1. AMJ30503_2022-2023_STORMWATER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA.pdf

Stormwater Management in Malaysia according to Manual Saliran Mesra Alam

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Urban Stormwater
Drainage Design :
Malaysia Experience.
Dr Mahyun Ab Wahab
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

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Hi!
Happy to see you
today!

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“Change is the law of
life and those who look
only to the past or
present are certain to
miss the future.”
— John F. Kennedy

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Talkingpoints
►Introduction
►History of drainage practice
►Why Malaysia need the stormwater
management?
►Urban StormwaterDesign Guideline &
Design approach
►The beauty of MSMA
►Conclusion

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1. Introduction.

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Malaysia
►MalaysiaisacountryinSoutheastAsia.
►Thefederalconstitutionalmonarchyconsistsofthirteenstatesandthree
federalterritories,separatedbytheSouthChinaSeaintotworegions,
PeninsularMalaysiaandBorneo'sEastMalaysia.
►PeninsularMalaysiasharesalandandmaritimeborderwithThailandand
maritimeborderswithSingapore,Vietnam,andIndonesia.
►EastMalaysiashareslandandmaritimeborderswithBruneiandIndonesia
andamaritimeborderwiththePhilippinesandVietnam.

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►KualaLumpuristhenationalcapital,largestcityandtheseatofthe
legislativebranchofthefederalgovernment.
►ThenearbyplannedcapitalofPutrajayaistheadministrativecapital;
whichrepresentstheseatofboththeexecutivebranch(Cabinet,federal
ministriesandagencies)andthejudicialbranchofthefederal
government.
►ThesouthernmostpointofcontinentalEurasiaisinTanjungPiai.

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Malaysia
NameofCountry
JalurGemilang
NationalFlag.
BungaRaya
NationalFlower
Kuala Lumpur
NationalCapitalState
Malaysia

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Malaysia –Climate
►Malaysiaexperienceshumidweatherthroughouttheyear.
►TheaveragedailytemperatureacrossMalaysiaisbetween21°Cand32°C.
►Typically,theMalaysianclimateisinfluencedbythewindsblowingfrom
theIndianOcean(SouthwestMonsoon-MaytoSeptember)andthe
SouthChinaSea(North-EasternMonsoon-NovembertoMarch).
►Itsannualrainfallis80percentayearwhichisbetween2000mmto
2500mm.
Source:Malaysia2016(DepartmentofInformation)

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Surface Runoff.
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=fn736F34QyQ

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Main point.
►Runoff can caused FLOOD
►Runoff depends on the permeability of soil
►Runoff pick up all pollution and bring it to the river
without filtration
►When rain and stormwaterallowed to drain into the
ground (infiltration), Earth can filter
it naturally

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Why we have
to increase
infiltration
and
permeability?

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Why infiltration is important?

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Why permeability is important?
►Permeability of soil determine the percentage of water
that can infiltrate into the soil
Low
Runoff
High
Permeability
Low Runoff
High
infiltration
Reduce
risk of
FLOOD

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Floodin
Malaysia
►Major Flooding - the main
river overtop and cause
widespread flooding of long
duration
►Flash Flood - a short
duration flood that is very
localized
•Flood condition varies from state to state.
•Flood level varies from 0.2m up to 5m (extreme cases).
•Size of flood <100 ha. to a few thousand ha.

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What is Flash Flood?
►Flash flood is the most devastating natural disaster experienced in
Malaysia
►It can be defined as any high water flow caused by various factors such
as rainstorms, slow water run-off, and broken dams.
►Usually occur in urban areas
►Caused by short, intense, localized thunderstorms that occurs < 3 hours
►Flood water rise almost immediately during the storm and water will
recede within 6 hours after the rain

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►Localweatherchangesareamongthenaturalcausethattriggeredflash
flood;whilenon-naturalcausessuchasinefficienturbandrainagesystem
andincreaseofthenumberofbuildingintheurbanareas,anditisthe
causesofmostoftheflashfloodseventintheKlangValleyPeninsular
(DID2000a).

