02 Celia Seed health certification system in India 16.10.2019Final.ppt

seed

1. V Celia Chalam
GJ Abhishek
Seed Health Certification System in India
Division of Plant Quarantine
ICAR - NBPGR, New Delhi
E-mail: [email protected]
National Seed Congress 2019, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, October 16, 2019

2. Soybean Seeds
Symptomless
Mottled
Discoloured
Shrivelled
Purple Stain
Detection of Hidden Infestation
of Insect Pests by
X- ray Radiography
•Seed-borne pathogens- fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes
•Seed also infested by insect pests
•Seed contaminated by weeds
•Infected/ contaminated seed the primary source of inoculum
Seed Health
Mottlled

3. Seed Health - Dimensions
Seed-borne pathogens affect
363 plant genera
109 plant families
Caesalpineaceae, Compositae, Cruciferae,
Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Mimofaceae, Poaceae,
Solanaceae, Umbelliferae
Hidden infestation of seed
By bruchids and phytophagous chalcids
Affect 344 plant genera

4. Crop CountryDisease Yield loss
(%)
Rice PhilippinesBlast 50
India Bakanae disease 15
Japan -do- 50
Thailand -do- 15
Japan Bacterial leaf blight 50
Wheat Mexico Karnal bunt 43
Lentil Canada Aschochyta blight 50
Pea Europe Pea seed borne mosaic virus 15
French beanIndia Bean common mosaic virus 71
Yield Losses due to Important Seed-
borne Diseases

5. Seed Certification
Legal norms to qualify
•genetic identity
•physical purity
•germinability
•freedom from seed-borne pathogens
Seed Health Testing - Why? When?
•Quality control
•Quarantine
•Conservation in gene bank
………with difference in approach

6. Phases in Seed Certification
•To verify seed source for raising seed crop
•To verify conformity to standards by field inspection
•To verify conformity to seed standards by seed testing
•To monitor post-harvest operations
Seed Health Testing Methods
•Conventional
•Serological
•Molecular

7. Techniques for Detection of Insect Pests
•Visual
•Illuminated Magnifier
•X-ray Radiography
•Seed Transparency
Real-time X-RAY
Courtesy: Entomology Section, NBPGR

8. Techniques for Detection of Fungi
•Visual examination
•Washing test
•Examination of soaked seed
•Examination of whole embryo
•Blotter test
•Agar plating
•Seedling symptoms/ grow-out
test
•Infectivity Test
•Serological techniques
•Molecular techniques

Courtesy: Pathology Section, NBPGR

9. Techniques for Detection of Seed-borne
Bacteria
•Visual examination
•Incubation test
•Phage plaque method
•Serological techniques
•Molecular techniques
•Growing-on test
•Host plant inoculation

10. Techniques for Detection of Nematodes
Plant Material
Seeds Soil particles Vegetative
propagules
Packing material
•Visual
•Soaking
•Soaking and
crushing
•Microscopic
examination
•Soaking in water
•Sieving
•Direct / Tissue
paper
•Soaking
•Sieving
•Direct/ Tissue
paper
•Washing
•Sieving
•Examination
Courtesy: Nematology Section, NBPGR

11. Rigid rod
Bacilliform
Spherical
Flexuous rod
Electron Microscopy
Enzyme-linked
Immunosorbent Assay
Techniques for
Detection of Viruses

12. Reverse-transcription PCR/ Multiplex RT-PCRReverse-transcription PCR/ Multiplex RT-PCR
(Viruses of Quarantine Significance for India))
ArMV
519 bp
203 bp
BPMV and GFLV
203 bp GFLV
61 bp BPMV
CLRV
283 bp
ToRSV
330 bp
283 bp CLRV
203 bp ArMV
330 bp ToRSV
ArMV, CLRV, ToRSV
CLRV, GFLV, ToRSV
283 bp CLRV
203 bp GFLV
330 bp ToRSV

13. Detection of BPMV - Real-time RT-PCR
61 bp BPMV
Detection of BPMV using HDA
BPMV: Bean pod mottle virus; HPV: High plains virus not reported from India
Detection of HPV using LAMP

