02_Unit_I_Biodynamic agriculture, GAP, Pest, Pest control, Biopesticide.pptx

Pharmacognosy

1. Biodynamic Agriculture Biodynamic agriculture is a form of organic farming which includes various concepts introduced by Rudolf Steiner in 1924. Bio dynamics is a system of organic agriculture which recognizes the biological and chemical values of soil and treats soil fertility, plant growth and livestock care as ecologically interrelated tasks. Bio dynamic farming is an alternative where the chemical fertilizers are totally replaced by microbial (biological) nutrients derived from bacteria, algae, fungi and it emphasizes the use of manures and composts. Bio dynamic farming treats animal, crops and soil as single system and fertilizers the use of traditional systems and development of new local breed and varieties.

2. Cow horn manure 500, 501 [to be sprayed directly on the field] 502, 503, 504,505, 506 and 507 [to be used for the preparation of compost] Biodynamic compost It uses various herbal and mineral additives in the manufacture of composts and field sprays. Bio dynamic farming also emphasizes on the use of astronomical sowing and moon planting calendar. Bio dynamic farming promotes composting, green manuring, crop rotations, inter cropping, mixed cropping, etc. as well as employing predators, parasites, which are natural enemies of pests

3. Good Agricultural Practices in cultivation Introduction: The main aim in this GAP is to ensure that the plant raw material meets the demands of the consumer and the standards of the highest quality. The important aspects needing attention include that they are produced hygienically, in order to reduce microbial load to minimum and that they produced with care, so that the negative impacts affecting plants during cultivation, processing and storage can be limited. Organic farming  is a method of crop and livestock production that involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones. The main steps for agricultural practices include preparation of soil, sowing, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, harvesting and storage.

4. Principles and guidelines for Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Seeds and propagation material Cultivation Soil, climatological conditions and fertilization Irrigation Crop maintenance and plant protection Collection Harvesting Drying Packing

5. Seeds and propagation material Seeding materials are to be identified botanically, indicating plant variety, chemotype and origin. The same applies to vegetatively propagated starting material. Starting material should meet the requirements and standards concerning purity and germination. The occurrence of species/variety identical plants and parts of plants has to be controlled in the course of the entire production process.

6. Cultivation Soil, Climatological conditions and fertilization Medicinal and aromatic plants should not be grown in soils that are contaminated by sludge. Soil should not be contaminated by heavy metals, residues of plant protection products and other not naturally occurring chemicals. Plants must be cultivated on suitable cultivation ground and under correct climatic conditions. The manure applied should be void of human waste and it should be thoroughly composed. A proper climatic condition should be selected for sowing the seed of the plant.

7. Irrigation Irrigation should be minimized as much as possible and applied according to the needs of the plant. It should be according with national and potential standards. It should be free from possible contaminants such as faeces, heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides and toxicologically hazardous substances.

8. Crop maintenance and plant projection Tillage should be adapted to plant growth and must be carried out when required. Pesticide and herbicide application should be avoided as far as possible. When necessary, they should be carried out using the minimum effective rates of approved plant protection products. These products must be applied by qualified staff with approved equipment. It is compulsory to inform the purchaser of the plant material in writing of the brand, the amount and time of the use of plant protection products. The use of pesticides and herbicides have to be documented.

9. Pests and Pest Control Pest is an undesired animal or plant species which harms the desired plant. Pesticides are chemicals derived from synthetic and natural sources effective in small concentrations against pests. Types of Pest Fungi and Viruses Insects Weeds Non-insect pests Vertebrates Invertebrates  

10. Name of the Fungi Disease condition in plant Name of the disease Ascochyta atropae Formation of greyish white irregular spots. Leaf necrosis 2. Cercospora atropae Causes round to angular brown spots with chestnut coloured margins on both sides of leaves Leaf spot 3. Phytophthora nicotianae Dropping of young leaves and branches, yellowing of older leaves and drying of whole apical portion Phytophthora root rot 4. Phytophthora erythrosceptica Damping off in young seedlings and wilt in matured plants. It causes black coloration of root Phytophthora rot 1. Fungi and Viruses:

11. Viruses: Mosaic causing necrosis of leaves, petioles and stem of different solanaceous plants Tobacco mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaica virus and tobacco ring spot virus is observed on digitalis. Strain of cucumber mosaic virus is detected on hyoscyamus .