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Causes of flood
Short, intense localized thunderstorms , the type of storm usually experienced in the evening
Rapid and Uncontrolled Development in catchment areas resulting in Heavy Siltation
Obstructions in River Flow System that Reduce in River Flow Capacity
Limited available space for River Improvement works to handle the ever
increasing flood flow due to escalating urbanisationprocess
Insufficient internal drainage systems within the town area →undercapacity
1
2
3
4
5

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2. Historyof
drainage
practice

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PastDrainage Practice

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PastDrainage Practice and Issues
►Rapiddisposal,localizedandmono-functioningdesign
conceptshavebeenwidelypracticedinMalaysia
►Allowdeveloperstoputindrainswhereappropriate.
►Engineer’sjobisonlytodeterminethedrainsizetocomply
withthedrainagecapacityandfinaldischargeoutlet
requirement.
►Alldrainstotrunkdrainsarenormallyconcrete-lined
andoftheopenchanneltypetominimize
thelandarerequired(embi&Kassim,1998)

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Design Procedures No. 1:Urban Drainage Design Standards
and Procedures for Peninsular Malaysia - 1975
►The first urban drainage
manual, ‘Planning and Design
Procedures No.1:Urban
Drainage Design Standards
and Procedures for Peninsular
Malaysia’ was published by
Department of Irrigation and
Drainage in 1975.
The manual has been in used as a
guideline for more than twenty
five years and since its
publication, changes have not
been made although there have
beenmany new technological
developments in urban drainage.

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►Majorconcernofthisstandardandprocedureshavebeento
the“rapiddisposalofflood”
►Thismanualalsofocuson
•Hard engineering (structure based)
•Localized approach
•One function which is quantity control

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Design Procedures No. 1:Urban Drainage Design Standards and
Procedures for Peninsular Malaysia - 1975
►Inordertomitigateflashfloodinurbanarea,a conventional
drainage system has been designed to provide the fastest
transport of storm water runoff out of the catchments into
the receiving water.
►Conventionaldrainagesystem,unfortunatelyhasledto
increasetheoccurrenceofflashfloodatthe
downstreamofthecatchments

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Design Procedures No. 1:Urban Drainage Design Standards and
Procedures for Peninsular Malaysia - 1975
►Additionally, open
drainage invites more
polluted river and
therefore has
worsened the quality
of life in urban
community
►Widening and
channeling rivers and
drain to cater for
increased discharges
as the urban area
develops is
inherently defective
from the
environmental point
of view

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Design Procedures No. 1:Urban Drainage Design Standards and
Procedures for Peninsular Malaysia - 1975
►DID has estimated RM10 Billion to
mitigate the current existing flood
problem. If the country continue to
urbanize, the flood problem continue to
increase (Zakaria& Ainan, 2000).
►Therefore, conventional drainage is no
longer an effective measure in solving
flood.
Zakaria, N. A., Ghani, A. A., Abdullah, R., Sidek, L. M., Kassim, A. H., &
Ainan, A. (2004, May). MSMA–a new urban stormwater management
manual for Malaysia. Ininternational conference “ICHE.

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Conveyance oriented –hard structure
Source :
Ir. AZMI BIN AMAT
Stormwater Management Division
Drainage and Irrigation Department of Malaysia

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Conveyance oriented –widening river
channel
Source :
Ir. AZMI BIN AMAT
Stormwater Management Division
Drainage and Irrigation Department of Malaysia

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Conveyance oriented –land problem
Widening and deepening at the town city center is not
applicable due to land accusation too high.
Source :
Ir. AZMI BIN AMAT
Stormwater Management Division
Drainage and Irrigation Department of Malaysia

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Conveyance oriented –high cost
Source :
Ir. AZMI BIN AMAT
Stormwater Management Division
Drainage and Irrigation Department of Malaysia

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Main issueto be tackled
Major
problem in
Malaysia
Flood
•Forest to
agriculture
•Agriculture
to urban
areas
Urbanization
•29,800
sq.km
•(about the
size of
Selangor
+ Perak
Increase
flood
prone

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2. Why we and
Malaysia need
the stormwater
management?