14. Seed Health Testing Methods
Conventional Methods FBVIN
Dry seed examination √√√√√
Seed washing test √√---
Soaked seed test √---√
Whole embryo test √----
Incubation tests √√---
Phage sensitivity test -√---
Staining of inclusion bodies --√--
Electron microscopy --√--
Growing-on test √√√--
Infectivity test √√√--
X ray radiography ---√-
Transparency test ---√-

15. Serological Methods FBVNI
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-√√--
Dot immunobinding assay (DIBA) --√--
Immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM)--√--
Molecular Methods
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) √√-√√
Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) --√
Immunocapture-RT-PCR (IC-RT-PCR) --√
Real-time PCR √√-√√
Real-time RT PCR √
Helicase Dependent Amplification √√√√√
Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification√√√√√
Microarrays √√√√√
Seed Health Testing Methods Contd…

16. Mosaic symptom of BCMV on
french bean trifoliate
Necrotic local lesions by
BCMV on C. amaranticolor
Flexuous particles of BCMV
Detection of BCMV in seeds by
DAC-ELISA
Detection of BCMV in
seeds by RT-PCR
Detection of BCMV in seeds
by Real-time RT-PCR
Detection of BCMV by Different Techniques

17. Seed Health Testing for Quality Control
•To have a method/ technique for detection is not enough
•In certification what we need is a methodology for testing
bulk samples
•Tolerance limits
•No. of seeds to be tested
•No. of batches
•No. of seeds per batch
Tolerance Limit
•Maximum limit of infection in a seed lot that
can be tolerated in an agricultural context
•Certification standard

18. Tolerance Limits
SMV/ soybean- General Model
Vector intensity low: 1%
Vector intensity high: 0.1%
North east China SMV/ soybean
Vector intensity low: 0.05%
Vector intensity high: 0.01%
LMV/ lettuce
Europe: 0.1%
California: 0 in 30,000 (60 groups of 500 seeds each,
0.012% at 95% level of probability)

19. An Example of International Seed Health
Testing
Tolerance limit : 0.1%
Total no. of seeds to be tested: 10, 000
No. of groups : 20
No. of seeds/ group : 500
Negative seed lot:10x 500
Positive seed lot : 2x 500
Testing method : ELISA
Lettuce mosaic virus/ Lettuce

20. No. of ELISA
positive sub-
samples
Estimated
infection rate (%)
of seed lot (P)
No. of ELISA
positive sub-
samples
Estimated
infection rate (%)
of seed lot (P)
0 0.00 11 0.16
1 0.01 12 0.18
2 0.02 13 0.21
3 0.03 14 0.24
4 0.04 15 0.28
5 0.06 16 0.32
6 0.07 17 0.38
7 0.09 18 0.46
8 0.10 19 0.60
9 0.12 20 > 0.6
10 0.14 - -
Lettuce mosaic virus/ Lettuce

21. National Framework for Seed
Certification
Seed producers in public sector
•National Seeds Corporation Ltd
•State Seed Corporations
National Certification Agencies
•State Seed Certification Agencies (24)
Referral Lab
•Central Seed Testing Laboratory, NSRTC, Varanasi
Legislation
•Seeds Act (1966)
•New Policy on Seed Development (1988)
•National Seeds Policy (2002)

22. Seed Health Component in Certification
Seed certification standards - 199 (161 Crops)
Seed health standards
Field stage only - 61 crops
Seed stage only - 26 crops (9 crops viz., cereals,
millets, sunflower, fennel + 17 rhizome/tuber crops)
Both field & seed stages - 14 crops
Only in 9 crops excluding rhizome/tuber crops and tissue culture-
raised vegetative propagules, harvest pathology is relevant in seed
certification.

Source: MSCS (2013)

23. Designated Pests in Certification
Pests Field stageSeed stage
only
Both Field
and Seed
Fungal 69 30 11
Bacterial 25 18 1
Viral 21 29* 0
Viroid 0 1 0
Phytoplasma 1 1 0
Nematodes 3 2 0
Insects 11 14 8
Parasitic
plants
3 3 3
Source: MSCS (2013) *Tuber crops, TCRP

