1.1PPT-Philippine-Politics-and-Gov..pptx

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1. PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

2. I. Introduction: The concepts of politics and governance

3. 1. INTRODUCTION: THE CONCEPTS OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE 1.1 The meaning of politics The study of who gets what, when and how. The exercise of power, the science of government, the making of collective decisions, the allocation of scarce resources and the practice of deception and manipulation. The nature and organization of the State, the structure, and functions of the high branches of government, and the theory of political and civil liberties.

4. 1.2 How politics can be studied Political Philosophy has a speculative and normative character in so far as it is a discourse on what society ought to be. Political Science empirical and analytical in so far as it describes and defines the structure and behaviour of political institutions.

5. Here is a list of things that you are likely to study in politics: Here is a list of things that you are likely to study in politics: The structure and makeup of political institutions : i.e , the state, government, civil service, governmental ministries/departments, think tanks, the United Nations, the European Union, other similar organisations , voting systems, systems of government, different countries’ political systems, the roles of certain individuals within government, etc. Political ideologies : i.e , liberalism, conservatism, socialism, anarchism, fascism, nationalism, feminism, environmentalism, etc. Political parties : i.e , their structure, their members, their views, what they did while in government, if they have ever been in government, etc. Political issues : immigration, climate change, the refugee crisis, ongoing disputes, the outcome of elections and referenda, issues from the past or issues that may arise in the future, etc.

6. 1.3 The meaning of governance The process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented)

7. 2. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IDEOLOGY a   :   a systematic body of concepts especially about human life or culture b   :   a manner or the content of thinking characteristic of an individual, group, or culture c   :   the integrated assertions, theories and aims that constitute a sociopolitical program

8. Ideology An ideology is a set of cultural beliefs, values, and attitudes that underlie and justify either the status quo or movements to change it. The culture of every social system has an ideology that serves to explain and justify its own existence as a way of life. Ideology can also underlie movements for social change, which rely on sets of ideas that explain and justify their purpose and methods.

9. Ideology A set of doctrines or beliefs that are shared by the members of a social group or that form the basis of a  political,economic , or other  system.

10. Political Ideologies is a set of related beliefs about political theory and policy held by an individual, group of individuals or a particular social class. political ideologies form the basis of how they view the world around them and the proper role of government in the world.

11. Characteristics of ideology Ideologies provide an explanation for problems that confronts modern societies by providing futuristic visions. Ideology is action-oriented. Ideologies mobilize a large number of people.

12. 2.1 The basic tenets of the major political ideologies LIBERALISM one of the major political ideologies of the world. It focuses on individualism, self-reliance, personal responsibility, equality before the law and limited government. a political philosophy based on belief in progress, the essential goodness of the human race, and the autonomy (see  autonomy   2) of the individual and standing for the protection of political and civil liberties

13. Liberalism  is a  political philosophy  or worldview founded on ideas of  liberty  and  equality . Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas and programmes such as  freedom of speech ,  freedom of the press ,  freedom of religion ,  free markets ,  civil rights ,  democratic societies ,  secular governments ,  gender equality , and  international cooperation

14. SOCIALISM An economic and political doctrine advocating governmental ownership and direction of production and services but which would retain existing institutions as a means of regulating them. It is also viewed as an ideology which opposes capitalism and tries to provide a more humane and socially viable substitute. Moreover, cooperation is preferred over competition. Furthermore, socialism adheres to social equality which is the main way to attain spcial stability and cohesion.

15. Distinctive Ways of Understanding Socialism Socialism is seen as an economic model. Socialism as an instrument of the labor movement. Socialism as a political creed that encompasses community, cooperation, equality, class politics and collective ownwership .

16. CONSERVATISM The term conservatism is derived from the term conservation. It is a political philosophy that tends to support the status quo and advocates change only in moderation upholding the value of tradition and seeks to preserve all that is good about the past. A point of view that emphasizes tradition and established institutions and give greater attention to social entities than to individuals having the inclination to oppose any change in the political environment.

17. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY It is a moderate or reformist brand of socialism that favor the balance between the market and the state rather than the abolition of capitalism. It an ideological stance that supports a full balance between major capitalism, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other side.

