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About This Presentation
cbse 11th history chapter 1 complete notes
Slide Content
THEME-2
WRITING AND CITY LIFE
Prepared By
Haridasan.Naduvalath
HSST History, Govt.HSSKottila, Kannur
WRITING AND CITY LIFE
Prepared By
Haridasan.Naduvalath
HSST History, Govt.HSSKottila, Kannur
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yOU
gTaKDkM
HARIDAS,HSST HISTORY, GHSS KOTTILA, KANNUR
gTaKDkM
HARIDAS,HSST HISTORY, GHSS KOTTILA, KANNUR
Map 1
2.WRITING AND CITY LIFE
•City life began in Mesopotamia, the land
between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers
that is now part of the Republic of Iraq.
•The name Mesopotamia is derived from the
Greek words mesos, meaning middle, and
potamas, meaning river.
•In the beginning of recorded history, the land,
mainly the urbanized south, was called Sumer
and Akkad. After 2000 BC, when Babylon
became an important city, the term Babylonia
was used for the southern region.
•City life began in Mesopotamia, the land
between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers
that is now part of the Republic of Iraq.
•The name Mesopotamia is derived from the
Greek words mesos, meaning middle, and
potamas, meaning river.
•In the beginning of recorded history, the land,
mainly the urbanized south, was called Sumer
and Akkad. After 2000 BC, when Babylon
became an important city, the term Babylonia
was used for the southern region.
Writing and city life
From about 1100 BC, when the Assyrians established
their kingdom in the north, the region became known
as Assyria.
The first known language of the land was Sumerian.
From about 1100 BC, when the Assyrians established
their kingdom in the north, the region became known
as Assyria.
The first known language of the land was Sumerian.
Writing and city life
Archaeology began in Mesopotamia in the 1840s.
At one or two sites, including Urukkand Mari,
excavations continued for decades. Not only can
we study hundreds of Mesopotamian buildings,
statues, ornaments, graves, tools and seals as
sources, there are thousands of written
documents.
Mesopotamia was important to Europeans because
of references to it in the Old Testament, the first
part of the Bible.
Archaeology began in Mesopotamia in the 1840s.
At one or two sites, including Urukkand Mari,
excavations continued for decades. Not only can
we study hundreds of Mesopotamian buildings,
statues, ornaments, graves, tools and seals as
sources, there are thousands of written
documents.
Mesopotamia was important to Europeans because
of references to it in the Old Testament, the first
part of the Bible.
Mesopotamia and its Geography
Iraq is a land of diverse environments.
North-east : green, tree covered mountain ranges with clear
streams and wild flowers, with enough rainfall to grow crops.
Here agriculture began between 7000 and 6000 BC.
North : stretch of upland called steppe, where animal herding
offers people a better livelihood than agriculture.
East : tributaries of the Tigris provide routes of
communication in to the mountains of Iran.
South : Desert-land this is where the first cities and writing
emerged. This desert could support cities because the rivers
Euphrates and Tigris, which rise in the northern mountains,
carry loads of silt (fine mud). When they flood or when their
water is let out on the fields, fertile silt is deposited.
Iraq is a land of diverse environments.
North-east : green, tree covered mountain ranges with clear
streams and wild flowers, with enough rainfall to grow crops.
Here agriculture began between 7000 and 6000 BC.
North : stretch of upland called steppe, where animal herding
offers people a better livelihood than agriculture.
East : tributaries of the Tigris provide routes of
communication in to the mountains of Iran.
South : Desert-land this is where the first cities and writing
emerged. This desert could support cities because the rivers
Euphrates and Tigris, which rise in the northern mountains,
carry loads of silt (fine mud). When they flood or when their
water is let out on the fields, fertile silt is deposited.
North-east lie green
North, steppe, where animal herding
The south is a desert the first cities and writing emerged. Thisdesert could
support cities because the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, which rise in the northern
mountains, carry loads of silt (fine mud). When the flood or when their water is
let out on to the fields, fertile alluvial soil deposited.
