1. Babur.pptx

Babur

1. BABUR Prepared By Dr. Rao Faculty of History [email protected]

2. 1500 AD

3. Babur, 1526- 1530 Babur was the founder of Mughal rule in India Babur was born on 14 February 1483 in the town of Andijan in the Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan He was a descendant of Timur (on his father’s side) and Genghis Khan (on his Mother’s side). In 1494 at the age of 11.6, Babur became the ruler of Farghana (at present in Chinese Turkistan) succeeding  Umar Shaikh Mirza , his father. (Capital  Akhsikent )

4. Source:https :// depts.washington.edu / silkroad /texts/ babur /babur1.html#depart Transoxiana is an ancient name referring to a region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kazakhstan and southern Kyrgyzstan.  

5. Source:https :// depts.washington.edu / silkroad /texts/ babur /babur1.html#depart

6. 1497- He defeated Baisunqur Mirza and captured Samarkand 1498 - He lost Fargana and recovered in 1500 1501- He was defeated by Shaibani Khan and compelled to give his sister Khanzada Begum in marriage and lost everything In 1501 he had lost  Andijan  and  Ferghana  to his rebel minister Sultan Ahmed Tambol lost Samarkand to Muhammad Shaybani Khan of the Khanate of Bukhara 1503-Battle of Archiyan / Akhsi (possibly a town a few miles away from Namangan ) he fled to the hills to the south of Ferghana 1504- He crossed Hindukush

7. Source:https :// dome.mit.edu /handle/1721.3/33581

8. 1505- he set out by Khyber pass for Peshawar and reached Kohat 1507- Babur crossed Indus advanced as far as Mandrawar in Lamghan ; in the meantime Shaibani Khan retired from Qandhar and Babur got title of Mirza (Prince) and styled himself as Badshah of Kabul Babar become active in 1518

9. Reasons for Babur’s Indian Expeditions The root of Mughal was Central Asia They ruled central Asia 13 decades The ottomans defeated the Safavids and Uzbegs controlled Transoxiana ( Transoxiana is an ancient name referring to a region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kazakhstan and southern Kyrgyzsta n) forcing Babur’s imperial impulses towards India Meagre income of Kabul ( Gandahara region) Desire to emulate Timur Punjab was part of the Timurid province and hence was considered a legal Patrimony of the Timurids Apprehension of Uzbeg attacks at Dik Khat , Babur heard an eye witness account of Timur’s invasion of India from 111 years old women.

10. Babar Expeditions 1519- Battle of Bhira - he conquered Bhira – Gunpowder was used for the first time. The first attack of Babur in India was on Bajaur in  1519  with 2000 horsemen. It was followed by capture of  Bhira  on Jhelum River in Punjab. Babur claimed this land in right of his great Grandson Timur's conquest a century ago. But he was repelled by the Hindus and Babur's occupation was nothing but a fleeting raid

11. Bajaur Massacre : On 7 January 1519, Babur wrote: "As the  Bajauris  were rebels and at enmity with the people of Islam, and as, by reason of the heathenish and hostile customs prevailing in their midst, the very name of Islam was rooted out from their tribe, they were put to general massacre and their wives and children were made captive. At a guess more than 3,000 men went to their death; as the fight did not reach to the eastern side of the fort, a few got away there. He seized Bajaur – first real Indian invasion Captured Peshawar, defeated Yusufai Afghans As part of a peace treaty with  Yusufzai   Pashtuns , Babur married  Bibi Mubarika , daughter of Yusufzai chief Shah Mansur, on 30 January 1519

12. 2. 1519 defeated Khizrkhail Afghans and acquired control over Peshawar The news of revolt in Badakhshan and this compelled him to return back 3. 1520- he occupied Bajaur , Bhera and Sialkot but the revolt in Kandhar revolt once again compelled him to return back Kandhar was the bone of contention between Babur and Persia

13. 4. 1524- Daulat Khan Lodhi welcomed and sent his son Dilawar Khan and Alam Khan Lodhi joined Babur Daulat Khan Lodi was the governor of Lahore during the reign of Ibrahim Lodi   Daulat Khan sent his son, Ghazi Khan Lodi, to Delhi to learn more about the state of affairs in the government. On his return, Ghazi Khan warned his father that Ibrahim Lodi was planning to remove his governorship. In response, Daulat Khan sent messengers to Babur in Kabul, offering his allegiance 1525- Babur had to return back because of the Uzbek rebellion

14. Battle of Panipat - 1526 In the 7 th attempt on 27 th April 1526, first battle of Panipat In this war Babur took position in centre, Right Centre- Chin Taimur Sultan Left Centre- Mir Ali Khalifa , Humayun Khvajakilan Ibrahim Lodhi had 1 Lakh men and 1000 elephants white Babur had 24000 men.

