08. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPU - Central Processing Unit
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1. CPU
Central Processing Unit

2. Central Processing Unit
Microprocessor
The Chip
The Processor
2

3. CPUs
3

4. CPU
Thebrainofacomputersystemwhere
calculationsanddecisionsaremade
Themainpartofthecomputerthat
manages,stores,andusesdata
Asiliconchipwhichnormallycontains
millionsoftransistors
https://duckduckgo.com/?q=define+centralprocessingunit
https://www.google.com/search?q=CPU&tbs=dfn :1
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5. Components of a CPU
Twomaincomponents
ArithmeticLogicUnit
ControlUnit
Othercomponents
Registers
Cache
…etc
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6. Theunitthatperformsarithmeticandlogicoperations
suchasaddition,subtraction,shiftingoperationsand
logicinstructions(booleancomparisons,suchasAND,OR,
XOR,andNOToperations)
ALUsaredesignedtoperformintegercalculations.
Therefore,besidesaddingandsubtracting,ALUsoften
handlethemultiplications,sincetheresultisalsoan
integer
FPU(Floating-PointUnit)
●ALUstypicallydonotperformdivisionoperations,asthe
resultmaybeafraction,ora"floatingpoint"number.
Instead,divisionoperationsareusuallyhandledbytheFPU,
whichalsoperformsothernon-integercalculations
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ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

7. 7
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

8. ThecontrolunitisbasicallycircuitryinsidetheCPU,
controllingtheoperationsinsidetheCPUand
"directingtraffic"inasense.Thefunctionsacontrol
unitperformscandependonthetypeofCPU,since
thevaryingdegreesofarchitecturebetweenallthe
differentCPUswilldeterminethefunctionsofthe
controlunit
Handlesallprocessorcontrolsignals.Itdirectsall
inputandoutputflow,fetchescodeforinstructions
frommicroprogramsanddirectsotherunitsand
modelsbyprovidingcontrolandtimingsignals
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Control Unit (CU)

9. Registers
LocalstoragespaceonaCPUthatholdsdatathatisbeing
processed.Registersgenerallyoccupythetop-mostpositionin
thememoryhierarchy,providinghigh-speedandfastaccess
Generallymeasuredintermsofbitstodeterminetheamount
ofdatatheycanhold.Forexample,thetwomostfrequently
usedterms,32-bitprocessor’and64-bitprocessor,generally
refertothesizeoftheregisterontheprocessor
Processorregistersarenormallymadeofstaticordynamic
randomaccessmemory(RAM)cells.StaticRAMoffersfaster
accesstodatathandynamicRAM,whichisrelativelyslow
CategoriesofRegisters
●http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register#Categories_of_registers
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10. Cache
CPUCacheisadatastoragesectionofaCPUorprocessor.Itspurpose
isto"cache"(or"keepinhand")thenextsetofinstructionsanddata
thatiscurrentlyneeded
SlowerthanRegisters,FasterthanMainMemory
Comesindifferentlevels.L1,L2,L3
L3normallyusedtofoundoutsidetheCPUusuallyinMotherboardof
HighEndmachines(Gaming,Serversetc.).CertainnewerCPUs
containon-dieL3cache
Speed(performance):L1>L2>L3
Size(capacity):L1<L2<L3
TypicalCoreICPUcontains
●L1cache 64kBpercore
●L2cache 256kBpercore
●L3cache 1MBto8MBshared
55 10

11. CPU Diagrams
11

12. CPU Vendors
Intel
AMD
(Advanced Micro Devices)
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13. CPU Vendors
ListofIntelmicroprocessors
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors
ListofAMDmicroprocessors
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessors
DifferentmanufacturersusedifferentCPUarchitectures
andtechnologies.ThereforesimilarCPUrelatedterms
suchasCachemaydifferentaswell…
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14. Microarchitecture
Themicroworddefinition,dataflow,timing
constraints,andprecedenceconstraintsthat
characterizeagiven microprogrammed
computer
●http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CPU_architectures
●http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CPU_architectures#Microa
rchitectures
●http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_CPU_microarchitectures
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15. Intel Microarchitectures
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures
Semiconductor devicefabrication
●Semiconductormanufacturingprocessesmeasuredbynanometers
●http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication
IntelTick-Tock
●Every"tick"isashrinkingofprocesstechnologyofthe
previousmicroarchitectureandevery"tock"isanew
microarchitecture
●http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Tick-Tock
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16. Intel Microarchitectures
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Microarchitecture
Fabrication
process
Major CPUs
NetBurst 65 nm Pentium 4
Core 65 nm, 45 nm Core 2
Nehalem 45 nm, 32 nm
Core i3
Core i5
Core i7
Sandy
Bridge
Sandy Bridge 32 nm
Ivy Bridge 22 nm
Haswell
Haswell 22 nm
Broadwell 14 nm
Notable Microarchitectures