18. COMMUNISM It is an economic, social and political system seeking government ownership of the means of production and services directed by a process of scientific administration and universal assent. It is an extreme left-wing ideology based on the revolutionary socialist teachings of Karl Marx, characterized by collective ownership and a planned economy. Thus, each should work to their capability and will receive according to their needs.

19. FASCISM Fascism, modern political ideology that seeks to regenerate the social, economic, and cultural life of a country by basing it on a heightened sense of national belonging or ethnic identity. Fascism rejects liberal ideas such as freedom and individual rights, and often presses for the destruction of elections, legislatures, and other elements of democracy. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

20. FASCISM Fascism, modern political ideology that seeks to regenerate the social, economic, and cultural life of a country by basing it on a heightened sense of national belonging or ethnic identity. Fascism rejects liberal ideas such as freedom and individual rights, and often presses for the destruction of elections, legislatures, and other elements of democracy. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

21. FEMINISM Fascism, modern political ideology that seeks to regenerate the social, economic, and cultural life of a country by basing it on a heightened sense of national belonging or ethnic identity. Fascism rejects liberal ideas such as freedom and individual rights, and often presses for the destruction of elections, legislatures, and other elements of democracy. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

22. 3. POWER 3.1 Nature Power can be defined in many ways. Most simply, it is the ability to get what you want, or as scholar Kenneth Boulding said, power is "the ability to change the future."

23. Dimensions of power 1. Issue The first face (or dimension), as proposed by such theorists as Dahl who saw power as a 'relation among people'. It is the ability of one person to achieve compliance by others who change how they behave as a result of the power being exerted. It can be seen in systems of ruling elites, where few people have significant power. As such, power is direct, with identification of an issue and a singular response to this. It is, in essence, about making decisions. In governmental power, this can be seen when the government makes a decision, typically through law-making, that requires obedience by the broader population. Such decisions may be debated openly with opportunity for consultation and challenge along the way. Despite this openness, the focus is still on decision. This can be seen as an 'open face', where it is clear who is making the decision and why they are making it. As this can be seen, it is more likely to be trusted and consequently obeyed with little question.

24. 2. Agenda The second face, as proposed by theorists such as Bachrach and Baratz , adds the more subtle system of power, where decision is made within a complex system. In this situation, power is not just about making decisions, but also about setting the agenda that leads to decisions. In other words, if you can control the context within which decisions are made, then you can influence those decisions. In governmental power, this can be seen in decisions made 'behind closed doors' and in the 'corridors of power', where who is deciding and why is seldom clear. In such contexts, power is held not only by elected officials but also by the whisperers and assistants who set up meetings, shape agendas and write the minutes. This can be seen as a 'secretive face', where it is not clear who is making the decision. This can lead to problems as other people suspect that there are corrupt elements to the choice, such as those based on political agendas and personal gain.

25. 3. Manipulation Lukes adds a third face, that of even more subtle aspect of manipulating the psychology of anyone and everyone affected. This can be seen as similar to the Marxist view of ideological power, where the ability to control what people think of as being 'right' can lead to acceptance of biased decisions without question. In governmental power, this appears in propaganda, spin and crafting of speeches that are deliberately designed to change minds before the decision is announced. For example if legislation against trade unions is planned, then a provocative rhetoric of how these unions cause problems may be started some time beforehand. Any union action then plays directly into the government's hands. This can be seen as a 'deceptive face', where trickery and psychological methods are the primary tool in shifting  values  and changing what people consider to be important. The problem with this method is that when it is discovered, it can lead to a sharp loss in  trust  and consequent  betrayal effects .

26. TYPES OF POWER Coercive Power-  This kind of power involves the usage of threat to make people do what one desires. Coercive  power is the application of negative influences. It includes the ability to demote or to withhold other rewards. The desire for valued rewards or the fear of having them withheld that ensures the obedience of those under power. Coercive power tends to be the most obvious but least effective form of power as it builds resentment and resistance from the people who experience it. Threats and punishment are common tools of coercion.

27. 2. Reward Power Reward power depends on the ability of the power wielder to confer valued material rewards, it refers to the degree to which the individual can give others a reward of some kind such as benefits, time off, desired gifts, promotions or increases in pay or responsibility. As the name suggests, this type of power uses rewards, perks, new projects or training opportunities, better roles and monetary benefits to influence people. However an interesting aspect of this type of power is that, it is not powerful enough in itself, as decisions related to rewards do not rest solely with the person promising them, because in organizations, a lot of other people come into play like senior managers and board.