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Malaysia Development
►Progressivemovementfromagriculturetoanindustrializedeconomyhas
shiftedthepopulationintourban centers.
►Urbandevelopmentwillnecessarilybegearedtomeettheneedofthese
increasingurbandwellersandthiswillresultinpavedsurfaces
►ForanexamplestudyinSubangJaya,themostpopulatedareaan
increaseinimperviousareafrom0-40%haveshortenedthetimeof
concentrationbyabout50%andincreasedthemagnitudeoftherunoff
dischargebyabout190%(Abdullah,2000).

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More..
►StudiesbyDepartmentofIrrigationandDrainageMalaysiashowthatthe
numberoftherivershavingcapabilitiestocaterthesurfacerunoffis
decreasing.
►Thesurfacerunofffromthedevelopmentusingthedrainagesystem
basedonconventionalapproachwillincreasethemagnitudeofthepeak
discharges2timesanditsrapidlydischargetonearestriversystem.
►Government allocations to resolve the current structural
work under Flood Mitigation Programmed such as the
construction of dam, reservoir and deepening and
widening the rivers increase from time to time.

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►Accordingto2000AnnualReportbytheDepartmentofEnvironment
(DOE),52riverbasinswerepollutedwithsuspendedsolidbecauseof
uncontrolledurbandevelopment.
►The numbers of rivers with better water quality are decreasing and this
should be look upon as a serious matter.
►Sediment deposition in river channel also cause a flash flood due to the
reduction in the flow carrying capacity of rivers.

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Why WE needs
stormwatermanagement
•Urbanization–Land use Change
•Flash Flood locations the whole
nations Increasing
•Government allocation to mitigate
flood increase
•Water Pollution
•Water Scarcity

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Urbanization –land use change

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Impact of uncontrolled development

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Major change of flow characteristics

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What we
want?

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Idealcondition to be achieve
►Runoff quantity control requirements
for any size of development or re-
development project is “Post
development peak flow of any ARI at
the project outlet must be less than or
equal to the pre-development peak
flow of the corresponding ARI (Qpost≤
Qpre)”.
Zero uncontaminated
discharge principle

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3. Urban
Stromwater
Design Guideline
& Design Approach

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Sit back and
relax
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=29-LRoPOH_8

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Transformation of guideline

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MSMA 1
st
Edition

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MSMA 2
nd
Edition

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Introduce NEW Guideline
►DID introduce Storm
Water Management
Manual for Malaysia
(Manual SaliranMesra
Alamor MSMA)in
2001.
►Apply Best
Management
Practices (BMP’s) to
control stromwater
from the aspect of
quantity and quality
runoff to achieve
zero development
impact contribution.

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What is the NEW Approach?
. . Control-at-source approach
Utilizes detention/retention,
infiltration and purification
processes
Uncontaminated Zero
contribution to the peak
discharge

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Why we need NEW Approach?
The beauty of using control-at-source
method
Drain size needed in
the urban area is
smaller and
comparable with the
predevelopment
condition
Storm water runoff
effect is reduced
There is an integration
of environmental
friendly drainage
infrastructures and
the landscape,
developing natural
harmony

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More..
►Under this new direction, storm water management will have multiple objectives,
including to:
►ensure the safety of the public;
►control nuisance flooding and provide for the safe passage of less
frequent and larger flood events;
►protect property;
►stabilisethe landform and control erosion;
►optimisethe land available for urban development;
►minimisethe environmental impact of urban runoff on water
quality;
►enhance the urban landscape.

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Next..
►Eleven years after its first publication, DID has completely revised the
first edition of MSMA with the release of the Second Edition.
►The MSMA 2
nd
Edition has been prepared through the co-operative and
collaborative between governmental organizations, private agencies as
well as individuals.
►MSMA 2
nd
edition is an improved version of the MSMA 1
st
edition that
provide planning and design guidance to all those involved in the
management and storm water.