12. Name of the insects Affected plant Heliothis armigera, Odontotermes obesus, Flea beetle, Empoasca pteridis Mentha species Diaphania nilgirica, Indomia cretaceus, Plantia viridicolis and various beetles Rauwolfia Papilio machon, Hyadaphis coriandri Dill Gonocephalum species Belladona 2. Insects It is found that the total number of insect species in the world is larger than the total number of species of all other forms of life put together. Throughout the world, about one million species of insects have been reported. These small creatures cause a drastic problem where from the plants must be properly protected. Other insect pests known to cause damage are caterpillar, cutworms, termites, weevil, Hessian fly, aphids, grasshoppers, locust, spiders, ticks, mites etc.

13. 3. Weeds A weed is an undesired plant. They are considered to be a dreadful pests because losses due to them are more than any other pests. If it is not handled properly it leads to loss of nutrients, water, light and space, increase in cost of labour and equipment, low product quality and problems in marketeability .

14. 4. Non –insect pests: They are grouped into two categories: Vertebrates like rats, monkeys, rabbits, birds, squirrels, pigs etc., Invertebrates like nematodes, crabs, mites etc.. The rodents have sharp and gnawing incisor teeth thereby causing considerable spoilage to stored crude drugs; besides, their faecal matter causes contamination of crude drugs.

15. Methods of pest control Mechanical method Agriculture method Biological method Chemical method  

16. Mechanical method: It employs manual labour along with different devices for collection and destruction of pest. The simple techniques used are hand-picking, pruning, burning and trapping of pests. The better way for protection from rodents like rats is construction of concrete warehouses. The rat and mouse traps are also used. Flying insects can be trapped by funnel shaped container containing flavoured attractants like rose oil, anise oil etc. mixed with saw dust. The insects can easily get an entry into the trap but not an easy exit.

17. II. Agriculture method: Deep plugging for the eradication of weeds and early stages of insects, alternate crop rotation or changing environmental conditions are some methods that leads to obstruction of the life cycle of pests. Nowadays advanced plant breeding techniques like hybridization, mutation, polyploidy and biotechnological manipulations are greatly used for the production of pest resistant species.

18. III. Biological method: Biological approach is of a natural approach, as the nature in which predators, parasites and weed-feeding invertebrates and living organisms are used for controlling the pest or their biological activities. All these are referred to as ‘Bio-rational pesticides’. Microorganisms may be used to kill by causing fatal disease in insects. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis selectively kills only larvae of butterflies and moths and B. papillae kill the grubs of Japanese bettles . B. thuringiensis Var. israelensis is a new strain which specifically attack only mosquito larvae. Microbial controls are safer for most of the non targeted organisms and also human and pets. Biologically derived pest control agents, such as pheromones, allomones and kairomones combinely known as ‘ semio -chemicals’ and hormones also attract, retard, destroy or otherwise exert a pesticide activity.

19. IV. Chemical method: Chemical agents are the major pesticides agents used for the control of pest throughout the world. These are the materials used for the purpose of killing pests or for protecting crops, animals or other properties against the attack of the pest. Insect repellents, attractants, fumigants like insecticides, parasiticides are used for killing mites, ticks. S terilizing agents which employ radioisotopes or chemicals to interfere with reproductive capabilities are now-a-days widely used. New groups of compounds called as insect growth regulators (IGR) pesticides or bio-insecticides consists of the natural chemicals presents in the insects that control their developments. For example, methoprene prevent the pupate stage which develops the reproductive adults. In such cases, larvae grow larger, molt repeatedly and eventually die.