28. 3. Legitimate Power This power emanates from an official position held by someone, be it in an organization, beaurocracy or government etc. The duration of this power is short lived as a person can use it only till the time he/she holds that position, as well as, the scope of the power is small as it is strictly defined by the position held. Also called "positional power," it is the power of an individual because of the relative position and duties of the holder of the position within an organization. Legitimate power is formal authority delegated to the holder of the position. It is usually accompanied by various attributes of power such as a  uniform , a title, or an imposing physical office.

29. 4. Expert Power This is a personal kind of power which owes its genesis to the skills and expertise possessed by an individual, which is of higher quality and not easily available. In such a situation, the person can exercise the power of knowledge to influence people. Since, it is very person specific and skills can be enhanced with time; it has more credibility and respect. Expert  power is an individual's power deriving from the skills or expertise of the person and the organization's needs for those skills and expertise. Unlike the others, this type of power is usually highly specific and limited to the particular area in which the expert is trained and qualified.

30. 5. Referent Power This is a power wielded by celebrities and film stars as they have huge following amongst masses who like them, identify with them and follow them. Hence, they exert lasting influence on a large number of people for a large number of decisions; like from what car to buy to which candidate to choose for a higher office in the country. Referent power is the power or ability of individuals to attract others and build  loyalty . It is based on the  charisma  and  interpersonal skills  of the power holder. A person may be admired because of specific personal trait, and this admiration creates the opportunity for interpersonal influence. Here the person under power desires to identify with these personal qualities, and gains satisfaction from being an accepted follower

31. CONSEQUENCES OF POWER

32. 4. STATES, NATIONS, AND GLOBALIZATION 4.1 The State as different from the Nation as a political concept STATE – A community of persons more or less numerous, occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own where the people render habitual obedience and free from control.

33. Elements of State People – refers to the population or inhabitants.

34. Territory – refers to the aerial, fluvial and terrestrial domains.

35. Government – The agency or instrumentality through which the will of the state is expressed, formulated and acted upon.

36. Classifications of Government (Aristotle) Legitimate Perverted Ruled by One Monarchy Tyranny Ruled by the Few Aristocracy Oligarchy Ruled by the many Polity Democracy

37. Forms of Government According to Distribution of Powers a. Unitary Government power is held by one central authority.

38. b. Federal Government powers is divided between one central and several regional authorities.

39. Forms of Government According to Executive Legislative Relationship a. Presidential – A form of government in which executive branch exists separately from the legislature. The President is constitutionally independent of the legislature because they are directly elected by the people.

40. b. Parliamentary A form of government where fusion of powers between the executive and legislative branch exists.

41. Functions of Government Peace and Oreder Social Justice Economic Development Cultural Transformation Sovereignty and Self-determination Foreign Relations

42. Branches of Government Executive Legislative Judiciary

43. Nation A group of people who share the same history, geography, language, customs, and sometimes religion.

44. Difference between State and Nation State A political concept Sovereign Inhabited by heterogeneous group of people Nation It Is a racial-cultural concept People continue as a nation even if they do not remain sovereign Inhabited by homogeneous group of people

45. 4.2 Globalization as a context of relations among nation-states GLOBALIZATION – also known as Global Industrialism is a process of forging international, political, religious and socio-cultural interconnections. The concept of sovereign nation-states is increasingly being challenged by globalization.

46. II. Philippine democratic politics

47. 5. Historical Background of Philippine Democratic Politics 5.1 The evolution of Philippine politics, government, and governance. Pre Spanish Government Philippines under Spanish Rule American Period Commonwealth Japanese Occupation The Philippine Republic Emilio Aguinaldo

48. Manuel L. Quezon – 1935-1944 Jose P. Laurel – 1943-1945 Sergio Osmena – 1944-1946 Manuel Roxas – 1946-1948 Elpidio Quirini – 1948-1953 Ramon Magsaysay – 1953-1957 Carlos P. Garcia – 1957-1961 Diosdado Macapagal - 1961-1965 Ferdinand Marcos – 1965 – 1986 Corazon Aquino - 1986-1992 Fidel V. Ramos - 1992-1998 Joseph Estrada - 1998-2001 Gloria Macapagal -Arroyo - 2001-2010 Benigno Aquino - 2010-2016 Rodrigo R. Duterte - 2010-Present

49. 6. The Executive 6.1 The role of the Philippine President in relation to his/her powers a. Chief of State - Acts as the symbolic leader of the country

50. b. Chief Executive - The president is the head of the executive branch and is responsible for running the bureaucracy  and enforcing the laws passed by Congress.

