02.-HISTORICAL-ANTECEDENTS-IN-THE-COURSE-OF-SCIENCE-AND.pdf

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1. OPENING
PRAYER

2. RECAP

3. WELCOME TO STS

4. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
IN THE COURSE OF
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY

5. SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
➢Play major roles in everyday life.
➢Make difficult and complicated tasks easier and allow
people to do more with so little effort and time.
➢Its developments are not just a products of people’s
imagination or a one-time thought process but by
gradual improvements to earlier works from different
time periods to raise the quality of life
.

6. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE
COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Ancient Time
300-400BC
Medieval/
Middle Time
16
th-17th century
Modern Times
20
th
- present

7. transportation
•people were trying to go to places
and discover new horizons.
•They travelled to search for food.
•Find better locations for their
settlements.
•They travelled to trade their surplus
goods in exchange for things that
they lacked.

8. communication
•Essential to discover and occupy new places.
•Facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts.
•for record-keeping since they needed to
remember the places they had been to &
document the trades they made with each
other.
•for record keeping also in their history and
culture so they could establish their identities as
they tried to relate with other cultures and
civilizations.

9. Weapons and
Armors
•For security and
protection

10. Discovery of cures to
different illnesses•Conservation of
life

11. Engineering and
Architecture
•For better transportation
•Establishment of structures for
protection from human attacks and
natural disasters.
•Architectural designs were signs of
technological advancement of a
particular civilization. It is also a status
symbol among nations.

12. Ancient
Times
Sumerian Civilization
Babylonian
Civilization
Egyptian
Civilization
Greek
Civilization
Roman Civilization
Chinese Civilization

13. Sumerian
Civilization
CUNEIFORM
➢The first writing system that utilizes word pictures
and triangular symbols which are carved on clay
using wedge instruments ad then left to dry.
➢Allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things
with great historical value or their everyday life.

14. Sumerian
Civilization
CUNEIFORM
Key Features of Cuneiform:
•Origins and Development: Initially used to keep records of
agricultural goods, trade, and transactions, cuneiform symbols
evolved from word-pictures to represent sounds (phonetic
writing), making it more versatile for recording abstract ideas,
laws, and literature.
•Writing Tools and Medium: Scribes used a stylus, often made of
reed, to carve symbols into wet clay. Afterward, the clay tablets
were left to dry, either in the sun or by baking in kilns, making the
records durable.
•Uses: Beyond simple accounting, cuneiform was used to record
important historical events, legal codes (like the Code of
Hammurabi), myths (such as the Epic of Gilgamesh), and everyday
matters like business contracts and administrative records.
•Historical Significance: As the first writing system, cuneiform
revolutionized record-keeping, communication, and
administration in the ancient world. It allowed the Sumerians and
later civilizations like the Babylonians and Assyrians to preserve
their knowledge, culture, and laws for future generations.

15. Sumerian
Civilization
Uruk City
➢The first true city in the world.
➢The Sumerians were able to build the
city using only mud and clay from the
river, which they mixed with reeds,
producing sunbaked bricks.

16. Sumerian
Civilization
Uruk City
Uruk is often regarded as the world’s first true city,
located in what is now southern Iraq. Founded by
the Sumerians around 4500 BCE, it became one of
the most important urban centers in ancient
Mesopotamia. Uruk’s development marks a
significant moment in human history, as it
transitioned from small agricultural villages to a
bustling metropolis with advanced social, economic,
and political structures.

17. Sumerian
Civilization
The Great
Ziggurat of
Ur
➢An engineering and architectural feat of
Sumerians .
➢Known as the mountain of God.
➢Served as the sacred place of their chief God,
where only their priests were allowed to
enter.
➢Made up of sunbaked bricks.

18. Sumerian
Civilization
Irrigation
and Dikes
➢Used to bring water into the farmlands.
➢Control the flooding of the rivers.
➢One of the world’s most beneficial
engineering works.
➢They able to enjoy year-long farming and
harvesting, which increased their food
production.

19. Sumerian
Civilization
Irrigation
and Dikes
➢The development of irrigation systems and dikes
was one of the most significant engineering
achievements of the ancient Sumerians. These
systems allowed them to harness the power of
the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, transforming the
often unpredictable flooding into a source of
consistent, controlled water for their farmlands.
➢ This innovation not only enabled them to thrive
in a challenging environment but also laid the
foundation for the growth of one of the world’s
earliest civilizations.

