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1. PRONOUNS

2. In grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a  noun  or noun phrase. Without pronouns, we’d have to keep on repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not to mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short words. Examples include: He She They It We

3. TYPES OF PRONOUNS Indefinite pronouns  – those referring to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or places Personal pronouns  – those associated with a certain person, thing, or group; all except you have distinct forms that indicate singular or plural number Reflexive pronouns  – those preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun to which they refer, and ending in  –self  or  –selves Demonstrative pronouns  – those used to point to something specific within a sentence

4. Possessive pronouns  – those designating possession or ownership Relative pronouns  – those which refer to nouns mentioned previously, acting to introduce an adjective (relative) clause Interrogative pronouns  – those which introduce a question Reciprocal pronouns  – those expressing mutual actions or relationship; i.e. one another Intensive pronouns  – those ending in  –self  or  –selves  and that serve to emphasize their antecedents

5. PRONOUN RULES Subject pronouns may be used to begin sentences. For example: We did a great job. Subject pronouns may also be used to rename the subject. For example: It was she who decided we should go to Hawaii. Indefinite pronouns don’t have antecedents. They are capable of standing on their own. For example: No one likes the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard. Object pronouns are used as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. These include: you, me, him, her, us, them, and it. For example: David talked to her about the mistake. Possessive pronouns show ownership. They do not need  apostrophes . For example: The cat washed  its   whiskers.

6. More Examples We  are going on vacation. Don’t tell  me  that  you  can’t go with  us . Anybody  who says  it  won’t be fun has no clue  what they  are talking about. These  are terribly steep stairs. We  ran into  each other  at the mall.

7. Exercise I’m not sure which is worse: rain or snow. It is one of the nicest Italian restaurants in town. Richard stared at himself in the mirror. The laundry isn’t going to do itself. Someone spilled orange juice all over the countertop!

8. The following exercises will help you gain greater understanding about how pronouns work. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence. This is __________ speaking. a. John b. He c. He john d. Am

9. The following exercises will help you gain greater understanding about how pronouns work. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence. 2. Greg is as smart as __________ is. I me she we

10. The following exercises will help you gain greater understanding about how pronouns work. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence. 3. The dog chewed on __________ favorite toy. a. it’s b. it is c. its’ d. its

11. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

12. A demonstrative pronoun is a  pronoun  that is used to point to something specific within a sentence. These pronouns can indicate items in space or time, and they can be either singular or plural.

13. When used to represent a thing or things, demonstrative pronouns can be either near or far in distance or time: Near in time or distance:  this, these Far in time or distance:  that, those

14. RULES IN USING DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS Demonstrative pronouns always identify nouns, whether those nouns are named specifically or not. For example: “I can’t believe this.” We have no idea what “this” is, but it’s definitely something the writer cannot believe. It exists, even though we don’t know what  it  is.

15. Demonstrative pronouns are usually used to describe animals, places, or things, however they can be used to describe people when the person is identified. Example: This  sounds like Mary singing.

16. Examples This  was my mother’s ring. That  looks like the car I used to drive. These  are nice shoes, but they look uncomfortable. Those  look like riper than the apples on my tree. Such  was her command over the English language. None  of these answers are correct. Neither  of the horses can be ridden.

17. Exercises ____________ was such an interesting experience. That These Those Such

18. Exercises Are ___________ your shoes? That Them Those This

19. Exercises You’ll have to get your own pen. ______________ is mine. That Those Such This

20. Exercises Because of their bad behavior, ____________ of the children were given allowances. None That Those Them

21. RELATIVE PRONOUNS

22. A relative  pronoun  is one which is used to refer to  nouns  mentioned previously, whether they are people, places, things, animals, or ideas. Relative pronouns can be used to join two sentences.

23. There are only a few relative pronouns in the English language. The most common are  which, that, whose, whoever, whomever, who,  and  whom.  In some situations, the words  what, when,  and  where  can also function as relative pronouns.