North, steppe, where animal herding
The south is a desert the first cities and writing emerged. Thisdesert could
support cities because the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, which rise in the northern
mountains, carry loads of silt (fine mud). When the flood or when their water is
let out on to the fields, fertile alluvial soil deposited.
Mesopotamia: Mountains, Steppe, Desert, Irrigated zone of the south
Mesopotamia and its Geography
Not only agriculture, Mesopotamian sheep and goats that
grazed on the steppe, the north-eastern plains and the
mountain slopes produced meat, milk and wool in
abundance.
Further, fish was available in rivers and date-palms gave
fruit in summer.
Not only agriculture, Mesopotamian sheep and goats that
grazed on the steppe, the north-eastern plains and the
mountain slopes produced meat, milk and wool in
abundance.
Further, fish was available in rivers and date-palms gave
fruit in summer.
The significance of Urbanism
The earliest cities in Mesopotamia date back to the Bronze age
(3000 BC).Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
Cities and towns are not just places with large populations. It is
when an economy develops in spheres other than food
production that it becomes an advantage for people to cluster
in towns.
Urban economies comprise besides food production, trade,
manufactures and service.
City people were not self sufficient. The carver of stone seal
requires bronze tools, colouredstones.
The bronze tool maker needs metals, charcoal. So they depend
on the products or services of other people.
The division of labouris a mark of urban life.
The earliest cities in Mesopotamia date back to the Bronze age
(3000 BC).Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
Cities and towns are not just places with large populations. It is
when an economy develops in spheres other than food
production that it becomes an advantage for people to cluster
in towns.
Urban economies comprise besides food production, trade,
manufactures and service.
City people were not self sufficient. The carver of stone seal
requires bronze tools, colouredstones.
The bronze tool maker needs metals, charcoal. So they depend
on the products or services of other people.
The division of labouris a mark of urban life.
The Significance of Urbanisation
There must be a social organisationin cities.
Fuel, metal, various stones, wood etc. come
from many places for city manufacturers
There are deliveries of grain and other food
items from the village to the city.
Thus organized trade and storage is needed.
In such a system some people commands and
those others obey.
Urban economies often require the keeping of
written records .
There must be a social organisationin cities.
Fuel, metal, various stones, wood etc. come
from many places for city manufacturers
There are deliveries of grain and other food
items from the village to the city.
Thus organized trade and storage is needed.
In such a system some people commands and
those others obey.
Urban economies often require the keeping of
written records .
Movement of Goods into cities
Food resources were abundant in Mesopotamia but
lacked stones, wood, metal.
So they imported wood, copper, tin, silver, gold,
shell, stones from Turkey and Iran.
They exported their textiles and food resources.
Transport is also important for urban development.
The canals and natural channels were routes for
goods transport.
Euphrates became a world route.
Food resources were abundant in Mesopotamia but
lacked stones, wood, metal.
So they imported wood, copper, tin, silver, gold,
shell, stones from Turkey and Iran.
They exported their textiles and food resources.
Transport is also important for urban development.
The canals and natural channels were routes for
goods transport.
Euphrates became a world route.
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CITIES IN MESOPOTAMIAN CULTURE
MESOPOTAMIANS valued
city life.
After cities were destroyed
in war
They recalled it in poetry.
The pride of Mesopotamian
about their town shown in
the epic of Gilgamesh.
MESOPOTAMIANS valued
city life.
After cities were destroyed
in war
They recalled it in poetry.
The pride of Mesopotamian
about their town shown in
the epic of Gilgamesh.
The Development of Writing
A script, we mean that
spoken sounds are
represented in visible signs.
The first Mesopotamian tablets,
written around 3200 BCE,
contained picture-like signs and
numbers.
A script, we mean that
spoken sounds are
represented in visible signs.
The first Mesopotamian tablets,
written around 3200 BCE,
contained picture-like signs and
numbers.
The Development of Writing
Cuneiform is derived from the Latin words cuneus,
meaning 'wedge' and forma, meaning 'shape’. The
word cuneiform means wedge-shaped letters.