24. Crop Pest Field
standard
Seed
standard
FS CS FS CS
Barley Loose smut (Ustilago nuda) 0.10.5 - -
Paddy Paddy bunt (Neovossia barrida) - - 0.1 0.5
Wheat Loose smut (Ustilago tritici) 0.10.5 - -
Nematode (Anguina tritici) - - 0 0
Tundu (Corynebacterium michiganense pv. tritici & A.
tritici)
- - 0 0
Karnal bunt (Neovossia indica) - - 0.5
(0.05)
0.25
TriticaleLoose smut (Ustilago tritici) 0.10.5 - -
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) 0.020.04 - -
Karnal bunt (Neovossia indica) - - 0.5
(0.05)
0.25
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) - - 0.020.04
Cereals: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013

25. Crop Pest Field standard Seed
standard
FS CS FS CS
Rye Loose smut 0.1 0.5 - -
Sorghum Head smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana) 0.5
(0.05)
0.1 - -
Kernel smut or grain smut (S. sorghi) 0.5
(0.05)
0.1 - -
Ergot (claviceps spp.) - - 0.020.04
Pearlmillet Downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) 0.05 0.1 - -
Ergot (Claviceps microcephola) 0.02 0.04 0.020.04
Grain smut (Tolyposporium penicillariae & T.
Senegalense)
0.05 0.1 - -
GreengramHalo blight (Pseudomonas phasiolicola) 0.1 0.2 - -
Cowpea Ashy stem blight (Macrophomina phaseolina)0.1 0.2 - -
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)0.1 0.2 - -
Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta sp.) 0.1 0.2 - -
Cowpea mosaic 0.1 0.2 - -
Millets & Pulses: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013

26. Crop Pest Field
standard
Seed
standard
FS CS FS CS
Indian beanBacterial blight (Xanthomonas spp.) 0.1 0.2 - -
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)0.1 0.2 - -
Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta spp.) 0.1 0.2 - -
French beanBacterial blight (Xanthomonas spp.) 0.1 0.2 - -
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)0.1 0.2 - -
Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta spp.) 0.1 0.2 - -
Bean mosaic (Macrosiphum pisi) 0.1 0.2 - -
Sesame Leaf spot (Cercospora sesame) 0.5 1.0 - -
Sunflower Downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii) 0.050.5 - -
Parasitic plant (Orobanche cumana) 0 0 0 0
Pulses & Oilseeds: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013

27. Crop Pest Field
standard
Seed
standard
FS CS FSCS
Jute Jute chlorosis 1.0 2.0 - -
Forage sorghum
including sudan
grass
Kernal smut (Sphacelotheca
sorghi)
0.05 0.1 - -
Head smut (Sphacelotheca
reiliana)
0.05 0.1 - -
Ergot (Claviceps spp. &
Sphacelia sorghi)
- - 0.020.04
Clusterbean Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas
campestris pv. cyamopsisdis)
0.1 0.2 - -
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum
lindemuthianum)
0.1 0.2 - -
Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta
spp.)
0.1 0.2 - -
Oats Loose smut (Ustilago avenae) 0.1 0.5 - -
Forage Crops: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013

28. Crop Pest Field
standard
Seed
standard
FS CS FS CS
SugarcaneRed rot (Glomerella tucumanensis) 0 0
Smut (Ustilago scitaminea) 0 0
Grassy shoot (Phytoplasma) 0 0
Wilt (Cephalosporium sacchari ) 0.010.01
Leaf scald (Xanthomonas albilineans) 0 0
Top borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis) 5 5
Internode borer (Chilo sacchariphagus
indicus)
0 0
Stalk borer (Chilo auricilius) 0 0
Plassy borer (Chilo tumidicostalis) 0 0
Gurdaspur borer (Acigona steniellus) 0 0
Scale insect (Melanaspis glomerata) 0 0
Mealy bug (Sacchariphagus sacchari) 0 0
Sugar Crops: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013

29. Crop Pest Field
standard
Seed
standard
FSCS FS CS
Brinjal Phomopsis vexans 0.10.2
(0.5)
- -
Capsicum Leaf blight (Alternaria solani) 0.10.5 - -
Anthracnose (colleotrichum capsici) 0.10.5 - -
Rat-tail
radish
Black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv.
campestris)
0.10.5 - -
Black leg (Leptosphaeria maculans) 0.10.5 - -
Tomato Early blight (Alternaria solani) 0.10.5 - -
Leaf spot (stemphylium solani) 0.10.5 - -
Tobacco mosaic virus 0.10.5 - -
Muskmelon Cucumber mosaic virus 0.10.2 - -
Summer
squash
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 0.10.5 - -
Watermelon mosaic virus 0.10.5 - -
Vegetables: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013