20. Sumerian
Civilization
Sailboats
➢Essential in transportation and trading
as well as in fostering culture,
information, and technology.

21. Sumerian
Civilization
Wheel
➢Used for farm work and food
processes.
➢Used to mill grains with less effort in
less time.

22. Sumerian
Civilization
The Plow ➢A farm technology that use to dig the earth in a
faster pace.
➢It breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop
the seeds and farm work would already be done.
➢More production of food without taking so much
effort and time.

23. Sumerian
Civilization
The Plow
➢The invention of the plow by the Sumerians
marked a major technological advancement
in farming and agricultural productivity. Prior
to its development, farmers relied on manual
labor using simple tools like digging sticks or
hoes to break up the soil. The plow, however,
revolutionized this process by allowing
farmers to prepare the earth more quickly
and efficiently, which resulted in increased
food production and supported the growth of
ancient Mesopotamian civilization.

24. Sumerian
Civilization
Roads ➢It’s made up of sun-baked bricks
➢Was very useful especially during
rainy season.

25. Babylonian
Civilization
Hanging
Gardens of
Babylon
➢One of the greatest engineering
and architectural achievements of
the world.

26. Babylonian
Civilization
Hanging
Gardens of
Babylon
➢The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are considered
one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,
and though their exact existence and location
remain debated among historians, they are widely
regarded as one of the greatest engineering and
architectural achievements of ancient times.
According to ancient sources, the gardens were
built in the city of Babylon (in modern-day Iraq)
during the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar II around
600 BCE as a gift to his wife, Queen Amytis, who
longed for the green hills and lush landscapes of her
homeland.

27. Egyptian
Civilization
Paper of
Papyrus
➢Easy to carry and store.
➢Less breakable as compared to clay.
➢Used for record-keeping and for
communication.
➢Leads to the invention of ink

28. Egyptian
Civilization
Paper of
Papyrus
Papyrus paper is an ancient writing material used primarily
in Egypt, made from the pith of the papyrus plant (Cyperus
papyrus). The process of making papyrus involved cutting
the plant's stem into thin strips, soaking them, and then
laying them in a crisscross pattern to be pressed and dried
into sheets. Once dry, these sheets could be written on
using ink.
Papyrus was used as the primary writing material in ancient
Egypt, Greece, and Rome before the invention of
parchment and later paper. It was durable and could be
rolled into scrolls for easy storage and transport.

29. Egyptian
Civilization
Hieroglyphics➢Egyptian system of writing using the
symbols.
➢was the language that tells the
modern world of the history and
culture of the ancient Egyptians

30. Egyptian
Civilization
Hieroglyphics
➢Hieroglyphics are a system of writing used by
ancient Egyptians that combines logographic
and alphabetic elements. The word
"hieroglyph" comes from the Greek words
hieros (sacred) and glypho (carving), referring
to the fact that the script was often inscribed
on temple walls, monuments, and tombs. It is
one of the oldest writing systems in the
world, used from around 3300 BCE until
about 400 CE.

31. Egyptian
Civilization
Cosmetics ➢Wig
-for appearance enhancement
-For health and wellness
-Used to protect the shaved heads of
the wealthy Egyptians from the
harmful rays of the sun.

32. Egyptian
Civilization
Water Clock/
Clepsydra
➢This device utilizes gravity that affects
the flow of water from one vessel to
the other.
➢Was widely used as a timekeeping
device during the ancient time.

33. Egyptian
Civilization
Water Clock/
Clepsydra
➢A water clock, also known as a
clepsydra, is one of the oldest time-
measuring devices, used to track time
by the regulated flow of water from or
into a container. The word "clepsydra"
comes from the Greek words kleptein
(to steal) and hydor (water), meaning
"water thief."

34. Egyptian
Civilization
Water Clock/
Clepsydra
How it Works:
A typical water clock involves a container with a
small hole at the bottom through which water
slowly drips out (or fills up, in some designs). As
the water level rises or falls, it marks the
passage of time. The container often has
graduated markings on its inner surface to
indicate the time elapsed based on the
changing water level.

35. Greek
Civilization
Alarm Clock ➢Used by Plato to signal the start of
his lecture.
https://youtu.be/J-ZWl6Lx7lA

36. Greek
Civilization
Alarm Clock
➢The concept of an alarm clock being
invented by Plato is a bit of a mix-up.
While Plato is indeed a key figure in
ancient Greek philosophy and made
significant contributions to education
and knowledge, he did not invent the
alarm clock.

