1.4 Developments in the Americas.pptx

Pre-Columbian Civilizations in North America.

1. Developments in the Americas By Jack Garrity

2. Today the Bering Strait is 85 KM wide, 30-50 meters deep.

3. During Paleolithic times, you could walk from Asia to North America.

4. As the Ice Age ended, sea level rose and the ice melted, blocking the land route.

5. Global Migrations The first peoples came to the Americas from Asia 26,000 to 19,000 years ago. years ago.

6. The People These populations expanded south, occupying both  North and South America , by 12,000 to 19,000 years ago.

7. Between 100,000 and 8,000 years ago, the last Ice Age had low sea levels that made a land bridge in the Bering Strait between Asia and North America

8. Most likely, they were hunters chasing the herds of mammoths, bison and caribou that looked for grazing land in North America.

9. About 3000 B.C. E, a group of Mesolithic people called the Inuit had developed a continuous culture in the distant North of the continent from Asia.

10. Mesolithic Age : the stone age period when Humans made more tools and homes out of wood and stone. Humans domesticated the wolves.

11. The relatively late arrival of human beings in North and South America, would put these cultures at a relative disadvantage time wise.

12. By the time the neo lithic Olmec civilization rose in Meso America 1200 BC, the Shang Dynasty had developed a feudal empire, and the pyramids of Egypt were more than a thousand years old.

13. About 3000 B.C. E, a group of Mesolithic people called the Inuit moved into North America from Asia.

14. They made a variety of tools, harpoons and spears from antler or narwhal tusks.

15. They built boats kayaks made of bone and covered in seal skin.

16. The Inuit became skilled at hunting seal, caribou, and fish, providing them with both food and clothing.

17. In winter, the Inuit built homes of stones and turf.

18. They built igloos as temporary shelter used while traveling.

19. They not only domesticated wolves for hunting , but also transportation.

20. The Inuit tribes still inhabit parts of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland today.

21. Inuit tribes still inhabit parts of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland today.

22. The Mound Builders

23. The Mound Builders Mississippian Culture Around 800- 1600 a semi Neolithic culture flourished on both sides of the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.

24. The Mound Builders Mississippian Culture A thousand years before, 5000 humans lived at Poverty Point the first city in North America (1500 BCE) .

25. People here grew some crops but also continued to gather food.

26. People lived onto of pyramids and earthworks..

27. Poverty Point was occupied for a thousand years. Its culture seems to have spread throughout the region..

28. The Hopewell peoples, (Mound Builders) built earth mounds used as tombs or for ceremonies.

29. Some were built in the shape of animal

30. Around 700, numerous cities were built across the region. called the Mississippian Culture. They did not have a writing system that has been discovered.

31. Mississippian culture They grew corn, squash, and beans, together to give plants nutrients, support, and shade.

32. Between A.D. 850 and A.D. 1150, Cahokia was the seat of government for the Mississippian culture.

33. City planning and engineering on a large scale, buildings aligned with Cardinal directions astronomy.

34. Mississippians built enormous earthen mounds, some of which were as tall as 100 feet and covered an area the size of 12 football fields.

35. The center of the city has a burial mound over 30 meters high with a base larger than Kufu’s Great Pyramid in Egypt.

36. Cahokia had a least 200 mounds with 10,000 to 15000 people with another 20,000 – 30,000 in the surrounding areas.

37. There would not be a larger city in North America until New York in the 1750’s.

38. Cahokia rule over another 50,000 people in other towns along the Mississippi.

39. Government and Society The Mississippian society had a rigid class structure, led by a chief called the Great Sun.

40. Government and Society Below the Great Sun was an upper class of priests and nobles and a lower class of farmers, hunters, merchants, and artisans.

41. Government and Society At the bottom were slaves, who usually were prisoners of war.

42. Gender Roles In general, women farmed and men hunted.

43. Gender Roles Huge communal corn fields (technology from the South West) surrounded the city.

44. Gender Roles Imported copper supplied copper workshops that produced jewelry and weapons for the elite classes.

45. Gender Roles Imported copper supplied copper workshops that produced jewelry and weapons for the elite classes.

46. Gender Roles Women controlled the wealth and the Mississippians had a matrilineal society.

47. Gender Roles Social standing came from the woman's side of the family. For example, when the Great Sun died, the title passed not to his own son, but to a sister's son.