Cuneiform is derived from the Latin words cuneus,
meaning 'wedge' and forma, meaning 'shape’. The
word cuneiform means wedge-shaped letters.
The Development of Writing
The Mesopotamian tablets contained
picture like signs and numbers.
Writing began in Mesopotamia in 3200
BCE.
Writing began when society needed to
keep record of transactions.
Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay.
Scribe would impress wedge shaped signs
on wet clay with the sharp end of a reed.
The Mesopotamian tablets contained
picture like signs and numbers.
Writing began in Mesopotamia in 3200
BCE.
Writing began when society needed to
keep record of transactions.
Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay.
Scribe would impress wedge shaped signs
on wet clay with the sharp end of a reed.
The Development of Writing
Once written, tablets were dried hard in the
sun and it would be almost indestructible.
Once it dried, signs could not be pressed on
to a tablet.
So each transaction required a separate
written tablet.
This is why tablets occur by the hundreds at
Mesopotamian sites.
By 2600 BCE the letters became cuneiform
and language was Sumerian.
Once written, tablets were dried hard in the
sun and it would be almost indestructible.
Once it dried, signs could not be pressed on
to a tablet.
So each transaction required a separate
written tablet.
This is why tablets occur by the hundreds at
Mesopotamian sites.
By 2600 BCE the letters became cuneiform
and language was Sumerian.
Writing was used for,
1.keeping records.
2.making dictionaries.
3.giving legal validity to land transfers.
4.narrating the deeds of kings.
5.announcing the changes a king had
made in the customary laws of the land
6. Storing information and of sending
messages
1.keeping records.
2.making dictionaries.
3.giving legal validity to land transfers.
4.narrating the deeds of kings.
5.announcing the changes a king had
made in the customary laws of the land
6. Storing information and of sending
messages
The System of Writing
The sound that a cuneiform sign represented
was not a single consonant or vowel but
syllables.
Thus the scribe had to learn hundreds of signs.
He had to handle a wet tablet and get it written
before it dried.
So writing was a skilled craft It conveys visual
form of system of sounds of a particular
language.
The sound that a cuneiform sign represented
was not a single consonant or vowel but
syllables.
Thus the scribe had to learn hundreds of signs.
He had to handle a wet tablet and get it written
before it dried.
So writing was a skilled craft It conveys visual
form of system of sounds of a particular
language.
Literacy
King and Very few could read and write.
There were hundreds of signs to learn and
many of these were complex.
If a king could read, that was recorded in
his boastful inscriptions.
Writing reflected the mode of speaking.
It was kingship that organisedtrade and
writing
King and Very few could read and write.
There were hundreds of signs to learn and
many of these were complex.
If a king could read, that was recorded in
his boastful inscriptions.
Writing reflected the mode of speaking.
It was kingship that organisedtrade and
writing
Urbanisationin Southern Mesopotamia:
Temples and Kings
By 5000 BCE, Settlements began in
Mesopotamia. The earliest cities emerged
from some of these settlements.
There were three kinds of cities
1. Cities that developed around temples
2. Cities that developed as centresof trade
3. Imperial cities
Temples and Kings
By 5000 BCE, Settlements began in
Mesopotamia. The earliest cities emerged
from some of these settlements.
There were three kinds of cities
1. Cities that developed around temples
2. Cities that developed as centresof trade
3. Imperial cities
Construction and Maintenance of Temples in
Mesopotamia
The earliest known temple was a small shrine
made of unbaked bricks.
• Temples were the residence of various gods:
Moon God of Ur and for Inanna the Goddess of
Love and War.
• Temples became larger over time with several
rooms around open courtyards.
Temples always had their outer walls going in
and out at regular intervals.
• The god was the focus of worship.
Mesopotamia
The earliest known temple was a small shrine
made of unbaked bricks.
• Temples were the residence of various gods:
Moon God of Ur and for Inanna the Goddess of
Love and War.
• Temples became larger over time with several
rooms around open courtyards.
Temples always had their outer walls going in
and out at regular intervals.
