08 ...informative and persuasive speaking.pptx

This slides will help you to learn the basics of informative and persuasive speaking skill.

1. Strategies for successful informative and persuasive speaking

2. informative speaking As the word “informative” implies, an informative speech “informs” those in attendance by providing them with information. Therefore, the speaker is a teacher, and his or her purpose is to educate the audience regarding a topic; and that topic may be an object, an event, a concept, or a process. Informative speaking is a speech that primarily aims at conveying some specific information to a person or a group of persons.

3. Purpose of informative speaking The main goals for an informative speech are to help explain a specific subject and to help the audience remember the knowledge later. One of the goals, perhaps the most essential goal that drives all informative speeches, is for the speaker to inform the audience about a particular topic. The purpose behind an informative speech is to deliver the information or message clearly to the audience. An informative speaker is responsible for researching on the topic provided and presents a detailed presentation in a structured very clear and concise manner.

4. The basic theme of an informative speech is the information; therefore, proper understanding of the topic is very important. An informative speech should be an outcome of the thorough study . An informative speech is required in almost all fields, whether you are professional or a nonprofessional, you may require to share information with your subordinates and managers.  Keeping this perspective in mind, we can say that the informative speech is the key factor for success of any person irrespective of the field he or she belongs to.

5. An informative speech should contain useful information that is unique for the audience and draws their attention towards the speech. If you can achieve this objective then you can easily become an informative speaker and deliver an informative speech in a proper manner. Most of the informative speeches either are written for some events or processes or are just meant to describe some new concepts and ideas .

6. Usually, it is not the speaker who selects the topic of presentation as the topic either is given by the high-level officers or is situational. However, if you need to figure out the topic for informative speech then you must concentrate on the topics or field in which you are an expert. Try to recall the personal experiences relating to that topic that you can include in your speech.

7. Then the next step would be to do detailed study of the subject so that you have knowledge about every aspect of the topic. For an informative speech, it is very important that you include the matter by gathering material for the speech from libraries or from the internet.

8. Major Types / Classification of Informative Speeches Objects Processes Events Concepts In general, you will use four major types of informative speeches. While you can classify informative speeches many ways, the speech you deliver will fit into one of four major categories.

9. Speeches about Objects Speeches about objects focus on things existing in the world. Objects include, among other things, people, places, animals, or products. Because you are speaking under time constraints, you cannot discuss any topic in its entirety. Instead, limit your speech to a focused discussion of some aspect of your topic. Speeches about Concepts Speeches about concepts focus on beliefs, ideas, and theories. While speeches about objects, processes, and events are fairly concrete (tangible, existing) speeches about concepts are more abstract. Take care, to be clear and understandable when creating and presenting a speech about a concept.

10. Speeches About Processes An informative speech about a process then describes how something is made, done, or works. Informative process speeches work to help your audience both understand the process, and possibly be able to replicate (copy, repeat) the process for themselves (if applicable). Speeches about Events Speeches about events focus on things that happened, are happening, or will happen. When speaking about an event, remember to relate the topic to your audience. Examples of speeches about events include: Rights March, any special Day, the Battle, and Presidential Elections.

11. Persuasive Speeches A persuasive speech usually challenges an audience’s beliefs and/or tries to move those in attendance to change existing viewpoints or at least recognize the validity of opposing viewpoints. In persuasive speeches you try to influence the thinking, feeling of the audience. For this reason persuasive speeches are the most difficult to deliver, at least successfully, since they usually deal with controversial topics about which people in the audience already hold strong, deeply engrained opinions. These speeches are for the purpose of selling a product or service. The success of this speech is known by how many people buy or make contribute to the cause.

12. Types of Persuasive Speeches 1. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of policy 2. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of fact 3. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of value

13. 1. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of policy One focus of persuasive speaking is questions of policy, which advocates a change from the status quo, or the way things are today. The speaker wants the plan proposed by the speech to become policy. Questions of policy concern what should be done, what procedures should be adopted, what law should be changed, in short, what policy should be followed. In some speeches you may want to defend a specific policy whereas in other speeches you may wish to criticize or argue that a current policy should be discontinued

14. Persuasive speeches frequently revolve around questions of policy, for example: Hate speech should be banned in colleges. Our community should adopt a zero tolerance policy for guns in schools. Music CDs should be rated for violence and vulgarity. Divorce should be granted by mutual consent. The college should adopt policy against harassment . Wine should be legalized. Smoking should be banned from all public buildings and parks.