30. Crop Pest Field
standard
Seed
standard
FSCS FS CS
Cabbage Black leg (Leptosphaeria maculans ) 0.10.5 - -
Black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv.
campestris )
0.10.5 - -
Soft rot (Erwinia carotovora) 0.10.5 - -
CauliflowerBlack leg (Leptosphaeria maculans ) 0.10.5 - -
Black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv.
campestris )
0.10.5 - -
Soft rot (Erwinia carotovora) 0.10.5 - -
Chinese
cabbage
Black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv.
campestris )
0.10.5 - -
Black leg (Leptosphaeria maculans ) 0.10.5 - -
Knol-khol Black leg (Leptosphaeria maculans ) 0.10.5 - -
Black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv.
campestris )
0.10.5 - -
Soft rot (Erwinia carotovora) 0.10.5 - -
Cole Crops: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013

31. Crop Pest Field
standard
Seed
standard
FS CS FSCS
Brocolli Black leg (Leptosphaeria maculans ) 0.10.5 - -
Black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris )0.10.5 - -
Soft rot (Erwinia carotovora) 0.10.5 - -
Celery Leaf blight (Septoria apiicola) 0.10.5 - -
Root rot (Phoma apiicola) 0.10.5 - -
Lettuce Seed borne diseases 0.10.5 - -
Parsley Leaf spot (Septoria petroselini) 0.10.5 - -
Cole Crops: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013

32. Crop Pest Field
standard
Seed
standard
FSCS FS CS
Garlic Slugs or worms - -2 2
Multiplier
onion
Bacterial brown rot (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) - -0 0
Bacterial soft rot (Erwinia carotovora) - -0 0
Basal rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae) - -0 0
Lesser yamScale insects
Slugs, worms
- -0
1
0
1
Ginger Rhizome root 0 0
Phyllosticta leaf spot 1 5 5 10
Bacterial wilt (Rhizictonis solanecsyur) 1 1 - -
Shoot borer 1 5 - -
Scale insect 1 5 1 5
Mealy bug 1 5 1 5
Dry rot - -1 5
Bulb,Tuber & Rhizome Crops: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013

33. Crop Pest Field standard Seed
standard
FS CS FS CS
PotatoMild mosaic 0.05 (1),
0.05 (2)
0.1 - -
Severe mosaic 0.75 1 - -
Leaf roll, yellows 0.75 1 - -
Total viruses 1.0, 2.0 3.0 - -
Brown rot (Pseudomonas solanacerum)0, 0 3
plants/ha
- -
Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) - - 1.0, 1.01.0
Dry rot (Fusarium caeruleum) - - 1.0, 1.01.0
Charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseoli) - - 1.0, 1.01.0
Wet rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) - - 0,0 0
Common scab (Streptomyces scabies)
Black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani)
- - 3.0, 3.05.0
Total diseases - - 5.0, 5.05.0
Taro Phytophtora (Phytophthora colocasiae)0 0 0 0
Scale insect & mealy bug 0 0 0 0

34. Crop Pest Field
standard
Seed standard
FS CS FS CS
Turmeric Rhizome rot 0 0 - -
Shoot borer 1 5 - -
Scale insect 1 5 1 5
Mealy bug 1 5 1 5
Dry rot - - 1 5
Celeriac Septoria petroselini 0.1 0.5 - -
Sweet potato Black rot (Ceratostomella fimbriata ) 0 0 0 1 (0)
Wilt (F. o. f.sp, batatas) 0 0 0 1 (0)
Scurf (Monilochaetes infuscans) 0 0 0 1 (0)
Mosaic 0.05 0.1 - -
Nematode - - 0 1
Wireworm - - 1 5 (1)
Sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicaris) - - 0 0
Tuber, Rhizome & Root Crops: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013

35. Crop Pest Field
standard
Seed standard
FS CS FS CS
Tapioca Mosaic 0.1 0.5 - -
Insect 0 0 0 0
Turnip Black rot (X. c. pv. campestris) 0.1 0.5 - -
Black leg (Leptosphaeria maculans ) 0.1 0.5 - -
Root Crops: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013