48. Decline of Mississippian Culture Mississippian Civilization did not develop writing, so our knowledge comes from archeology.

49. Decline of Mississipian Culture People abandoned Cahokia around 1450, it had been in population decline since 1200. All Mississippian cities by 1600.

50. Decline of Mississipian Culture People abandoned Cahokia around 1450, and other large Mississippian cities by 1600.

51. Decline of Mississippian Culture One theory posits that flooding or other weather extremes caused crop failures and the collapse of the agricultural economy needed to sustain the populations of the large cities.

52. Decline of Mississippian Culture Others that war was more of a factor.

53. Decline of Mississippian Culture More importantly, diseases introduced by the Europeans decimated the population.

54. Decline of Mississippian Culture Europeans diseases wiped out perhaps 90 percent of some populations, especially those in large cities.

55. Decline of Mississippian Culture The Spanish Conquistador Hernando de Desoto (1500-1542) was a three- year reign of terror on the people of North America (1539-1542).

56. Decline of Mississippian Culture Desoto (1500-1542) was a liar, murderer thief, and rapist. Claiming himself a God, he cut people’s hands and noises off and burned them alive and fed them to dogs…..he enslaved thousands of people along his journey. And worked them to death.

57. Decline of Mississippian Culture Beginning in the 1500’s , Patriarchic Europeans norms put women as second class citizens, so British, French, and Spanish men would not negotiate with the traditional leaders of North American civilizations .

58. The Algonquians and Iroquois Nations Temperate Deciduous Forest

59. Temperate deciduous forests are dominated by trees that lose their leaves each year. They have warm, moist summers and snowy winters. The region was affected by the Mississippian Peoples.

60. While the Algonquins remained hunter gathers, the Iroquois lived in villages made up of of longhouses surrounded by a wooden fence around 1000.

61. Iroquois settlements increased warfare, yet had a matriarchically society.

62. They built longhouses on wooden poles, surrounded by high walls. Each from 150 to 200 feet long, housing about a dozen families.

63. Iroquois men hunted . As warriors, they protected the community.

64. Women owned the dwellings and did the farming.

65. The most important crops the “three sisters”—corn, beans , and squash .

66. Was their society matriarchal or a patriarchal?

67. Woman also took over making pottery and controlled the wealth of the communities. They often traded men between communities.

68. Their creation myth reflects the dominance of women and importance of animals.

69. Each Iroquois group was made up of clans .

70. Clan noun plural noun: clans a group of close-knit and interrelated families

71. The women of each clan elected a well-respected woman as the clan mother.

72. The clan mothers, chose the male members of the Grand Council.

73. They made wampum used as money and , which they read out at meetings. People cannot read it today. Scholars debate over if it was a true written language or not today.

74. The Grand Council had 50 representatives.

75. The Grand Council met regularly to settle differences among league members.

76. In the 1500’s Deganawida and Hiawatha advocated the Great Peace, creating a strong alliance for peace called the Iroquois League.

77. In all of your acts, self-interest shall be cast away. Look and listen for the welfare of the whole people, and have always in view . . . the unborn of the future Nation.”

78. Hiawatha the Great (d 1595) spread Deganawidah's vision and created the first democratic republic in North America.

79. Jigonhsasee ( 1570–1600. Mother of Nations,) convinced the other nations to join the confederation , creating the first democratic republic in North America.

80. This republic predates John Locke’s publications y 89 years, and influenced Founding Fathers of the USA directly.

81. In 1754, Benjamin Franklin used the Iroquois League as a model for a Plan of Union for the British colonies, although some historians disagree.

