1.Accidents,Causes.ppt

Construction Safety

1. 19CEC01-Construction Safety
Practices
Unit-1 Accidents & Causes

2. Accident
TheAmericanNationalSafetyCouncilhasdefined
accidentas:
“Thatoccurrenceinsequenceofeventswhichusually
producesunintendedinjury,deathorproperty
damage’’.

3. Causes of Accidents
Thecausesmaybehumanormechanicalfailures.
Thetwobroadsourcesoftheaccidentsmaybe
classifiedinto:
Unsafeconditionsand
Unsafeactions

4. Factors contributing to accidents
Mechanical
Environment
Human

5. Mechanical causes
Inadequatelyguarded
Unguarded
Unsafedesignorconstruction
Hazardousarrangement

6. Environmental Causes
Illumination
Ventilation
Temperature
Speed of work
Hours of Work
Spread over work period
Workload

7. Human causes
Individual factors
Age
Marriage
Education
Health
Length of Service
Work performance
Psychological Factors
Attitude towards Job
Interest & difficulties
Machine habits
Attention
Fatigue

8. Personality factors
Intellectual level
Emotional maturity
Adjustment
Anxiety level
Sociological factors
Size of family
Number of dependents
Financial position
Social Status
Interpersonal relations
Home Environment
Contd…

9. Classification of accidents
Fall from height
Struck by falling objects
Fall at same level
Overexertion
Inhalation or absorption
Contact with electricity / Electric flash
Others

10. Types of Accidents
FALL TO
–same level
–lower level
CAUGHT
–in
–on
–between
CONTACT WITH
–chemicals
–electricity
–heat/cold
–radiation
BODILY REACTION
FROM
–voluntary motion
–involuntary motion

11. (cont…)
STRUCK
–Against
stationary or
moving object
protruding
object
sharp or jagged
edge
–By
moving or flying
object
falling object
RUBBED OR
ABRADED BY
–friction
–pressure
–vibration

12. Accident Causing Factors
Basic Causes
–Management
–Environmental
–Equipment
–Human Behavior
Indirect Causes
–Unsafe Acts
–Unsafe Conditions
Direct Causes
–Slips, Trips, Falls
–Caught In
–Run Over
–Chemical Exposure

13. Policy & Procedures
Environmental Conditions
Equipment/Plant Design
Human Behavior
Slip/Trip Fall
Energy Release
Pinched Between
Indirect Causes
Direct Causes
ACCIDENT
Personal Injury
Property Damage
Potential/Actual
Basic Causes
Unsafe
Acts
Unsafe
Conditions

14. Basic Causes
Management
Environment
Equipment
Human Behavior
Systems &Procedures
Natural & Man-made
Design & Equipment

15. Management
Systems &
Procedures
–Lack of systems &
procedures
–Availability
–Lack of Supervision

16. Environment
Physical
–Lighting
–Temperature
Chemical
–vapors
–smoke
•Biological
–Bacteria
–Reptiles

17. Environment

18. Design and Equipment
•Design
–Workplace layout
–Design of tools &
equipment
–Maintenance

19. Design and Equipment
Equipment
–Suitability
–Stability
Guarding
Ergonomic
Accessibility

20. Human Behavior
Common to
all accidents
Not limited to person
involved in accident

21. Human Factors
Omissions&Commissions
DeviationsfromSOP
–LackingAuthority
–ShortCuts
–Removeguards

22. Competencies(how it needs to be done)
Human Behavior is a function of:
Activators(what needs to be done)
Consequences
(what happens if it is/isn’t done)

23. ABCModel
Antecedents
(trigger behavior)
Behavior
(human performance)
Consequences
(either reinforce or punish behavior)

24. Positive Reinforcement (R+)
("Do this & you'll be rewarded")
Negative Reinforcement (R-
)
("Do this or else you'll be penalized")
Only 4 Types of
Consequences:
Behavior
•Punishment (P)
("If you do this, you'll be penalized")
•Extinction (E)
("Ignore it and it'll go away")

25. Deviations from SOP
No Safe Procedure
Employee Didn’t know Safe
Procedure
Employee knew, did not follow
Safe Procedure
Procedure encouraged risk -
taking
Employee changed approved
procedure

26. Human Behavior
Thought Question:
What would you do as a worker if
you had to take 10-15 minutes to
don the correct P.P.E. to enter an
area to turn off a control valve
which took 10 seconds?

27. Human Behavior
Punishment or threatening
workers is a behavioral method
used by some Safety
Management programs
Punishment only works if:
–It is immediate
–Occurs every time there is an
unsafe behavior
This is very hard to do

28. Human Behavior
Some experts believe you can change
worker’s safety behavior by changing
their “Attitude”
Accident Report –“Safety Attitude”
A person’s “Attitude” toward any
subject is linked with a set of other
attitudes -Trying to change them all
would be nearly impossible
A Behavior change leads to a new
“Attitude” because people reduce
tension between Behavior and their
“Attitude”

29. Are inside a person’s head -therefore they
are notobservable nor measurable
Attitudes can be changed by
changing behaviors
however
Attitudes

30. Human Behavior
“Attention” Behavioral Safety
approach
–Focuses on getting workers to pay
“Attention”
–Inability to control “Attention” is a
contributing factor in many injuries
You can’t scare workers into a
safety focus with “Pay Attention”
campaigns

31. Reasons for Lack of Attention
1.Technology encourages short attention spans
(TV remote, Computer Mouse)
2. Increased Job Stress caused by uncertainty
(mergers & downsizing)
3. Lean staffing and increased workloads require
quick attention shifts between tasks
4. Fast pace of work –little time to learn new
tasks and do familiar ones safely

32. Reasons for Lack of Attention
5. Work repetition can lull workers into
a loss of attention
6. Low level of loyalty shown to
employees by an ever reorganizing
employer may lead to:
a) Disinterested workers
b) Detached workers (no connection to
employer)
c) Inattentive workers

33. Human Behavior
Focusing on “Awareness” is a
typical educational approach to
change safety behavior
Example:You provide
employees with a persuasive
rationale for wearing safety
glasses and hearing protection
in certain work areas

34. Developing Personal Safety Awareness
A)Before starting, consider how to do job
safely
B)Understand required P.P.E. and how to use
it
C)Determine correct tools and ensure they
are in good condition
D)Scan work area –know what is going on
E)As you work, check work position –reduce
any strain
F)Any unsafe act or condition should be
corrected
G)Remain aware of any changes in your
workplace –people coming, going, etc.
H)Talk to other workers about safety
I)Take safety home with you

35. Human Behavior
SomeThought Questions:
1.Do you want to work safely?
2.Do you want others to work
safely?
3.Do you want to learn how to
prevent accidents/injuries?
4.How often do you think about
safety as you work?
5.How often do you look for actions
that could cause or prevent
injuries?

36. Human Behavior
More Thought Questions:
a)Have you ever carried wood without wearing
gloves?
b)Have you ever left something in a walkway
that was a tripping hazard?
c)Have you ever carried a stack of boxes that
blocked your view?
d)Have you ever used a tool /equipment you
didn’t know how to operate?
e)Have you ever left a desk or file drawer open
while you worked in an area?
f)Have you ever placed something on a stair
“Just for a minute”?
g)Have you ever done anything unsafe because
“I’ve always done it this way”?

37. Human Behavior
TIME!
“All this safety stuff takes time doesn’t
it”?
“I’m too busy”!
“I can’t possibly do all this”!
“The boss wants the job done now”!