, 2007). Example:  Lettuce, tomatoes, and herbs grown hydroponically.

5. Aeroponics : Ultra-Efficient Mist Farming Roots misted with  5–50 µm nutrient droplets  (Tibbitts et al., 1994). NASA’s APH system:  45% higher potato yields ( Farran & Mingo-Castel, 2006).

6. Vertical Farming – Maximizing Space Light Recipe: Red: Blue (3:1) + Far-red for flowering.
Case Study: AeroFarms (390x yield/m²).

7. CRISPR-Cas9 – Gene Editing in Vegetables Recent Breakthroughs: 🍅 Drought tolerance (OsDREB2A overexpression in tomatoes).
🧬Disease resistance (Editing Powdery Mildew susceptibility genes in cucumbers).
🍄 Non-browning mushrooms (Waltz, 2016, USDA-approved).
🧬 High-anthocyanin tomatoes (CRISPR-edited for antioxidant boost , Zhang et al., 2023).

8. CRISPR – Cas9 mechanism

9. Precision Agriculture Precision agriculture is the form of cultivation where the site specific management practices are adopted paying due consideration to spatial variability of land to maximize crop production and minimize cost of production with least environmental damage.

10. Precision farming Need for precision farming Limited resources Increase effective of inputs Higher productivity Lesser pollution Case study: 30% yield ↑ with sensor irrigation ( Bwambale et al., 2022

11. Components for precision farming Geographical information system (GIS) Geographical positioning system (GPS) Remote sensing Variable rate technology- different rates in the field Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI)- vegetation health Nutrient expert system- Balanced nutrition recommendations Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM)
Bio-intensive farming
Real-time nitrogen management
Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS)-Nutrient analysis in the plant
Soil testing and yield monitoring

12. Microbiome Engineering Types of microbiome engineering Plant microbiome engineering Soil microbiome engineering Human microbiome engineering Animal microbiome engineerin g Microbiome transfer in plants Native root - associated microbiota transplant Synthetic root - associated microbiota transplant Microbiome engineering involves altering the composition or function of microbial communities to achieve desired outcomes.

13. Microbiome Engineering Steps in microbiome engineering 1. Identification and culturing of potential PGPMs
2. Deep analysis/ selection of the various component
3. Evaluate compatibility
4. Effects in the native agroecosystem 5. Develop formulation and distribution technology
6. Technical support to end users (Spraying a fine mist or aerosol of microorganisms)

14. Microbiome Engineering SynComs (Synthetic Communities): Pseudomonas simiae  WCS417r enhances P uptake by 50% ( Berendsen et al.,  Microbiome , 2022). Phage Therapy: Xanthomonas -specific phages  reduce bacterial spot in peppers (Jones et al.,  Phytobiomes Journal , 2023).

15. Nanotechnology – Next Gen Delevery System Nanotechnology is the science and engineering of manipulating materials at the atomic and molecular scale, specifically between 1 and 100 nanometres.

16. Nanotechnology – Next Gen Delivery System Synthesis of nanoparticles Controlled released nano fertilizers used for increasing productivity Nano-based target delivery approach (gene transfer) for crop improvement. Nano pesticides for efficient crop protection . Nano sensors and computerized devices providing smart monitoring Nanomaterials plant stress tolerance and stimulate plant growth Application of Nanotechnology

17. Nanotechnology – Next-Gen Delivery Systems SiO ₂ nanoparticle fertilizers:  30% lower leaching losses (Liu et al.,  ACS Nano , 2023). Liposome-encapsulated RNAi pesticides:  90% reduction in aphid populations (Zhang et al.,  Nature Nanotechnology , 2022).

18. Grafting for Increasing Productivity Grafting, refers to a plant propagation technique where parts of two different plants are joined to grow as one.

19. Grafting for Increasing Productivity 80% survival  in grafted watermelon (King et al., 2010). Benefits: Disease and Pest Resistance. Enhanced Nutrient Uptake and Utilization.  Improved Stress Tolerance. Increased Yield. Extended Growing Season. Improved Fruit Quality. Resource Efficiency.

20. Biochar- Soil carbon Sequestration Biochar is a fine grained, carbon-rich, porus product remaining after plant biomass has been subjected to thermo chemical conversion process(pyrolysis) at temperatures ≈ 350-600°C in an environment with little or no oxygen ( Amonette and Joseph, 2009).
Called black gold of agriculture

21. Biochar – Soil Carbon Sequestration Mainly 3 method of biochar preparation A. Heap method - It is a traditional method B. Drum Method - Cylindrical low cost kiln made from fire brick at IARI . C. Biochar Stove Method – potentially much cleaner

22. Biochar-Soil Carbon Sequestration Three main approaches: A. Topsoil incorporation (Broadcast)
B. Deep banded application
C. Spot and ring application Research findings :  CEC ↑ 50% (Lehmann et al., 2011).
20% yield ↑ in peppers (Jeffery et al., 2017).

23. Future Directions AI Phenotyping:  Hyperspectral imaging for stress detection. Space Farming Cost effective, localised adoptions for indian farmers

24. Conclusion Modern vegetable farming is rapidly evolving through the integration of innovative techniques that enhance productivity and sustainability. These advancements, spanning from genetic engineering to precision agriculture, are crucial for meeting the growing global demand for food while minimizing environmental impact. By embracing these technologies, farmers can optimize resource utilization, improve crop yields, and enhance the nutritional quality of vegetables.