15. On 27 th April 1526, the Khutba was read in his name in Jami Masjid Agra was captured by Humayun Humayun welcomed Babur and gave Kohinoor to him, which was captured from late Raja Vikramjit of Gwalior Humayun captured Jaunpur , Gazipur , Kalpi Defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and founded Mughal Empire in India Here he adopted a new strategy , also adopted in the 1 st battle of Panipat TULGAM ( The centre has a week section, while the sides have a stronger one)

16. Source:https :// rumachak.wordpress.com /2015/04/21/the-first-battle-of-panipath-21st-april-1526/

17. Doe the first time Artillery was used by babur in India in this war. His artillery commanders were Ustad Ali & Mustafa Babur in Dec, 1926, narrow escaped death from poison mixed in his food by Sultan Ibrahim’s mother through royal servants

18. The Mughal flag or  alam

19. Battle of Khanwa - 1527 Babur had raided Punjab in 1504 and 1518. In 1519 he tried to invade Punjab but had to return to Kabul due to complications there. In 1520-21 Babur again ventured to conquer Punjab, he easily captured Bhira and Sialkot which were known as the "twin gateways to Hindustan The  Battle of Khanwa  was fought near the village of Khanwa , of Rajasthan, on March 16, 1527

20. Rajput -Afghan alliance against Babur Rana Sanga had built a formidable military alliance against Babur Rana Sanga joined by virtually all the leading Rajput kings from Rajasthan of Harauti , Jalor , Sirohi , Dungarpur , and Dhundhar .  Rao Ganga  of Marwar did not join personally but sent a contingent on his behalf led by his son Maldev Rathore . Rao Medini Rai of Chanderi in Malwa also joined the alliance Mahamud Lodhi , Ibrahim Lodhi Khanzada Hasan Khan Mewati , the ruler of Mewat

21. Rana Sanga  wanted to overthrow Babur, because he considered him to be a foreigner ruling in India and also to extend his territories by annexing Delhi and Agra Babur soldiers- Asked to return to Kabul- An Astrologer named Mohammad Sharif prophecited about the defeat of Babur “If you win, you shall get a kingdom, and if you die, you shall get heaven”

22. Babur tried to boost low morals of his army- he declared Would not drink wine Broke all wine vessels and destroyed wine stocks He banned sale and purchase of wine He abolished Tamgha (stamp duty, custom tax) on Muslim He declared the war against Sanga as Jihad

23. Finally on 17 th March, 1527, in the battle of Khanua , village some 37 miles west from Agra, Rana Sanga was defeated Babur again adopted the Tulughma tactics and at the hour of crisis the Silhadi left the Rana and joined Babur After Khanua , Babur assumed title Ghazi On 7 th April,1527, he went to Mewat’s capital Alwar Sangha escaped and tried to revive but was poisoned by his own nobles after two years

24. The  Battle of Chanderi  took place in the aftermath of the Battle of Khanwa   Battle was fought for supremacy of Northern India between Rajputs and Mughals On receiving news that  Rana Sanga  had renewed war preparations Babur decided to isolate the Rana by inflicting a military defeat on one of his vassals  Medini Rai  who was the ruler of Malwa Declared a Jihad again for political reasons Battle of Chanderi - 1528

25. https://www.examrace.com/Study-Material/History/Mughal-Emipire/Empire-of-Babur-and-Humayun.html

26. Babur marched to the fortress of  Chanderi  in Malwa which was the capital of the kingdom of  Malwa against Medini Rai and captured parts of Chanderi on 20 January 1528, Babur offered Shamsabad to Medini Rao in exchange for Chanderi as a peace overture but the offer was rejected by Rai On 2 nd Feb 1528, he send an expedition under VIVAN who captured Ayodhya and Lucknow and turned to Kanauj

27. Battle of Ghagra-1529 Afghans were powerful in UP the Afghans were regrouping under Sultan Mahmud Lodhi (the brother of Ibrahim Lodhi ) and Sultan Nusrat Lodhi of Bengal Babur set out on his campaign to subjugate the Afghans in early 1529. He marched towards Bengal It was behind one of them – the Ghaghra River, that the Afghan Army was deployed Mahmood Lodhi, the younger brother of sultan Ibrahim Lodhi and supported by Nusrat shah, the ruler of……. On 6 th May 1529, battle of Ghhagra (Battle of Ganga ) Babur could not win a decisive victory & he had to patch an agreement with them

28. Source:https :// www.ajaysinghindia.com / wp -content/uploads/2020/03/GHAGHRA- map.jpg

29. Babur Significance After the Kushanas he was the first to bring Kabul and Kandhar into the Indian Empire (Little India) Babur and his successors safeguarded India from foreign invasion for 200 years The rulers of Turan , Iran, Ottoman Turkey and others kept close diplomatic contact with India and also sought its support on occasions A new phase began in Indian foreign policy

30. Control over Kabul and Qandhar strengthened foreign trade The introduction of cannon muskets in India has generally been ascribed to Babur Introduced new military tactics – borrowing from Ottomans and Uzbeks Babur treated Uzbegs well – consults in taking important decisions- liberal in grant of stipends and gifts to them

31. There are no reference to Babur having destroyed temples Muthura was near Agra and Babur passed it a number of times, no temples were broken there Visited royal buildings and temples in the fort of Gwalior, but no effort was made to damage Urwa valley – The Jain deities were ordered to be destroyed because they were completely naked

32. At Sambhal and Ayodhya which were provincial headquarters, mosques were built by destroying Hindu temples at the instance of Babur- the inscriptions at both the places give the credit to local governors Mir Hindu beg at Sambha and Mir Baqi at Ayodhya The mosques may have existed earlier, but may have only been repaired and modified by Babur govt.