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More..
►Provide easy guidance to all regulators,
planners and designers who are involved
in stormwatermanagement
implementation.
►Cover most of the important aspects
and requirement of stormwater
management practices for new and
existing urban areas

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Concept
Rapid Disposal
HARD Engineering
Involved ONLY Quantity
Control at Source
Involved QUANTITY control
QUALITY control
EROSION and SEDIMENT control
Aesthetic Value
Operation and Maintenance

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The suggested solution
Erosion Sedimentation Control Plan (ESCP)

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TransformationKey
1. Conveyance systems must be
sized for the total increase flows
resulting from urbanization
2. Downstream conveyance
systems often have insufficient
capacity
3. Traditional hard lined open
conveyance systems can be a
hazard to the public during and
after rain due to high flow
velocities
4. Urban pollutants are
transported to downstream areas
1. Addition to the traditional
conveyance-oriented
approach, a potentially
effective and preferable
approach to storm water
management is the storage-
oriented approach
2. The principal elements and
techniques used in a storage-
oriented system are storm
water detention and retention
facilities.
Conveyance oriented
Storage Oriented

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Stormwater Design Criteria
Stormwater
Design
Criteria
Quantity
Peak
Discharge
Control
Storage
Facilities
Conveyance
Facilities
Quality
Pollution
Control
Temporary
BMPs
Facilities
Permanent
BMPs
Facilities

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MSMA Approach
“control at source” method in
the new development will
provide the country as zero
(flash) flood country in the near
future (preventive)

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Quantity
Control

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Peak Discharge Control
►Runoff quantity control requirements
for any size of development or re-
development project is “Post
development peak flow of any ARI at
the project outlet must be less than or
equal to the pre-development peak
flow of the corresponding ARI (Qpost≤
Qpre)”.
Zero uncontaminated
discharge principle

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Storage Facilities -On site Detention –OSD (<5ha)

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Storage Facilities -Storage Pond
Recommended :
Dry Pond 5-0 ha
Recommended :
Wet Pond > 10 ha

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Storage
Facilities

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Conveyance
Facilities

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Conveyance
Facilities
Engineered waterways

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QualityControl

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Temporary BMPs -ESCP
►ESCP is a plan that details temporary measures that
will be implemented during the construction phase
►The (ESCP) shall be submitted for project area more
than 1ha (10,000m²).

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Temporary BMPs -Sediment Control

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Permanent BMPs –Grass Pollutant Trap (GPT)
Floating
Debris Traps
Sediment Basin
and Trash Rack
Traps (SBTR)
Litter Control,
Sediment Basin,
Oil and Grease
Trap

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Permanent BMPs –Infiltration Trench

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Permanent BMPs –Bioretention

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Permanent BMPs –
Water Quality
Pond /
Constructed
Wetlands

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Constructed
Wetlands

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The beauty of
MSMA
Photo from IrAzmi, DID

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The beauty of
MSMA
Photo from IrAzmi, DID

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The beauty of
MSMA
Photo from IrAzmi, DID

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The beauty of
MSMA
Photo by SPSetiaWebsite

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The beauty of
MSMA
Photo by SPSetiaWebsite

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Conclusion

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The end..
►Minimize and control nuisance flooding and provides safe passage of less
frequent flood events
►Stabilize the landform and control erosion
►Minimize runoff water quantity impact on environment
►Provide safety for the public and protect properties
►Harmonize public and ecosystem needs

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Credits.
►Ir. AZMI BIN AMAT, Urban StormwaterManagement Manual For Malaysia
(Manual Saliran Mesra Alam)
►Dr Hj Md Nasir bin Md Noh, Solving Urban Flooding Through Sustainable
StormwaterManagement
►Zakaria, N. A., Ghani, A. A., Abdullah, R., Sidek, L. M., Kassim, A. H., & Ainan,
A. (2004, May). MSMA– A New Urban Stormwater Management Manual for
Malaysia. Ininternational conference “ICHE.
►Abdullahi, M. G. (2014). Floods In Malaysia: Historical Reviews, Causes,
Effects And Mitigations Approach.Int. J. Interdiscip. Res. Innov,2, 59-65.

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Thank
YOU!