• The god was the focus of worship.
InanaTemple @ Urukku
InannaTemple @ Urukku
Temple @ Ur
Temple @ Ur
Moon Temple-Ur
Construction and Maintenance of Temples in
Mesopotamia
The god was the theoretical owner of the
agricultural fields, the fisheries, and the herds of
the local community
Production process such as oil pressing, grain
grinding, spinning and weaving of woollencloth
done in the temple.
Thus temple became the main urban institution
by organizing production, employing merchants
and keeping records of distribution and
allotments of grain, plough animals, bread,
beer, fish etc.
Mesopotamia
The god was the theoretical owner of the
agricultural fields, the fisheries, and the herds of
the local community
Production process such as oil pressing, grain
grinding, spinning and weaving of woollencloth
done in the temple.
Thus temple became the main urban institution
by organizing production, employing merchants
and keeping records of distribution and
allotments of grain, plough animals, bread,
beer, fish etc.
Role of Kings in Construction and
Maintenance of Temples in Mesopotamia
Archaeological records show that villages were periodically
relocated in Mesopotamian history because of flood in the river
and change in the course of the rivers.
There were man made problems as well. Those who lived on
the upstream stretches of a channel could divert so much
water in to their fields that villages of downstream were left
without water.
There was continuous war fare in Mesopotamian villages for
land and water.
The victorious chiefs distributed the loot among their followers
and took prisoners from the defeated groups.
Maintenance of Temples in Mesopotamia
Archaeological records show that villages were periodically
relocated in Mesopotamian history because of flood in the river
and change in the course of the rivers.
There were man made problems as well. Those who lived on
the upstream stretches of a channel could divert so much
water in to their fields that villages of downstream were left
without water.
There was continuous war fare in Mesopotamian villages for
land and water.
The victorious chiefs distributed the loot among their followers
and took prisoners from the defeated groups.
Role of Kings in Construction and
Maintenance of Temples in Mesopotamia
They were employed as their guards or servants.
The chiefs also offer precious booty to the gods to
beautify temples.
He organisethe distribution of temple wealth by keeping
records.
This gave the king high status and authority.
War captives and local people had to work for the
temple, or for the ruler.
Those who were put to work were paid rations.
Hundreds of people were put to work at making and
baking of clay cones for temples
Maintenance of Temples in Mesopotamia
They were employed as their guards or servants.
The chiefs also offer precious booty to the gods to
beautify temples.
He organisethe distribution of temple wealth by keeping
records.
This gave the king high status and authority.
War captives and local people had to work for the
temple, or for the ruler.
Those who were put to work were paid rations.
Hundreds of people were put to work at making and
baking of clay cones for temples
Life in the City of Ur
In Mesopotamian society the nuclear family system was the norm.
The father was the head of the family
Marriage
We know little about the procedures of marriage.
A declaration was made about the willingness to marry by the
bride's parents.
when the wedding took place gifts were exchanged by both
parties who ate together and made offerings in a temple.
The bride was given her share of inheritance by her father.
The father's house, herds, fields etc. were inherited by the sons.
In Mesopotamian society the nuclear family system was the norm.
The father was the head of the family
Marriage
We know little about the procedures of marriage.
A declaration was made about the willingness to marry by the
bride's parents.
when the wedding took place gifts were exchanged by both
parties who ate together and made offerings in a temple.
The bride was given her share of inheritance by her father.
The father's house, herds, fields etc. were inherited by the sons.
Ur was a town and one of the earliest cities excavated in the 1930s
Narrow winding streets indicate the wheeled carts could
not have reached many of the houses.
Sacks of grain and firewood would have reached on
donkey back.
Town planning and street drains were absent at Ur.
Instead of drains clay pipes were found in the inner
courtyards of houses.
House roofs sloped inwards and rainwater was
channelledvia the drain pipes in to sumps in the inner
courtyards.
Narrow winding streets indicate the wheeled carts could
not have reached many of the houses.
Sacks of grain and firewood would have reached on
donkey back.