36. Crop Pest Field standard Clone standard
FC CC FC CC
AcidlimeViruses 0 0 0 0
Canker 0 0 0 0
Greening 0 0 0 0
Almond Gummosis C 0 0 0
Apple Bacterial gummosis 0 0 0 0
Leaf curl 0 0 0 0
Collar rot
Woolly aphid
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sanjose scale 0 0 0 0
Banana Bunchy top 0 0
Nematode 0 0
Panama wilt 0 0
Date palmFusarium wilt 0 0 0 0
Pythium 0 0 0 0
Fruit Crops: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013 Contd…

37. Crop Pest Field standard Clone standard
FC CC FC CC
Grapes Nematode 0
Anthracnose 0
Lemon Viruses 0 0 0 0
Canker 0 0 0 0
Mandranin Viruses 0 0 0 0
Mango Malformation 0 0.2 - -
Anthracnose 0 0,2 - -
Dieback 0 0 0 0
Peach Gummosis 0 0 0 0
Leaf curl 0 0 0 0
Pear Pint disease 0 0 0 0
Pecan nut Gummosis - 0 - -
Pineapple Mealy bug 0 - -
Fruit Crops: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013 Contd…

38. Crop Pest Field standard Clone standard
FC CC FC CC
Pomegranate Nematode 0 0 0 0
Plum Plum pox virus 0 0 0 0
Gummosis 0 0 0 0
Sweet orangeViruses 0 0 0 0
Fruit Crops: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013 Contd…

39. Crop Pest Field
standard
Seed
standard
FS CS FS CS
Carnation Streak mosaic virus 0.1 0.2- -
ChrysanthmumGrey mould (Botrytis cinerea) 0.1 0.2- -
Blotch (Septoria chrysanthmella) 0.1 0.2- -
Marigold Leaf spot (Alternaria tagetica) 0.1 0.2- -
Flower bud rot ((A. alternata, A.
dianthi)
0.1 0.2- -
Collar rot (Rhizoctonia solani) 0.1 0.2- -
Ornamental
sunflower
Downy mildew (Plasmopara
halstedii)
0.05 0.05- -
Orobanche cumana 0 0 0 0
Flower Crops: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013

40. Crop Pest Field
standard
Seed
standard
FS CS FS CS
Petunia Leaf blight (Alternaria alternata) 0.10.2- -
Crown rot (Phytophthora parasitica) 0.10.2- -
Leaf blotch (Cercospora petuniae) 0.10.2- -
Leaf spot (Acochyta petuniae) 0.10.2- -
Phyllostica leaf spot (Phyllostica petunia) 0.10.2- -
Tobacco mosaic virus 0.10.2- -
Cucumber mosaic virus 0.10.2- -
Snapdragon Anthracnose (Colletotrichum antirrhinin)0.10.2- -
Blight (Phyllosticta antirrhini) 0.10.2- -
Flower Crops: Seed Health Standards - MSCS 2013 Contd..

41. Tissue Culture Raised Propagules: MSCS 2013
Apple Source
Apple mosaic virus
Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSP)
Endophtytic (or) epiphytic bacteria
Fungi
Plants
Apple mosaic virus
Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus
Bamboo Source and plant
Endophytic or epiphytic bacteria
Fungi
Bamboo mosaic virus
G
enetic fidelity

42. Banana Source and plant
Banana banchy top virus
Cucumber mosaic virus
Banana bract mosaic virus
Banana streak virus
Black pepper Source and plant
Cucumber mosaic virus
Badnavirus
Phytoplasma
Endo/epiphytic bacteria
Fungi
Citrus Source and plant
Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV)
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV)
Citrus yellow mosaic virus (CYMS)
Endophytic/epiphytic bacteria
Fungi
Tissue Culture Raised Propagules: MSCS 2013 Contd…
G
enetic fidelity

43. Potato
Source Potato virus A
Potato virus S
Potato virus M
Potato virus Y
Potato virus X
Potato leaf roll virus
Potato apical leaf curl virus
Potato spindle tuber viroid
Endo/epiphytic bacteria
Fungi
Field standard Brown rot (bacterial wilt) – 0.05
Mild mosaic- 0.05
Severe mosaic- 0.05
Leaf roll- 0.05
Yellow- 0.05
Apical leaf- 0.05
Tissue Culture Raised Propagules: MSCS 2013 Contd…
G
enetic fidelity