51. c. Chief Executive - Executes the laws, appoints key officials, grants pardons and reprieves As part of the power to enforce the law, the Constitution grants the president the power to  pardon,  or release from punishment, people convicted of crimes. In theory, this power allows the president to prevent a miscarriage of justice. Presidential pardons are absolute, and they cannot be overturned. The president can also grant  reprieves,  which are formal postponements of the execution of a sentence.

52. d. Commander In Chief – Runs the armed forces

53. e. Chief Diplomat Negotiates with other countries

54. f. Chief Legislator Signs or vetoes legislation, introduces legislation, works with Congress on the budget

55. g. Superpolitician Helps his or her party raise money and elect candidates

56. 7. The Legislative 7.1 The role and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of Representatives LEGISLATURE – from the Latin word lex , legis meaning law. The legislative branch broadly deals with the making, deliberation over, enactment, amendment and repealing of laws.

57. Basic Structures Unicameral – consists of one branch Bicameral – consists of two chambers or branches

58. Senate Composition – 24 Senators Qualifications – natural born citizen at least 35 y/o on election day literate Registered voter A resident of the Phils . For at least 2 years prior to election Term of office 6 years, maximum of 2 terms

59. House of Representatives Composition – 200 District Reps., 50 Party List Qualifications – Natural born citizen At least 25 y/o on election day Literate Registered voter of the district A resident of the district for 1 year prior to election Term of office 3 years, maximum of 3 terms

60. Parliamentary Privileges PRIVILEGE FROM ARREST Immunity from offenses punishable by not more than 6 years PRIVILEGE OF SPEECH AND DEBATE Immunity from libel and slander

61. Powers of Congress Appointment of public officials Legislative Inquiry and Investigation Declare the existence of a state of war Ratify treaties (Senate) Authorize limited emergency powers for the president Approve the government budget

62. Powers of Congress Undertake projects under the CDF Propose, review, and adopt bills for enactment into law Overturn a presidential veto Allow a referendum Propose amendments to the constitution and call for a constitutional convention

63. 8. The Judiciary 8.1 The role and responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary SUPREME COURT – the highest court of the land. The final arbiter of all controversies and disputes brought by parties to the courts of law. Composition: One Chief Justice 14 Associate Justices

64. Qualifications Must be a natural born filipino citizen At least 40 years old 15 years or more as a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines Must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity and independence

65. Tenure of Office Members of the Supreme Court and judges of the lower courts shall enjoy their office during good behavior. Members of the Supreme Court shall enjoy the position until they are removed from impeachment. Hold office until they reach 70 years old or become incapacitated. Until dismissed by members of the SC for probable cause.

66. Powers of the SC Exercise original jurisdiction over cases involving ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, mandamus, quo warranto , prohibition, and habeas corpus Certiorari – Special civil action requesting a lower court or body to transmit the records to the superior court for review.

67. Prohibition – a written order by which a superior court commands a lower court to stop further proceeding. Mandamus – Order by a superior court to a lower court to perform a certain act which it is bound to do so. Quo Warranto – An action by the government yo recover an office or franchise from an individual or corporation usurping or unlawfully holding it.

68. 2. Review judgment of lower courts. Cases involving constitutionality, legality of taxes, reclusion perpetua , and errors on questions of law. 3. Assignment of judges to the lower courts. 4. Order a change of venue for a trial. 5. Promulgate rules of court. 6. Appoint officials of the judiciary and hire employees for the judicial branch.

69. 9. Decentralization and Local Governance Decentralization – the transfer of power and authority from the central institutions to lower or local levels of government.