82. , Franklin cited the Iroquois as an example of successful political union, stating “It would be a very strange Thing, if six Nations of ignorant Savages, should be capable of forming a Scheme for such an Union, and be able to execute it in such a Manner, as that it has subsisted Ages, and appears indissoluble; and yet that a like Union should be impracticable for ten or a Dozen English Colonies, to whom it is more necessary, and must be more advantageous; and who cannot be supposed to want an equal Understanding of their Interests.” L etter Benjamin Franklin 1751,

83. By 1639,   Smallpox epidemic from Europe disrupts much of the North Eastern Nations.

84. By 1639, Smallpox halves the population of the Huron Indians in what is now known as southern Ontario, Canada, from 20,000 to 10,000, epidemics would continue throughout Native Nations until very recently.

85. The Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy, longtime enemies of the Huron, take the opportunity to kill many of the weakened Huron people and disperse survivors to lands farther west in Canada and Michigan.

86. .French and British colonists reduced the populations further with more diseases, war, and byzantine strategies.

87. .French and British colonists would not negotiate with women, which reduced the political roles of women greatly.

88. In 1754, Benjamin Franklin used the Iroquois League as a model for a Plan of Union for the British colonies.

89. American Revolution During the American Revolution , the Iroquois divided the League with a few tribes joining the Americans, most sided with the British.

90. Those that sided with the British fled to Canada, and those with the USA moved West after the war.

91. Neolithic Peoples of the Southwest: The Ancestral Pueblos formally Anasazi

92. Soon after the rise of the Mississippian Civilization, various cultures emerged in what is now the southwestern United States. Living in a dry region, people developed ways to collect, transport, and store water efficiently. In addition, because of the climate, trees were small and scarce, so people had little wood to use to build homes.

93. The Spanish called these people Pueblos (Spanish for villagers) but archeologists have identified 4 distinct civilizations in the region.

94. From 750 to today, the Ancestral Pueblos made a large farming society in Arizona, Colorado Nevada, New Mexico. .

95. The Ancestral Pueblos are the classical civilization for the region, yet they did not develop a writing system.

96. The Ancestral Pueblos used canals and earthen dams to turn parts of the desert into fertile gardens

97. By the year 100, corn tech from Mexico allowed populations to skyrocket, eventually about a million people had Pueblo culture.

98. They used stone and adobe (sun-dried brick) to build pueblos

99. Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico, they built an elaborate center for their civilization

100. • Chaco Canyon flourished from 800-1150 with a drought.

101. • Chaco Canyon has enough room for 10,000 people, yet did not have enough food for those numbers.

102. Instead, Chaco Canyon was the center of yearly religious festivals and parties for ancestral pueblos all around the region.

103. Chaco Canyon was the center of yearly religious festivals and parties.

104. Chaco Canyon’s layout provides an astronomical calendar. Certain buildings light up during the Summer and Winter Solstice.

105. Chaco Canyon’s layout provides an astronomical calendar. Certain buildings light up during the Summer and Winter Solstice.

106. Chaco Canyon (Pueblo Bonito) has eight hundred rooms housing more than a thousand people.

107. Chaco Canyon (Pueblo Bonito) has eight hundred rooms housing more than a thousand people.

108. At Chaco Canyon (Pueblo Bonito) sophisticated reservoirs, water canals and irrigation systems allowed food to be grown.

109. Geometric Pottery

110. The people of Mesa Verde built multi-story homes into the sides of cliffs using bricks made of sandstone. The book writes that both groups declined in the late 13th century as the climate became drier. Yet, early European exploiters certainly came across these cultures.

111. Ancestral Pueblos built t Mesa Verde (today a United States national park in Colorado).

112. 3 story apartment buildings next to each other like ours. Some 4 stores. Pit houses could fit hundreds of people for ceremonies and parties.

113. 3 story apartment buildings next to each other like ours. Some 4 stores. Pit houses could fit hundreds of people for ceremonies and parties.

114. The Ancestor Pueblos had extensive trade route.

115. The Pueblos built large road systems.

116. Daily life as an Ancestorial Pueblos.

117. Prolonged drought in the late thirteenth century put pressure on the Pueblos and Mesa Verde.

118. European diseases, then brutal conquest by Spain followed destroying Mesa Verde.

119. European diseases, then brutal conquest by Spain followed destroying Mesa Verde.

120. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado(1510-1554).

121. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado(1510-1554) Search for the 7 Cities of Gold! I can out do Cortez!!!!!

122. NEXT TIME Central and South America