44. Sugarcane Source
Sugarcane mosaic virus
Badnavirus
Yellow leaf
Leuteovirus
Epiphy/endophytic bacteria & fungi
Fungus- red rot, smut
Phytoplasma- grassyshoot
Plants
Sugarcane mosaic virus
Badnavirus
Yellow leaf
Luteovirus G
e n
e t i c f i d
e l i t y
Tissue Culture Raised Propagules: MSCS 2013 Contd…

45. Vanilla Source
Vanilla mosaic virus
Vanilla necrosis potyvirus
Cymbidium mosaic potexvirus
Odotoglossum ring spot spot
tobamovirus
Potyvirus
Rhabdovirus
Endophytic/epiphytic bacteria
Fungi
Tissue Culture Raised Propagules: MSCS 2013 Contd…
G
e n
e t i c f i d
e l i t y

46. National Certification System for Tissue
Culture-raised Plants (NCS-TCP)
DBT, Govt. of India
• Accreditation of test laboratories
•Genetic fidelity
•Virus testing
• Recognition of Tissue culture production facilities
• Referral laboratory
• Certification of tissue culture-raised plants
• Guidelines for Accreditation of Test
 laboratory
for virus
diagnosis and Genetic fidelity testing of tissue culture raised
plants and Tissue Culture Production Facility
DBT, Govt. of India
authorized under Section-8 of
Seeds Act 1966, vide Gazette
Notification dated 10.3.2006
is the Certification Agency for
the purpose for certification of
the tissue culture raised
propagules up to laboratory
level and to regulate its
genetic fidelity as prescribed
PMEC
Accreditation Panel

47. Accredited Test Laboratories under
NCSTCP, DBT, Govt. of India
1.Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla
2.Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow
3.Vasantdada Sugarcane Institute, Pune
4.University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), GKVK,
Bangalore
Certified 340 million plants of banana,
potato,Sugarcane, bamboo tissue culture raised
plants

48. Recognized Tissue Culture Production
Units under NCSTCP
•83 Tissue Culture Production Units
–Andhra Pradesh11
–Chattisgarh- 3
–Gujarat- 9
–Haryana- 3
–Karnataka- 9
–Kerala- 1
–Maharashtra- 21
–Madhya Pradesh- 1
–Orissa- 1
–Punjab- 1
–Tamil Nadu- 3
–Uttar Pradesh - 2
–Uttarakhand- 1
–West Bengal - 4

49. Certification of Vegetatively-propagated
Material
•Citrus: NRC Citrus, Nagpur
•Cassava: CPCRI, Trivendrum
•Potato: CPRI, Shimla

50. National Status of Seed-transmitted Viruses
Parameters Information
•Economic importance Yes ?
•Prevalence Fragmented reports
•Techniques for detection Yes
•Protocols for detection
in seeds (batch testing)Nil
•Data on epidemiology Negligible
•Seed Certification norms No

51. Objectives
•Assessment of prevalence of seed-transmitted virus(es)
•Standardization of techniques for detection of virus(es)
•Development of diagnostic kits for a few seed-transmitted virus(es)
•Investigations on field dissemination of seed-transmitted virus(es)
•Development of model case of seed certification protocol as a
strategy for management of seed-transmitted viral diseases
NATP Mission Mode Sub-project
Diagnostics and Development of Seed Certification
Protocols for Management of Seed-transmitted Viral
Diseases of Grain Legumes

52. Assessment of Prevalence (Through Seed Samples
Collected from Different Sources*)
Crop No. of SamplesPlace of Collection
Cowpea 114 Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka,
Rajasthan, TN, and UP.
Mungbean 163 Andhra Pradesh (AP), Bihar, Delhi,
Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka,
Meghalaya, Manipur, Rajasthan,
Sikkim and UP.
Pea 347 Karnataka, MP, Maharastra and UP.
Soybean 273 AP, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka,
MP and Uttaranchal (UT).
Urdbean 217 AP, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi,
Gujarat, Haryana, J & K, MP, UT, UP.
Total 1114
*Seeds were collected from NSC Ltd., State Seed Corporations, Tarai
Development Corporation, ICAR Institutes, SAUs and Farmers

54. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
No. of aphids on plants
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
I
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e
(
%
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
N
o
. o
f
a
p
h
i
d
s
/
s
q
. i
n
c
h
(
t
r
a
p
s
)
Epidemiology of SMV on Soybean cv. JS 335
(Initial Infection 1%)

55. Epidemiology of SMV on Soybean cv. JS 335
(Initial Infection 2%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No. of aphids on plants
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
I
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e
(
%
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
N
o
.

o
f

a
p
h
i
d
s

/
s
q
.

i
n
c
h

(
t
r
a
p
s
)

56. 0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
No. of aphids on plant
D
is
e
a
s
e
in
c
id
e
n
c
e
(%
)
0
5
10
15
20
N
o
. o
f a
p
h
id
/ s
q
. in
c
h

(tr
a
p
s
)
Epidemiology of SMV on Soybean cv. JS 335
(Initial Infection 3%)

57. Epidemiology of SMV on Soybean cv. JS 335
(Initial Infection 6%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
1234567
No. of aphids on plants
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
I
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e
(
%
)
0
0.5
1
1.5
N
o
. o
f
a
p
h
i
d
s
/
s
q
. i
n
c
h

(
t
r
a
p
s
)

58. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
No. of aphids on plants
D
is
e
a
s
e
in
c
id
e
n
c
e
(%
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
N
o
. o
f a
p
h
id
s
/ s
q
. in
c
h

(tr
a
p
s
)
Epidemiology of SMV on Soybean cv. JS 335
(Initial Infection 9%)

59. Correlation of Initial Infection of Seedlings
with Disease Incidence (Role of Vector)
Initial infection (%)Disease incidence (%)
1 15
2 19
3 20
6 41
9 90

60. Yield Loss Estimates
Initial
infection
(%)
Final
disease
incidence
(%)
Seed yield
loss/ plant
(%)
Seed yield
loss/ 100
plants (%)
Estimated
seed yield
loss (%)
1 15 70 0.7 10.50
0.5 7.5 70 0.7 5.25
Hence tolerance limit of soybean seed lot proposed as 0.5%

61. –Seed Certification Standards Proposed
BlCMV/ cowpea : 0.5%
SMV/ soybean : 0.5%
–Developed diagnostic kits for
BICMV/ cowpea
CABMV/ cowpea
SMV/ soybean
Seed Certification Standards & Diagnostics

62. Technical Issues for Review
Designated diseases as indicated in MSCS (2013)
Standards for field and seed stage
Procedures to be subjected to statistical scrutiny
and review
–Field stage
–Seed stage
–Seed dressing/ treatment
Action: DAC/ ICAR/ SAUs

63. Establishment and accreditation of laboratories
for seed health testing (in line with NCSTCP)
to undertake quality control and diagnostic services
to enhance their credibility at the international level

.
Action: DAC/ ICAR
Manpower Development
Identify critical gaps in expertise
•Expertise required in the field of taxonomy and
biosystematics
Action: DAC

64. Re-prioritization of Research
Detection techniques
Relationship between seed infection level and disease development
Development of seed certification norms (Tolerance limits)
Action: ICAR/ SAUs
Database Development
National database on endemic pests being developed by
Regional Plant Quarantine Station, Chennai
Action: DAC/ ICAR

65. National Plant Pests Diagnostic
Network (NPPDN)
Seed Health
Research Laboratories
Central
Co-ordination Unit
DAC/ ICAR
Quarantine stations Seed Testing stations
NPPDN

66. Pest Diagnosis - Use the Best Tool for the Job

67. Perspectives
Need for
–Meeting the challenges in detection of pests including
viruses
–Pest surveillance programmes to identify new pests
–Identification of pest-free areas (pest-free seed production
& export promotion)
–Roster of Experts (seed health testing) in South Asia
–South Asia Regional Expert Group on Seed Health Testing
–Development of National Plant Pests Diagnostic Network
(NPPDN) - India

68. Acknowledgements
•Dr Ravi Khetarpal, APAARI, Bangkok
•Dr SC Dubey, Head, Division of Plant Quarantine, ICAR-NBPGR, New
Delhi
•Director, ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi
•Scientists, technical and Supporting staff , Division of Plant Quarantine,
ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi
•RAs, SRFs
Thank you for your attention