02 Sensors and Actuators Understand .pdf

Sensors and Actuator
Understand networking theories and concepts, such as OSI model, TCP/IP protocols, and subnetting
Build logical and abstract thinking

1. Internet of Things
Sensors & Actuators
Abdallah El Ghamry

2. IoT Applications

3. Things

4. Internet of Things

5. Internet of Things
▪TheInternetofThings(IoT)representsthenetworkofphysicalobjects
“Things”thatareintegratedwithsensors,softwareandothertechnologies
forthepurposeofexchangingdatawithotherdevicesontheInternet.

6. Sensors
▪Asensorisadevicethatdetectssometypeofinputfromthephysical
environment.
▪Theinputcanbelight,heat,motion,pressureoranynumberofother
environmentalphenomena.

7. Sensors
Temperature
and Humidity
PIR Motion
Detection
Microphone
Sound Detection
Gas/Smoke
Sensor
Photoresistor
CdS Sensor
Ultrasonic
Sensor
IR Obstacle
Avoidance
Heart Rate
Sensor (ECG)

8. Actuators
▪Sensorsturnaphysicalinputintoanelectricaloutput,while
actuatorsdotheopposite.
▪Actuatorstakeelectricalsignalsfromcontrolmodulesandturnthem
intophysicaloutputs.
LEDs Buzzer DC Fan Servo Motor

9. Actuators: Servo Motor
▪Aservomotorisanelectricaldevicewhichcanpushorrotatean
objectwithgreatprecision.

10. Actuators: Servo Motor
▪TheHBE-ROBONOVAAI3isanintelligentrobotwithanMR-C3024
controllerboardcapableofcontrolling32servomotorssimultaneously.

11. Processing
Arduino Raspberry Pi

12. Arduino
▪Arduinoisopen-sourcehardwarethatcanbeusedtodevelop
embeddedsystemswithopen-sourcesoftware.
▪Arduinohasgainedmassivepopularityamongstudentsformakinga
workingmodel.
▪ThereasonsbehindthepopularityofArduinoareitslowcost,
availabilityofsoftware,andeasy-to-interfacepossibility.
▪TheArduinoenvironmenthasbeendesignedtobeeasytousefor
beginnerswhohavenosoftwareorelectronicsexperience.

13. Arduino
▪Arduinoisusedinmanyeducationalprogramsaroundtheworld,
particularlybydesignerswhowanttoeasilycreateprototypesbutdo
notneedadeepunderstandingofthetechnicaldetails.
▪Becauseitisdesignedtobeusedbynontechnicalpeople,the
softwareincludesplentyofexamplecodetodemonstratehowtouse
theArduinoboard.
▪Peoplealreadyworkingwithmicrocontrollersarealsoattractedto
Arduinobecauseofitsfacilityforquickimplementationofideas.

14. Arduino Uno Board

15. Arduino Mega Board

16. Connecting Arduino to Power

17. Connecting Arduino to Power

18. Power Supply Pins
▪TheArduinoUnoprovidesbotha5V,anda3.3Vpowersupply.

19. Arduino IDE
▪TheArduinoIDEenablesyoutowriteandeditcodeandconvertthiscode
intoinstructionsthatArduinohardwareunderstands.

20. Downloading Arduino IDE
▪Gotohttps://www.arduino.cc/en/softwarewebsite.

21. Downloading Arduino IDE
▪Clickthe“JustDownload”option.

22. Installing Arduino IDE

23. Installing Arduino IDE

24. Installing Arduino IDE

25. Installing Arduino IDE

26. Arduino Sketches
▪A sketchis the name that Arduino uses for a program.
voidsetup(){
// put your setup code here, to run once:
}
voidloop(){
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
}

27. Arduino Sketches
▪TherearetwospecialfunctionsthatareapartofeveryArduino
sketch:setup()andloop().
▪Thesetup()iscalledonce,whenthesketchstarts.
▪It’sagoodplacetodosetuptaskslikesettingpinmodes.
▪Theloop()functioniscalledoverandoverandisheartofmost
sketches.
▪Youneedtoincludebothfunctionsinyoursketch,evenifyoudon’t
needthemforanything.

28. Turning on an LED

29. Turning on an LED

30. Turning on an LED: Steps
1.Connectbreadboardpower(+)andground(-)railstoArduino5V
andground(GND),respectively.

31. Turning on an LED: Steps
2.PlugtheLEDintotwodifferentbreadboardrows.

32. Turning on an LED: Steps
3.Thecathode(shorterleg)connectstoonelegofaresistorof330Ω,
andtheotherresistorlegtotheground.

33. Turning on an LED: Steps
4.WireuptheLEDanode(longerleg)tothepower.

34. Your First Arduino Project: Blinking an LED
▪TurnanLEDonandoffeverysecond.

35. Your First Arduino Project: Circuit
▪TurnanLEDonandoffeverysecond.

36. Your First Arduino Project: Steps
1.Connectbreadboardpower(+)andground(-)railstoArduino5V
andground(GND),respectively.

37. Your First Arduino Project: Steps
2.PlugtheLEDintotwodifferentbreadboardrows.

38. Your First Arduino Project: Steps
3.Thecathode(shorterleg)connectstoonelegofaresistorof330Ω,
andtheotherresistorlegtotheground.