20. Insecticides used in cultivation Chlorinated hydrocarbons: DDT (Di chloro diphenyl tri chloro ethane), Aldrin…. Organophosphorus compounds: Malathion, Methyl parathion, Carbophenothion …. Carbamets : Carbaryl Inorganic compounds: Calcium arsenate, Lead arsenate… Fumigants: Aluminium phosphide, Hydrogen cyanide….. Natural products: Tobacco, Pyrethrum, Derris, Neem, Sabadilla etc..  Definition of Pesticides The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has defined pesticide as: any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals, causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances that may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids, or other pests in or on their bodies.

21. Types of Pesticides These are grouped according to the types of pests which they kill: Insecticides – insects Herbicides – plants Rodenticides – rodents (rats & mice) Bactericides – bacteria Fungicides – fungi Larvicides – larvae

22. Biopesticides/Bioinsecticide: Biopesticides are  certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals .  These are completely non-toxic to the plants; hence increase chlorophyll and proteins in the plants. These are eco-friendly and do not cause any physiological damage to the organism. These are used in very small quantity (4-5 sprays/crop/season). These prevent multiplication of insects. These are biodegradable and do not retain any residue or toxins.

23. No harmful effect on useful micro-organisms or pollinating insects or earthworms. These are safe to handle, store, transport and spray. Do not affect the soil fertility. Do not cause any chemical reaction and can be produced in large quantity and stored safely. These are non-toxic to human beings, hence can be sprayed in habited areas. Biopesticides act as insecticides, fungicides, viricides, insect repellants and sometimes act as growth nutrients.

24. Organic Farming Organic farming is a production system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, genetically modified organisms and livestock food additives. To the maximum extent possible organic farming system rely upon crop rotations, use of crop residues, animal manures, legumes, green manures, farm organic wastes, biofertilizers, mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing rocks and aspects of biological control to maintain soil productivity and tilth to supply plant nutrients and to control insect, weeds and other pests.

25. Organic methods can increase farm productivity, repair decades of environmental damage and knit small farm families into more sustainable distribution networks leading to improved food security if they organize themselves in production, certification and marketing. D uring last few years an increasing number of farmers have shown lack of interest in farming and the people who used to cultivate are migrating to other areas.

26. Organic farming which is a holistic production management system that promotes and enhances agro -ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity is hence important. Many studies have shown that organic farming methods can produce even higher yields than conventional methods. Significant difference in soil health indicators such as nitrogen mineralization potential and microbial abundance and diversity, which were higher in the organic farms can also be seen. The increased soil health in organic farms also resulted in considerably lower insect and disease incidence. The emphasis on small-scale integrated farming systems has the potential to revitalize rural areas and their economies.  

27. Advantages of organic farming It helps to maintain environment health by reducing the level of pollution. It reduces human and animal health hazards by reducing the level of residues in the product. It helps in keeping agricultural production at a sustainable level. It reduces the cost of agricultural production and also improves the soil health.

28. 5. It ensures optimum utilization of natural resources for short-term benefit and helps in conserving them for future generation. 6. It not only saves energy for both animal and machine, but also reduces risk of crop failure. 7. It improves the soil physical properties such as granulation, good tilth, good aeration, easy root penetration and improves water-holding capacity and reduces erosion. 8. It improves the soil’s chemical properties such as supply and retention of soil nutrients, reduces nutrient loss into water bodies and environment and promotes favourable chemical reactions.

29. Disadvantages of organic farming: Organic food is more expensive because farmers do not get as much out of their land as conventional farmers do. Production costs are higher because farmers need more workers. Marketing and distribution is not efficient because organic food is produced in smaller amounts. Organic farmers should have sufficient knowledge and skills about localized soil systems, meteorology, ecology, and other factors that influence crop growth. Without the proper knowledge, an individual organic farmer will be unable to protect his crop in critical stages that may arise while farming processes. The crops are easily susceptible to illness that may slow down production. Organic farms have to go through tough certification processes.