15. Persuasive speech on a question of policy can be organized by focusing on defining a problem and a solution by covering three basic points: The need The plan The Practicality

16. The Need: Convince the audience that there is a problem that must be addressed or a need for change. It is essential to get the audience to believe that a problem exists so they will implement a plan for a solution. The Plan: Convince the audience that it is not good enough to just sit around and complain. Tell them what actions they must take. Be sure not to address any aspects of the solution that might make the audience less willing to act. The Practicality : Show the audience that the plan can succeed. Address the implications, cite expert testimony (proof), and reference the successful implementation of similar plans in other places.

17. 2. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact Speeches about question of fact (something is true, exists, or does not exist) propose that the speaker’s view is probably true. Questions of fact are one focus of persuasive speaking. They propose that something is a fact. Questions of fact (which are also called propositions of fact) basically state that something is true, something exists, or something doesn’t exist. In a persuasive speech, the speaker answers a question by proposing an answer and attempting to convince the audience that the answer is true and that they can believe the speaker. In essence, the speaker wants to audience to accept the his or her view as the cold, hard facts.

18. Questions of fact concern what is or is not true, what does or does not exist, what did or did not happen. Some questions of fact are easily answered. These include the many academic/ ordinary questions you’re all familiar with: like When was the first satellite launched? When is the meeting? What’s Jony’s e-mail address? These questions can be easily answered by looking at some reference book, finding the relevant website, or asking someone who knows the answer.

19. The questions of fact that we deal with in persuasive speeches are a bit different. Although these questions also have answers, the answers are not that easy to find and in fact may never be found. The questions concern controversial issues for which different people have different answers. Daily newspapers abound (be plentiful) in questions of fact. For example, in The New York Times (February 22, 2001, p. B2), star Combs was standing trial for gun possession and bribery; it was alleged that Combs had a gun the night of the shooting at the Club New York on December 27, 1999 and offered $50,000 to his driver to say that the gun was his. These are questions of fact: Did Combs have a gun? Did he bribe his driver?

20. In another story, 2 teenagers were arraigned (accuse, charge) in the killing of 2 professor. Did they commit the crimes? …………………………… In still another story, a neurosurgeon is suing the New York State Department of Health for insult, defamation, and a violation of his civil rights. Was he slandered, libeled, and deprived of his civil rights?................

21. These questions are potentially at least answerable but we may never discover those answers with any degree of certainty. In the Combs case, the defense attorney and the district attorney involved in these cases likely each gave speeches revolving around these questions of fact and a jury had to decide on the basis of the persuasiveness of the evidence presented (and beyond any reasonable doubt). Like these lawyers, your job as a speaker persuading an audience on a question of fact is to get them to believe that your answer is as close to the fact as possible.

22. The following are three basic types of questions of fact: Historical controversy : Knowledge that an event did happen in the past or that an object actually did exist. Questions of current existence: Knowledge that something is happening now in the present (such as global warming). Predictions: Forecasting what will happen in the future. Based on past events, the speaker identifies a pattern and attempts to convince the audience that the event will happen again. For example, if someone observes that gasoline prices drop right before national elections, he or she could attempt to convince others that they will drop again before the next election.

23. 3. Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value In persuasive speeches on questions of value, we argue something is right or wrong, moral or immoral, or better or worse than another thing. Examples include speeches that attempt to persuade the audience that it is wrong to drive over the speed limit, that Pepsi is better than Coke, that swimming is the best form of exercise, or that bikes are the best form of transportation to get around town.

24. Audience Analysis for Informative and Persuasive Speaking When gathering information, it is important to keep in mind the objective of the speech. If you are writing a  persuasive speech , it is important to find out the audience's  interest level  in the topic, their  knowledge,  and  attitude.  In an  informative speech  you are not trying to change their attitude, but you still should know it.