39. Your First Arduino Project: Steps
4.WireuptheLEDanode(longerleg)toArduinopin13.

40. Your First Arduino Project: Schematic

41. Your First Arduino Project: Blink
YoumayalsoloaditfromFile→Examples→01.Basics→Blink

42. Your First Arduino Project: Code
// Turns an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly .
// The setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
voidsetup(){
// Initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN (13) as an output.
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}
// The loop function runs over and over again forever
voidloop(){
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // Turn the LED on
delay(1000); // Wait for a second
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // Turn the LED off
delay(1000); // Wait for a second
}

43. Your First Arduino Project: Arduino AVR Boards
GotoTools→Board,andselectyourboard.

44. Your First Arduino Project: Port
GotoTools→Port,andselecttheportoftheArduinoboard.

45. Your First Arduino Project: Verify a Sketch
ClicktheVerifybuttontotrycompilingthesketchandcheckforerrors.

46. Your First Arduino Project: Upload a Sketch
ClicktheUploadbuttontoprogramtheboardwiththesketch.

47. Your First Arduino Project: Discussion
▪ThefirstthingyoudoistoinitializeLED_BUILTINpinasanoutputpin
withtheline:
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
▪Inthemainloop,youturntheLEDonwiththeline:
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);
▪Thenyouturnitoffwiththeline:
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);

48. Your First Arduino Project: Discussion
▪Thedelay()causestheArduinotowaitforthespecifiednumberof
millisecondsbeforecontinuingontothenextline.
▪Thereare1000millisecondsinasecond,sothefollowinglinecreatesa
delayofonesecond.
delay(1000);
▪Constantsareusedtomaketheprogramseasiertoread.
▪TheconstantLED_BUILTINisthenumberofthepintowhichtheon-
boardLEDisconnected.
▪MostboardshavethisLEDconnectedtodigitalpin13.

49. Your First Arduino Project: Alternative Code
// Turns an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly .
// The setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
voidsetup(){
// Initialize digital pin 13 as an output.
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}
// The loop function runs over and over again forever
voidloop(){
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn the LED on
delay(1000); // Wait for a second
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Turn the LED off
delay(1000); // Wait for a second
}

50. Photoresistor (Light Sensor)
▪Thephotoresistorisalightsensitive,variableresistor.

51. Photoresistor (Light Sensor)
▪Photoresistorsareperfectformakinglightcontrolledswitches.

52. Photoresistor: Circuit

53. Photoresistor: Circuit

54. Photoresistor: Components
▪Youneed
•Arduino
•LED
•Photoresistor
•330ΩResistor
•10KΩResistor
•Jumpers
•Breadboard

55. Photoresistor: Steps
1.Connectbreadboardpower(+)andground(-)railstoArduino5V
andground(GND),respectively.

56. Photoresistor: Steps
2.Dragaphotoresistortoyourbreadboard,soitslegsplugintotwo
differentrows.

57. Photoresistor: Steps
3.Createawireconnectingonephotoresistorlegtopower.

58. Photoresistor: Steps
4.Draga10KΩresistortoconnecttheotherphotoresistorlegtothe
ground.

59. Photoresistor: Steps
5.Connectthephotoresistorlegthatisconnectedwiththegroundto
theArduinoA0pin.

60. Photoresistor: Steps
6.PlugtheLEDintotwodifferentbreadboardrows.

61. Photoresistor: Steps
7.Thecathode(shorterleg)connectstoonelegofaresistorof330Ω,
andtheotherresistorlegtotheground.

62. Photoresistor: Steps
8.WireuptheLEDanode(longerleg)toArduinopin13.

63. Photoresistor: Code
intphotoresistor = 0; // A variable holds the value of photoresistor
intthreshold = 750; //
voidsetup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // Start a serial connection with the computer
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // Set pin 13 as an output pin
}
voidloop()
{
photoresistor = analogRead(A0); // Read the brightness of the LED
Serial.println(photoresistor); // Print the value of photoresistor
// If the photoresistor value < threshold turn the light on, otherwise turn it off
if(photoresistor < threshold)
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn on the LED
else
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Turn off the LED
delay(100); // Short delay
}

64. ADC vs. DAC

65. Read Analog Voltage
▪Themicrocontrolleroftheboardhasacircuitinsidecalledan
analog-to-digitalconverter(ADC)thatreadsthischangingvoltage
andconvertsittoanumberbetween0and1023.
▪TheADCinArduinois10-bit.
0000000000 0V
1111111111 5V

66. Read Analog Voltage
▪TheanalogRead()returnsanumberbetween0and1023thatis
proportionaltotheamountofvoltagebeingappliedtothepin.
▪Toscalethenumbersbetween0and5,divide5by1023andmultiplythat
bysensorValue:
voltage=sensorValue*(5.0/1023.0);

67. Closed-Loop vs. Open-Loop Control Systems
▪Anopen-loopcontrolsystemdoesnotmonitortheoutputtodetermine
whatadjustmentstomaketotheinput.
▪Forexample,whenusingaclothesdryer,youmightsetthetimeronthe
dryertorunthedryingcycleforonehour.
▪Attheendofthehour,thedryerwillstop.
▪Thelevelofdrynessoftheclotheswillvarydependingupontheirlevelof
wetnessatthebeginningofthecycle.
Controller ProcessInput Output

68. Closed-Loop vs. Open-Loop Control Systems
▪Inaclosed-loopcontrolsystem,theoutputismeasuredtodetermine
whetheritisthedesiredoutputandadjusttheinputasappropriate.
▪Forexample,iftheclothesdryerisequippedwithmoisturesensors,the
inputmaybealevelofdrynessthatadjuststhecyclebyextendingthe
dryingtimeuntilthesensorsindicatetheclothesaredried.
Controller Process
Sensor
Input Output
Error

69. Appendix 1: SparkFun Inventor's Kit (SIK)
▪Gotohttps://www.sparkfun.com/sikcodeanddownloadtheexamples.

70. Appendix 2: Arduino Reference
▪Gotohttps://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/tolearnArduinobasics.