70. Forms of decentralization Devolution – the transfer of power and authority from the national government to local government units. It is seen as political and territorial. Deconcentration – It is the transfer of power, authority or responsibility or the discretion to plan, decide and manage from the celtral to the local levels; administrative and sectoral . Debureaucratization – It is the transfer of some public functions and responsibilities, which government may perform to private entities or non-government organizations (NGOs)

71. Aims of the Local Government Code of 1991 To transform LGUs into self-reliant communities and active partners in nation building by giving them more powers, authority, responsibilities and resources. Hopes to achieve economic development at the regional and local levels by giving more freedom in carrying out their programs that are suitable for their areas.

72. Devolved functions to LGUs Community-based forestry Field health and hospital service School building program Telecommunications Social welfare services Tourism Public works Housing Agricultural extension Investment support

73. Devolved Regulatory Powers Reclassification of agricultural lands Enforcement of environmental laws Inspection of food products and quarantine Enforcement of national building code Operation of tricycles Processing and approval of subdivision plans Establishment of cockpits

74. 9.1 Local Governance in the context of the 1991 Local Government Code (LGC) of the Philippines and National-Local Government dynamics . Composition of the Local Government Province – intermediate unit providing supervision to the municipalities and component cities and under it and performing services for the national government. Cities and Municipalities – basic units of the local govt. delivering services for the people who live together in a community. Barangay – basic unit of government. Provides face to face interaction among the people.

75. Powers and Functions of Heads of Province, Municipalities, Cities and Barangays Exercise general supervision and control over all programs and projects. Enforce laws and ordinances . Initiate and maximize the generation of resources and revenues, and apply the same to the implementation of development plans, program objectives, and priorities. Exercise such other powers and perform such other duties and functions as may be prescribed by law.

76. III. State-society interactions

77. 10. Elections and Political Parties 10.1 The nature of elections and political parties in the context of the Philippines. All citizens of the Phil SUFFRAGE Legal Basis – Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in the place wherein they propose to vote for at least six months immediately preceding the election. No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage. (Art. V Sec. 1)

78. Suffrage It is defined as the right and obligation to vote and be voted in public office. Views on Suffrage A mere privilege – suffrage is not a natural right but merely a privilege to be given or withheld by law. A political right – suffrage enables a citizen to participate in the process of government.

79. Theories on Suffrage The Natural Right Theory – This theory claims that the right to vote is a natural right and inherent to every citizen. The state was deliberately created by the people and hence all the people have a natural right to participate in the affairs of the government.

80. The Legal Theory According to this theory, suffrage is not a natural right, but a political right granted by the law of the state

81. The Ethical Theory The ethical theory considers the right to vote as a means of self-expression of the individual in political affairs. Suffrage provides for the development of the human personality.

82. The Tribal Theory In early Greeks and Roman States, suffrage was extended only to the citizen class. Only people who were accorded citizenship status could vote. Nowadays, citizenship is essential for voting. This practice is based on the Tribal Theory.

83. The Feudal Theory The feudal theory claims that the right to vote depends on a particular social status. The simplest form of social status was ownership of land.

84. Scope of Suffrage Election – means by which people choose their officials. Plebiscite – the vote of the people of their choice for against aproposed law submitted to them. Referendum – the submission of a law passed by the legislative body to the people for ratification or rejection. Initiative – a method in which people directly propose a law. Recall – a method by which an elective local official may be removed from office during his tenure.

85. Qualifications in the exercise of suffrage At least 18 years of age

86. Persons disqualified to vote Those who have been sentenced to suffer imprisonment for not less than one year. Those who committed any crime involving disloyalty to the government such as sedition and rebellion. Those declared as insane or incompetent person.

87. Party System It is referred to as the interaction of parties with each other. Classification One Party System Two Party System Multi Party System

88. One-Party System Only one political party holds power either because it towers above the others or it suppresses all other parties.

89. Two-Party System A system where the major political parties alternate with each other in the exercise of political power.

90. Multi-Party System More than 2 political parties fight in an election, and no single party gets the majority control of power.

91. Functions Organize the Competition. Party exists primarily as an organizing mechanism to win elections and thus, gain control of the government. Unify the electorate. Inspire and inform voters Translate preferences into policy Help govern. Act as watchdogs

92. 11. Civil Society and Social Movements 11.1 Political participation outside formal institutions

93. Citizenship-in-practice

94. 12. Citizenship 12.1 The traditional and modern views of citizenship, i.e., the state-centric vs. participatory notions of citizenship

95. 13. Integration 13.1 How the concepts/ideas learned in class can be utilized in actual experiences