24. EXAMPLES The cyclist  who  won the race trained hard. The pants  that  I bought yesterday are already stained. The four team leaders,  whomever  the committee selects, will be at tomorrow’s meeting. Spaghetti,  which  we eat at least twice a week, is one of my family’s favorite meals. Where did you buy the dress  t hat  you wore last week ?

25. EXERCISES The festival, ­­­­­­­­­­­______________ lasted all day, ended with a banquet. That Who Which What

26. EXERCISES I am looking for someone __________ can watch my dog while I go on vacation. Which Who Whom Whoever

27. EXERCISES The police needed details _____________ could help identify the robber. Who Whatever That What

28. EXERCISES I’d like to take you to a café _______________ serves excellent coffee. What Whatever Which Whichever

29. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

30. A reflexive pronoun is a type of pronoun that is preceded by the  adverb ,  adjective ,  pronoun , or  noun  to which it refers, so long as that antecedent is located within the same clause.

31. Examples I was in a hurry, so I washed the car  myself. You’re going to have to drive  yourself  to school today. He wanted to impress her, so he baked a cake  himself. Jennifer does chores  herself  because she doesn’t trust others to do them right. That car is in a class all by  itself.

32. Each morning, I brush my teeth and stare at ______________ in the mirror. Himself Herself Myself Itself EXERCISES

33. Dad and I painted the trailer _______________. Myself Himself Itself Ourselves EXERCISES

34. The children made holiday decorations by ________________. Itself Ourselves Themselves Their selves EXERCISES

35. Paul copies his friend’s homework instead of doing it _______________. Itself Himself Myself Yourself EXERCISES

36. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

37. A possessive pronoun is used to avoid repeating information that has already been made clear. These useful  pronouns  make sentences less confusing, as you’ll see when you read the following sentences containing examples of possessive pronouns

38. EXAMPLES This is  my cat,  not  your cat . (Sounds repetitive) This cat is  mine , not  yours . I didn’t have  my book   so Jenny lent me  her book . (Sounds repetitive) I didn’t have my book, so Jenny lent me  hers. Your car  is a lot faster than  my car . (Sounds repetitive) Your car is a lot faster than  mine.

39. EXERCISES The mother cat and __________ kittens napped in the sunshine. His Your Hers Her

40. I like cream cheese on _________ bagels. My Mine Your Our

41. ________ grandfather used to take us fishing. Mine My Our Ours

42. Elaine bought ________ dress at the mall. Yours Mine Her Hers

43. PERSONAL PRONOUNS (SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PROUNOUNS)

44. A personal pronoun is a  pronoun  that is associated primarily with a particular person, in the grammatical sense. When discussing “person” in terms of the grammatical, the following rules apply: First person, as in “I” Second person, as in “you” Third person, as in “It, he, she”

45. In the following examples, personal pronouns are italicized. You  need to stop lying to  me . We  would love for  you  to join  us. Come look at my cat!  He  has climbed to the top of that tree.

46. EXERCISES __________ often reads until late at night. He Alan Mary They

47. EXERCISES __________ is running up and down the stairs. The cat She My brother You

48. EXERCISES We enjoy the roses so much. __________ really liven up the garden. They Its Someone Flowers

49. EXERCISES Melissa isn’t an architect; __________ is an engineer. He They It She

50. OBJECT PRONOUNS

51. An object pronoun is a type of  personal pronoun  that is normally used as a grammatical object, either as the direct or indirect object of a  verb , or as the object of a  preposition . These pronouns always take the objective case, whether they are indirect object pronouns or direct object pronouns.

52. The seven basic pronouns take on different forms when used as object pronouns rather than as  subject pronouns : I  becomes  Me You  becomes  You  (this rule applies for singular and plural use) He  becomes  Him She  becomes  Her It  becomes  It We  becomes  Us They  becomes  Them

53. Examples Bob  took  her  to work Monday. Will  you  please  tell  them  to come in? He  told  you  a lie about where he was Saturday. Our  grandparents  gave   us  candy and our teeth are just fine.