25. The  interest level  and how it relates to each person in the audience. People are very egocentric (selfish, careless of the feelings of others) and they have to hear things that are meaningful to them. The audience's  knowledge  is what level they are at and how much information you need to give to them. And  attitude  reflects the audience's likes or dislike for the subject. If you are writing a persuasive speech it is critical that you obtain this information before you present your speech

26. Organization for Information and Persuasive Speaking You have determined whether you will inform or persuade; you have stated your specific purpose and analyzed your audience. You also have begun collecting data, now its time to organize the data into a logical pattern, such as the structure suggested since ancient times: Introduction Body or Discussion Summary or Conclusion

27. The Introduction Give effort to the introduction; here you set the tone and pattern for the rest of your talk. The PORCH (P) This is the opening statement, the beginning, through using five different approaches. Tell an anecdote ( interesting story about a real incident or person ), appropriate joke, or good-natured ( pleasant or friendly) story related to your subject. Use a quotation that gives some background or inspiration to your speech. Greet your audience sincerely. Make a startling ( very surprising, astonishing) statement. Ask questions that make audiences start to think. Organization for Information and Persuasive Speaking (cont’d …)

28. The AIM (A) The aim is simply stating, clearly and precisely, the purpose of your presentation. For example, “One reason brings me here today; to tell you that how you can get success”. The LAYOUT (L) In layout (plan, design, arrangement), we give an overview, setting the agenda, laying out the roadmap of where the speech will proceed. “It’s tell what you are gonna cover.” An  agenda  is a list of activities in the order in which they are to be taken up, beginning with the call to order and ending with adjournment Organization for Information and Persuasive Speaking (cont’d …)

29. The Body or Discussion The body or discussion or your topic is where your ideas are developed in detail. Informative Speaking This part of your speech supports your aim or purpose. In informative speaking you can choose from several ways to make your ideas clear: By Topical Organization: This means to organize topics into natural divisions or into some kind of general classification. By Chronological Organization: Some listeners like to follow material according to the order in which events or happening take place: past, present and future. Having a beginning and an ending. By Cause to Effect: Explain what were the reasons that triggered (generate, activate) a particular activity. Organization for Information and Persuasive Speaking (cont’d …)

30. Persuasive Speaking Now use the body of speech to persuade, to get the audience to accept your position, to believe your evidence. What you are doing is gaining acceptance to your aim, often expressed as a claim, thesis, proposition, resolution or even a formal legal statement. Persuasive speaking may use the same kinds of organization discussed earlier (topical or chronological) but most persuasive business speaking uses the problem-solution format, proposing a change from the status quo or recommending that things remain as they are. Organization for Information and Persuasive Speaking (cont’d …)

31. Problem-Solution – For Change The Problem: Central to your thinking is the idea that something is wrong; there is dissatisfaction and that there is a need for change. For example, there is a need to improve the communication skills of the teachers. The Solution: Politely state your solution and then give your reasons as several questions may run through listeners minds: Recommendations for improving the communication skills of teachers. (Give recommendations). The disadvantages of not accepting the solution: Do not hesitate to show the negative consequences if your proposal will not be accepted. Organization for Information and Persuasive Speaking (cont’d …)

32. 2. Problem-Solution- For No Change The Problem: If you feel the current situation is acceptable as is, you are in favor of the status quo. There is no problem, things are fine. But some may disagree with you, they might need a change. The Solution: we would argue that no new solution is needed, things are currently acceptable. Give reasons that clearly shows why no changes are required. Summary or Conclusion Summaries restate what was covered; conclusions are inferences from data. After the introduction and body, come summary and conclusion to end the organization of the speech. Organization for Information and Persuasive Speaking (cont’d …)

33. Support for persuasive Speaking According to writers on oral communication in the ancient world, speakers have been told that good persuasive communication rests upon three bases; ethos, pathos and logos. These Greek terms are perhaps not part of your vocabulary, yet you have used what they mean in your writing and will do so in your speaking.

34. Ethos: Concerns your credibility as a speaker, what you do suggests good sense or a high moral character. You give your listeners the impression that you are a trustworthy person. Pathos: Is using emotions to support your ideas. Few of us would admit, especially in the business world, that we are moved to action on the basis of our emotions. Our advertising and marketing friends have been capitalizing on emotions for years. Logos: in both written and oral presentation, is a way of persuading an audience with reason, using facts, figures, evidence and reasoning.

35. 6 forms of support (evidence, data) Examples Illustrations (elongated examples) Statistics Quotations, Testimony (proof, evidence, witness) Comparisons Definitions Supports for Informative and Persuasive Speaking (cont’d …)