37. Greek
Civilization
Alarm Clock
➢In Plato's time (around 427–347 BCE), devices
for timekeeping were quite rudimentary
compared to modern standards, and the focus
was more on the use of water clocks for
various purposes. The idea of an alarm
mechanism using timekeeping technology
would have been part of broader
advancements in time measurement and
mechanical innovation.

38. Greek
Civilization
Water Mill ➢commonly used in agricultural
processes like milling of grains.
➢Required to access to rivers or
flowing water.

39. Roman
Civilization
Newspaper
➢One of the major contributions of
the Romans.
➢The first newspaper was known as
GAZETTES, contained
announcements of the Roman
empire.

40. Roman
Civilization
Newspaper
➢The concept of newspapers has roots in
ancient Rome, where they developed an
early form of public communication.
➢The Roman contribution to this field was
the Acta Diurna, a daily gazette that can
be considered an early precursor to the
modern newspaper.

41. Roman
Civilization
Newspaper
Acta Diurna (Daily Acts):
1.Origins: The Acta Diurna, meaning "Daily
Acts" or "Daily Public Records," was
introduced around 59 BCE by Julius Caesar.
It was intended to keep the Roman populace
informed about important events,
government decisions, and other news.

42. Roman
Civilization
Newspaper
Content:
Government Announcements: Decrees, laws, and official
notices.
•Court Proceedings: Summaries of legal cases and
judicial decisions.
•Public Events: Information about gladiatorial games,
public feasts, and other civic events.
•Miscellaneous News: It also included news about
significant political and social happenings.

43. Roman
Civilization
Bound Books
or Codex
➢For record-keeping

44. Roman
Civilization
Bound Books
or Codex
➢The codex (plural: codices) represents a
significant advancement in the history of
bookbinding and manuscript production.
➢The term “codex” refers to a book made
up of multiple pages or leaves bound
together along one side, as opposed to a
scroll.

45. Roman
Civilization
Roman
Architecture
➢One of the most contribution of
the Roman empire to the world.
➢Pioneering sturdier and stronger
infrastructure.

46. Roman
Civilization
Roman
Architecture
Legacy:
Roman architectural techniques and innovations had a
profound impact on subsequent architectural styles
and practices. Their mastery of concrete, arches, and
urban planning laid the groundwork for future
developments in architecture and engineering.
The durability and scale of Roman constructions
continue to inspire modern architecture and
infrastructure.

47. Roman
Civilization
Roman
Architecture
The Roman Empire's contributions to
architecture and infrastructure represent a
monumental achievement, reflecting both
their engineering prowess and their ability to
create enduring and functional public spaces.

48. Roman
Civilization
Roman
Numerals
➢A standard counting method
devised by the Romans

49. Roman
Civilization
Roman
Numerals
➢Roman numerals are a numeral system
that originated in ancient Rome and
were used throughout the Roman
Empire. This system is still used today in
various contexts. Here’s an overview of
Roman numerals, their components,
and their usage:

50. Roman
Civilization
Roman
Numerals
Basic Symbols:
The Roman numeral system uses a
combination of letters from the Latin alphabet
to represent values. The basic symbols are:
•I = 1
•V = 5
•X = 10
•L = 50
•C = 100
•D = 500
•M = 1000

51. Roman
Civilization
Roman
Numerals
Rules for Combining Numerals:
Addition: When a smaller numeral is
placed before a larger numeral, it is
subtracted. When placed after, it is
added.
1.VI = 6 (5 + 1)
2.IV = 4 (5 - 1)
3.XIII = 13 (10 + 3)
4.LX = 60 (50 + 10)

52. Roman
Civilization
Roman
Numerals
Subtraction: To avoid four
repetitions of the same numeral,
subtraction is used.
•IV = 4 (5 - 1)
•IX = 9 (10 - 1)
•XC = 90 (100 - 10)
•CD = 400 (500 - 100)
•CM = 900 (1000 - 100)

53. Roman
Civilization
Roman
Numerals
Combination: Larger numbers
are constructed by combining
symbols according to their
values.
•XXVII = 27 (10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1)
•MCMXCIV = 1994 (1000 + 900 + 90 + 4)

54. CHINESE CIVILIZATION

55. Chinese
Civilization
Silk
➢Production of Silk resulted in the
creation of a product for trade.
➢Chinese were the ones who
developed the technology to
harvest the silk and process it to
produce paper and clothing.