17. Intel Core CPU Generations
ProcessorGenerationofaCoreICPUisatermusedto
identifycertainCPUfamilies
Insteadofusingmicroarchitecturenames,simplya
generationnameisused
GenerationcanbedeterminedbytherelevantSub
MicroarchitectureCodename orCPUmodelno.
1
st
Generation: Nehalem (~45nm)
2
nd
Generation: SandyBridge (~32nm)
3
rd
Generation: IvyBridge (~22nm)
4
th
Generation: Haswell (~22nm)
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18. 1
st
, 2
nd
, 3
rd
, 4
th
Core Generations
18
Generation CPU Model No. Sample
1
st
Core i# -### Core i5 -750
2
nd
Core i# -2### Core i5 -2310
3
rd
Core i# -3### Core i5 -3450
4
th
Core i# -4### Core i5-4570
CPUGenerationoritsMicroarchitectureCodename
canbedeterminedbytheCPUmodelno.
Here#isanumber.Notaletter

19. CPU Socket
ACPUsocketorCPUslotisamechanicalcomponent
thatprovidesmechanicalandelectricalconnections
betweenamicroprocessorandthemotherboard
Typicallymadeofplastic.Hasaleverorlatchandmetal
contactsforeachofthepinsorlandsontheCPU.Many
packagesarekeyedtoensuretheproperinsertion
EarlierSocketshadholes,asolderCPUshadpins,and
newersocketshavepinsasnewerCPUsarepin-less
●http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket
●http://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/
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20. CPU Socket
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Socket Major CPUs
Socket 478 Pentium 4
LGA 775 Core 2 Duo
LGA 1156 Core i3, i5 (1st Gen)
LGA 1155 Core i3, i5 (2nd, 3rd Gen)
Notable Intel CPU Sockets

21. CPU Socket
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22. Threads
Incomputerscience,athreadofexecutionisthesmallest
sequenceofprogrammed instructionsthatcanbemanaged
independentlybyanoperatingsystemscheduler
Multithreading
●MultithreadingCPUshavehardwaresupporttoefficiently
executemultiplethreads
Hyperthreading
●Hyper-Threading Technology orHTTechnology is
Intel'sproprietarysimultaneousmultithreading(SMT)
implementation usedtoimprove parallelizationof
computations
HereaLogicalCoreiscalledasathread
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23. Multicore
Amulti-coreprocessorisasinglecomputing
component withtwoormoreindependent
actualprocessingunits(PhysicalCores)
NormallyaCoremeansaPhysicalCoreanda
ThreadmeansaLogicalCore
MulticoresystemshavemorethanoneCores
Dual-CoreandQuad-CoreCPUsarecommon
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24. Multicore
Dual-Core
●Pentium D
●Core 2 Duo
●Core i3 Dual Core
Quad-Core
●Core 2 Quad
●Core i5 Quad Core
Intel's Core i#numbering scheme
oi#-6##and down: dual core
oi#-7##and up: quad core
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25. Multicore
Multicore Cache Distribution
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26. Multicore
26Multicore Cache Distribution

27. Processor Types
Server Processors
Desktop Processors
Mobile (Notebook) CPUs
CPUs for other Mobile Devices
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28. Server Processors
HighSpeed
MultipleCPUsused
BiggerCache
Examples
●IntelXeon,AMDOpteron
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29. Mobile (Notebook) CPUs
Compared to Desktop CPUs
●Smaller Cache
●Less Power Consumption
●Less Performance
Typically vendors include special
letters like M(for mobile) in notebook
CPUs
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30. CPUs for other Mobile Devices
Mobile Devices like Mobile Phones, Tabs use
CPUs
Newer high end devices use Multicore CPUs
Examples
●Sony XperiaZ:
1.5GHzquad-core QualcommKrait
●Samsung Galaxy S4
1.2GHz quad-core Cortex-A7, 1.6GHz quad-core 1.6GHz
quad-core Cortex-A15+
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31. Future: SoC
ASystemonaChiporSystemonChip(SoC)isan
integratedcircuit(IC)thatintegratesallcomponentsof
acomputerorotherelectronicsystemintoasinglechip
Integratesalmostallcomponentsintoasinglesilicon
chip.AlongwithaCPU,anSoCusuallycontainsaGPU,
memory,USBcontroller,powermanagement circuits,
andwirelessradios.
WhereasaCPUcannotfunctionwithoutdozensofother
chips,it’spossibletobuildcompletecomputerswithjust
asingleSoC
●http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip
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32. SoC(System on a Chip)
SoCvs.CPU
●CPUsareonthewayout.Eventually,SoCswillalmostcompletely
consumeCPUs
●http://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-
battle-for-the-future-of-computing
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33. SoC(System on a Chip)
33ARMserver SoC: CalxedaEnergyCoreECX-1000 Block Diagram

34. CPU: Considerations
Motherboard
●Socket
●Chipset
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35. More Links and References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_
of_Intel_processors
https://duckduckgo.com/?q=CPU
https://www.google.com/search?q=CPU
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36. Thank You!
Ayubowan!