Town planning and street drains were absent at Ur.
Instead of drains clay pipes were found in the inner
courtyards of houses.
House roofs sloped inwards and rainwater was
channelledvia the drain pipes in to sumps in the inner
courtyards.
People had swept their house hold refuse in to the streets. This
made street level rise, and overtime the thresholds of houses had
to be raised. So that no mud would flow inside after rains.
Light came into the rooms not from windows but from doorways
opening in to courtyards.
Superstitions about houses-As recorded in omen tablets at Ur:
A raised threshold brought wealth;
A front door that did not open towards another house was lucky;
If the main door of a house open outwards, the wife would be a
torment to her husband.
Town cemetery at Ur
The graves of royalty and commoners have been found there. Very
few individuals were found buried under the floors of ordinary houses.
made street level rise, and overtime the thresholds of houses had
to be raised. So that no mud would flow inside after rains.
Light came into the rooms not from windows but from doorways
opening in to courtyards.
Superstitions about houses-As recorded in omen tablets at Ur:
A raised threshold brought wealth;
A front door that did not open towards another house was lucky;
If the main door of a house open outwards, the wife would be a
torment to her husband.
Town cemetery at Ur
The graves of royalty and commoners have been found there. Very
few individuals were found buried under the floors of ordinary houses.
A Trading Town in a Pastoral Zone
(Life in the city of Mari)
After 2000 BCE the royal city of Mari flourished.
• Mari was located on the upstream of Euphrates.
• Agriculture and animal rearing were carried out in
this region.
• Most of the region was used for pasturing sheep and
goats.
• Herders exchanged animals, cheese, leather and
meat in return for, metal tools etc. with the farmers.
• Nomadic groups of the western desert filtered into
the prosperous agricultural land.
(Life in the city of Mari)
After 2000 BCE the royal city of Mari flourished.
• Mari was located on the upstream of Euphrates.
• Agriculture and animal rearing were carried out in
this region.
• Most of the region was used for pasturing sheep and
goats.
• Herders exchanged animals, cheese, leather and
meat in return for, metal tools etc. with the farmers.
• Nomadic groups of the western desert filtered into
the prosperous agricultural land.
A Trading Town in a Pastoral Zone (Life in the city of Mari)
Such groups would come as herders, harvest labourers
or hired soldiers and settled down
These included the Akkadians, Amorites, Assyrians and
Armaneans.
The kings of Mari were Amorites and raised a temple at
Mari for Dagan, god of steppe.
Mesopotamian society and culture were open to
different cultures
Thus the vitality of the civilization was of course an
inter mixture culture
Mari is a good example of an urban centreprospering on trade.
Such groups would come as herders, harvest labourers
or hired soldiers and settled down
These included the Akkadians, Amorites, Assyrians and
Armaneans.
The kings of Mari were Amorites and raised a temple at
Mari for Dagan, god of steppe.
Mesopotamian society and culture were open to
different cultures
Thus the vitality of the civilization was of course an
inter mixture culture
Mari is a good example of an urban centreprospering on trade.
City of Mari
Sumerian Statue-Mari Seal of Mari
Mari Remains
A Trading Town in a Pastoral Zone
(Life in the city of Mari)
Wood, copper, wine, tin, oil etc. were carried in
boats along the Euphrates between the south
and Turkey, Syria and Lebanon.
Boats carrying grinding stones, wood, and wine
and oil jars, would stop at Mari on their way to
southern cities.
Officers of this town would go abroad, inspect
the cargo and levy a charge of about one-tenth
the value of the goods. Thus, although the
kingdom of Mari was not militarily strong but it
was exceptionally prosperous.
(Life in the city of Mari)
Wood, copper, wine, tin, oil etc. were carried in
boats along the Euphrates between the south
and Turkey, Syria and Lebanon.
Boats carrying grinding stones, wood, and wine
and oil jars, would stop at Mari on their way to
southern cities.
Officers of this town would go abroad, inspect
the cargo and levy a charge of about one-tenth
the value of the goods. Thus, although the
kingdom of Mari was not militarily strong but it
was exceptionally prosperous.