56. Chinese
Civilization
Tea
Production
➢Tea was drunk by Chinese emperor.
➢It was developed when an unknown
Chinese inventor created a machine
that was able to shred tea leaves into
strips.
➢The most popular beverage in the
world today.

57. Chinese
Civilization
Great Wall of
China
➢The only man-made structure that
could be seen from outer space
➢The largest and most extensive
infrastructure built by Chinese
people.

58. Chinese
Civilization
Great Wall of
China
➢The Great Wall of China is one of the
most iconic and enduring symbols of
Chinese history and engineering.
➢It represents both the monumental
efforts made by various Chinese
dynasties to protect their realm and the
ingenuity of ancient construction
techniques.

59. Chinese
Civilization
Great Wall of
China
Length and Size:
•The total length of the Great Wall and its various
branches is estimated to be around 13,000 miles
(21,000 kilometers), making it one of the longest
man-made structures in the world.
•The wall's width varies from 15 to 30 feet (4.5 to 9
meters) at its base and can be up to 25 feet (7.6
meters) high in some places.

60. Chinese
Civilization
Gun Powder
➢Is one of the most interesting
inventions in China.
➢Accidentally discovered

61. Chinese
Civilization
Gun Powder
➢Chinese Alchemy
Gunpowder was discovered in China
during the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE).
Chinese alchemists, who were searching
for an elixir of immortality,
experimented with various substances
and chemical reactions.

62. Chinese
Civilization
Gun Powder
➢Accidental Discovery
The exact details of the discovery are not fully
documented, but it is generally believed that
gunpowder was discovered when alchemists
combined sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter
(potassium nitrate). They were trying to create
a substance for medicinal or alchemical
purposes, not anticipating its explosive
potential.

63. Chinese
Civilization
Gun Powder
Early Uses:
•Military Applications: By the 9th century, the
Chinese began to recognize the potential of
gunpowder for military applications. It was
initially used in flamethrowers, bombs, and as a
propellant in simple weapons.
•Firearms and Rockets: Gunpowder’s use
expanded to include early forms of firearms, such
as the fire lance (a spear with a gunpowder-
propelled flame) and rockets. These innovations
laid the groundwork for more advanced
weapons.

64. MIDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES

65. PRINTING PRESS➢Chinese developed woodblock
printing.
➢Invented to address the need for
publishing books that would
spread information to many
people in a faster rate.

66. PRINTING PRESS
➢Johannes Gutenberg was able to
invent the printing press, a more
reliable way of printing using a cast
type. He utilized wooden machines
that extracted juices from fruits,
attached to them a metal
impression of the letters, and
pressed firmly the cast metal into
piece of paper, which then made
an exact impression on paper.

67. MICROSCOPE
14th century:spectacles first made in Italy
14th century:spectacles first made in Italy
1590:Two Dutch spectacle-makers and father-and-
son team,Hans and Zacharias Janssen, create the
first microscope.
1667: Robert Hooke's famous"Micrographia"is
published, which outlines Hooke's various studies
using the microscope.
1675:EnterAnton van Leeuwenhoek, who used a
microscope with one lens to observe insects and
other specimen. Leeuwenhoek was the first to
observe bacteria.
18th century: As technology improved, microscopy
became more popular among scientists. Part of this
was due to the discovery that combining two types
of glass reduced the chromatic effect.

68. TELESCOPE
The earliest known telescope
appeared in 1608 in the Netherlands
when an eyeglass maker named Hans
Lippershey tried to obtain a patent on
one. Although Lippershey did not
receive his patent, news of the new
invention soon spread across Europe.
The design of these early refracting
telescopes consisted of a convex
objective lens and a concave eyepiece.

69. TELESCOPE
•Galileo improved on this design
the following year and applied it
to astronomy.
•In 1611, Johannes Kepler
described how a far more useful
telescope could be made with a
convex objective lens and a
convex eyepiece lens and by 1655
astronomers such as Christiaan
Huygens were building powerful
but unwieldy Keplerian telescopes
with compound eyepieces.

70. WAR WEAPONS
From the early period of medieval times all kinds
of medieval weapons were being developed as
wealthy landowners and Kings sought to increase
their wealth and power by invading other
people's territory, hoping to steal their land and
treasures such as gold, silver and other precious
metals.