54. Exercise Mary wants to talk to __________ about your homework. Him Her You Them

55. Exercise The plate shattered when John dropped __________ on the floor. Him Her Them It

56. Exercise Be careful; he lied to __________ before and he may do it again. Us It We They

57. Exercise Where are Jill and Cherie? Didn’t you invite __________? Us Them They Her

58. SUBJECT PRONOUNS

59. What is a Subject Pronoun? A subject pronoun is exactly what it sounds like: a  pronoun  that takes the place of a  noun  as the subject of a sentence. Remember, a sentence’s subject is the person or thing that performs the action of a verb. When you take an even closer look, you’ll see that a subject pronoun is used as the subject of a verb, while an  object pronoun  is usually used as a grammatical object.

60. EXAMPLES We   gave  them  a head start in the race. You   told  Jerry  that his score was among the best; that made him feel better. She   lost  weight  by cutting out junk food. They   drank  water  from a spring that ran right out of the mountainside.

61. EXERCISES __________ kicked the ball so hard that his shoe came off. She They He It

62. __________ prefer hiking to movies. She He We It

63. You can have ice cream after __________ finish your dinner. We You It She

64. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

65. Indefinite pronouns are those referring to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or places. They are called “indefinite” simply because they do not indicate the exact object, being, or place to which they refer.

66. EXAMPLES Many  are called, but  few  are chosen. Somebody  ate my sandwich! Everyone  says she is beautiful inside and out. No one  wants to hear about my health problems. Either  choice has  its  advantages.

67. EXERCISES __________________ is making my computer act up. Anyone Something Each Everyone

68. EXERCISES Does _______________ know what’s happening tonight? Anybody Anyone Someone A, B, and C

69. ____________ happens for a reason. Anybody Everything Some Somebody

70. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

71. A reciprocal pronoun is a  pronoun  which is used to indicate that two or more people are carrying out or have carried out an action of some type, with both receiving the benefits or consequences of that action simultaneously. Any time something is done or given in return, reciprocal pronouns are used. The same is true any time mutual action is expressed.

72. There are only two reciprocal pronouns. Both of them allow you to make sentences simpler. They are especially useful when you need to express the same general idea more than once. Each other One another

73. EXAMPLES Maria and Juan gave  each other  gold rings on their wedding day. The students congratulated  one another  after giving practice speeches.

74. INTENSIVE PRONOUN

75. An intensive pronoun is almost identical to a  reflexive pronoun . It is defined as a  pronoun  that ends in  self  or  selves  and places emphasis on its antecedent by referring back to another noun or pronoun used earlier in the sentence. For this reason, intensive pronouns are sometimes called emphatic pronouns.

76. REFLEXIVE VS INTENSIVE You can tell the difference between a reflexive pronoun and an intensive pronoun easily: Intensive pronouns aren’t essential to a sentence’s basic meaning

77. EXAMPLE REFLEXIVE Jim made  himself  coffee. Without the reflexive pronoun  himself , it would be impossible for the reader to know who Jim made coffee for.

78. EXAMPLE INTENSIVE Jim made coffee for the king  himself . Here,  himself  refers to the king rather than to Jim. The reader is meant to be impressed that Jim made coffee for the king.

79. EXAMPLES Jesse wondered aloud whether he  himself  was the only one seeing what was happening. Maria knew that she  herself  could make a positive impact on the world, if only she put her mind to it. You  yourself  can easily transform your body: All it takes is a proper diet and plenty of exercise.

80. EXERCISES We built a garden shed by ______________. Myself Ourselves Themselves Himself

81. I’m a little nervous about walking by _____________ after dark. Myself Ourselves Themselves Herself

82. The twins are growing up fast; they’re already walking by _____________. Myself Ourselves Himself Themselves