Cities in Mesopotamian culture
Mesopotamians valued city life .Many communities and
cultures lived side by side. After cities were destroyed in
war, they recalled them in poetry.
The Epic of Gilgamesh remind us the pride of the
Mesopotamians who took in their cities.
Gilgamesh was the ruler of Urukand a great hero who
subdued people far and wide.
He got a shock when his heroic friend died .He then set out
to find the secret of immortality.
After a heroic attempt, Gilgamesh failed, and returned to
Uruk. There he consoled himself walking along the city wall,
back and forth.
Mesopotamians valued city life .Many communities and
cultures lived side by side. After cities were destroyed in
war, they recalled them in poetry.
The Epic of Gilgamesh remind us the pride of the
Mesopotamians who took in their cities.
Gilgamesh was the ruler of Urukand a great hero who
subdued people far and wide.
He got a shock when his heroic friend died .He then set out
to find the secret of immortality.
After a heroic attempt, Gilgamesh failed, and returned to
Uruk. There he consoled himself walking along the city wall,
back and forth.
The Legacy of Writing
The greatest Legacy of Mesopotamia
Scholarly Tradition of Time reckoning Mathematics
Calender Mathematical contribution
The division of year in to 12 MonthsTablets with multiplication and
division tables
The division ofmonths in 4 weeks
The division of day in to 24 hours
Square-square-root tables
The division of the hour in to 60 minutes
Tables of compound interest
Solar and lunar eclipses were observed and recorded. There were
schools where students read and copied earlier written tablets.
The greatest Legacy of Mesopotamia
Scholarly Tradition of Time reckoning Mathematics
Calender Mathematical contribution
The division of year in to 12 MonthsTablets with multiplication and
division tables
The division ofmonths in 4 weeks
The division of day in to 24 hours
Square-square-root tables
The division of the hour in to 60 minutes
Tables of compound interest
Solar and lunar eclipses were observed and recorded. There were
schools where students read and copied earlier written tablets.
Passage based references
The Book of Genesis of the Old Testament refers to 'Shimar'as a
land of brick built city was Sumer
The Mesopotamian tablets refer to copper from 'Alashiya', the
island of Cyprus, as a major item of trade contributing to Mari's
urban prosperity.
The warkaHead (Lady of Uruk) is a world famous piece of
sculpture, made of white marble at Urukbefore 3000BCE.It is the
earliest representation of the woman's mouth, chin and cheeks.
The Palace at Mari of King Zimrilimwas the residence of the royal
family, the hub of administration, and a place of production. The
palace had only one entrance, open courtyards beautifully paved
and 260 rooms.
The Book of Genesis of the Old Testament refers to 'Shimar'as a
land of brick built city was Sumer
The Mesopotamian tablets refer to copper from 'Alashiya', the
island of Cyprus, as a major item of trade contributing to Mari's
urban prosperity.
The warkaHead (Lady of Uruk) is a world famous piece of
sculpture, made of white marble at Urukbefore 3000BCE.It is the
earliest representation of the woman's mouth, chin and cheeks.
The Palace at Mari of King Zimrilimwas the residence of the royal
family, the hub of administration, and a place of production. The
palace had only one entrance, open courtyards beautifully paved
and 260 rooms.
Passage based references
The great Assyrian king Assurbanipal
collected a library at his capital Nineveh,
possessing tablets on history, epics, omen
literature, astrology, hymns and poems.
Naboniduswas the last Babylonian king who
was the world's first archaeologist.
Connection between city life and trade and
writing is brought out in a Sumerian epic
poem about Enmerkar, the first king of Uruk.
The great Assyrian king Assurbanipal
collected a library at his capital Nineveh,
possessing tablets on history, epics, omen
literature, astrology, hymns and poems.
Naboniduswas the last Babylonian king who
was the world's first archaeologist.
Connection between city life and trade and
writing is brought out in a Sumerian epic
poem about Enmerkar, the first king of Uruk.
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