71. MODERN TIMES

72. Pasteurization is the process of heat
processing a liquid or a food to kill pathogenic
bacteria to make the food safe to eat. The use
of pasteurization to kill pathogenic bacteria
has helped reduce the transmission of
diseases, such as typhoid fever, tuberculosis,
scarlet fever, polio, and dysentery.
It is important to note that foods can
become contaminated even after they have
been pasteurized. For example, all pasteurized
foods must be refrigerated. If the pasteurized
food is temperature-abused (e.g., if milk or
eggs are not kept refrigerated), it could become
contaminated. Therefore, it is important
toalwayshandle food properly by handling it
with clean hands, preventing it from becoming
contaminated, and keeping it at a safe
temperature.
PASTEURIZATION

74. Petroleum refining is a technology
that uses fossil fuels as raw materials
and chemical catalysts as a means to
achieve conversion of petroleum
through once, twice, and deep
processing to get a series of chemical
products, which are further used as
the basic raw materials for synthetic
fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics,
chemical fertilizers and pesticides
production.
PETROLEUM
REFINERY

76. TELEPHONE
The wordtelephone, from the Greek
rootstēle,“far,” andphonē,“sound,” was
applied as early as the late 17th century to
the string telephone familiar to children,
and it was later used to refer to the
megaphone and the speaking tube, but in
modern usage it refers solely to electrical
devices derived from the inventions
ofAlexander Graham Belland others.
Within 20 years of the 1876 Bellpatent, the
telephone instrument, as modified
byThomas Watson,Emil Berliner,Thomas
Edison, and others, acquired a functional
design that has not changed fundamentally
in more than a century.

77. CALCULATOR
An electronic calculator is typically a
portable electronic device used to
perform calculations, ranging from
basic arithmetic to complex
mathematics.

78. PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

79. It was designed by
a famous car
designer named
Atoy Llave who
was in charge of
the “Atoy
Bodykits” and is
well know among
car lovers.
SALAMANDER
AMPHIBIOUS
TRICYCLE
First Filipino made amphibious tricycle, “The Salamander” is
an amphibious tricycle that can run both land and on water.

80. It was designed by
a famous car
designer named
Atoy Llave who
was in charge of
the “Atoy
Bodykits” and is
well know among
car lovers.
SALAMANDER
AMPHIBIOUS
TRICYCLE
The Salamander Amphibious Tricycle is a
unique and innovative vehicle designed to
operate both on land and in water. Developed
by the Philippines' Department of Science and
Technology (DOST), this vehicle is tailored to
address transportation challenges in areas with
frequent flooding or difficult terrain.

81. The SALt Lamp is an environment-friendly and sustainable
alternative light source that runs on saltwater, making it
suitable to those who live in coastal areas.
It can also function well in remote barrios. With just two table
spoons of salt and one glass of tap water, this ecologically
designed lamp can run for eight hours.
SALT LAMP

82. The salt lamp as we know it today, particularly
the Himalayan salt lamp, does not have a single
inventor but rather evolved over time from
traditional uses of salt.
SALT LAMP

83. MOSQUITO
OVICIDAL/
LARVICIDAL TRAP
SYSTEM

84. friendly becauseE-Jeepneysare noiseless and
smokeless, it uses electricity so use of
expensive diesel will gradually decrease, and
jeepneydriverswill take home more profits as
the electricity is significantly cheaper than
Modern“E-Jeepney”was finally introduced
inMetro Manilaand Bacolod City. Unlike the
standard jeepney we have been accustomed
to, this modern means of transportation offers
three advantages: it is nature
friendly becauseE-Jeepneysare noiseless and
smokeless, it uses electricity so use of
expensive diesel will gradually decrease, and
jeepneydriverswill take home more profits as
the electricity is significantly cheaper than the
ordinary diesel.
EJEEPNEY

85. our country, Filipinos succeeded to make an
authentic “jeepney” from scratch. Since then,
the popular Philippine vehicle has faced a lot of
innovative transformations until the
modern“E-Jeepney”was finally introduced
inMetro Manilaand Bacolod City. Unlike the
1. Give three other major scientific and
technological developments in the Philippines
that created a large impact on your daily life.
2. What historical antecedents gave rise to the
inventions you mentioned in the first question?
3. How did the developments in science and
technology shape human history?
QUESTIONS FOR
REFLECTION

86. SYNTHESIS

87. CLOSING
PRAYER