33. This leaves open question when and by whom the earlier Hindu or Buddhist temples were destroyed. Babur was a moderate in religion affairs and had no prejudice against the Hindus is also reflected in his attitude towards the autonomous Hindu rajas He introduced a new concept of the state resting on the Turk-Mongol theory of suzerainty, based on strength and prestige, absence of religion and sectarian bigotry Promoted fine arts- Ustat Mausuid & Gardens with running water

34. Babur sent Humayun to Samarkand Babur become ill and retired to his Jagir at Sambhal and on 26 th Dec , 1530, he died in Agra at the age of 48 His body was sent to Kabul and buried in ARAM-BAGH His autobiography TUZUK-I-BABURI was written in Turkish He wrote Diwan in Turkish and collection of Masnawis called MUBAYYAN written on law He invented MUBIYAN a new style of verse in Persian Babur’s cousin Mirza Haider in his book Tarikh-i-Rashidi described the personality of Babur He was one of the finest calligrapher and painter

35. Babur’s Description of Hindustan It has been accepted meritorious work both from the point of view of literature and history Payanda Khan and Abdur Rahim Khan- i - Khana translated it in Persian during Akbar’s time. In 1826, it was translated into French and English. The English translation was done by Mrs. Beveridge from the original work in Turki Translated into several European languages Babur could not add to his biography between the year 1508- 1519, 1520, 1525 and 1529-1530

36. The description of Babur is clear, impressive and quite near the truth. Of course, he misunderstood many things particularly in case of India and therefore, has given wrong versions but the attempt was not deliberate Lane-Poole regards it as an important historical document. He says-  “If ever there was a case, when the testimony of a single historical document, unsupported by other evidence should be accepted as sufficient proof, it is the case with Babur’s Memoirs.” Elphinstone has also remarked about it thus- “Almost the only piece of real history in Asia.”

37. He wrote- “Hindustan is situated in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd climates. No part of it is in the 4th.”  (4  main  types of climate  the Mediterranean  climate , oceanic  climate , humid continental  climate , and subarctic  climate) “Once you cross the river Indus the country, the trees, the stones, the people and their customs are all Indian.” “Hindustan is a country of a few charms. Its people have no good looks, no good manners, no genius or capacity. There are no good horses, no good dogs, no grapes, muskmelons or good fruits, no ice or cold water, no bread or cooked food in the markets, no hot baths, no colleges, no candles, torches or candle sticks. In places of candle and torch they keep lamp-men to carry oil-lamps from place to place. There are no running waters in their gardens or residences. Their residences have no charm, air, regularity or symmetry. Peasants and poor people move about mostly naked. The males use mostly languta and the females covered their body only with one cloth.”

38. “Pleasant things of Hindustan are that it is a large country and has masses of gold and silver.”   Babur liked the rainy season in India very much- “Its air in the rain is very fine. Sometimes it rains 10, 15 or 20 times a day; torrents pour down all at once and rivers flow where there had been no water.”

39. He wrote- “Another good thing in Hindustan is that it has numberless workers of every kind. There is a fixed caste for every sort of work and for everything. Six hundred and eighty men worked daily on my buildings in Agra while 1491 stone-cutters worked daily on my buildings in Agra, Sikri , Bayana , Dholpur , Gwalior and Koil . In the same way there are numberless artisans and workmen of every sort in Hindustan.”

40. Describing the political condition of India he wrote-  “The capital of India is Delhi . . . when I conquered that country there were five Muslim and two Hindu rulers there.”  -also described about the kingdoms of Malwa , Gujarat, Bahamani kingdom, Mewar , Vijayanagra - states of Orissa, Khandesh , Sindh and Kashmir in his Memoirs.

41. It cannot be believed that the Indian people lacked culture at the time of his invasion. Thus, the description of Hindustan by Babur, certainly, provides us useful historical source material yet, it is neither possible nor desirable to accept it as it is. We have to be watchful in assessing the judgement which he passed about the Indian people and their culture.

42. References Satish Chandra : Medieval India From Sultanate to the Mughals Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) Satish Chandra : Medieval India From Sultanate to the Mughals Delhi Sultanate (1526-1748) R.P . Tripati : Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire – Vol I Dr . IswariPrasad : The Mughal Empire JadunathSarkar : A Short History of Aurangazeb . Dr.Tarachand : Influence of Islam on Indian Culture. I.H. Qureshi : Administration of the Mughal Empire Yasuf Hussain : Indo –Muslim Polity. A.L.Srivastava : The Mughal Empire . J-L-Mehta: Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India : Volume II Mughal Empire SAA Rizvi : The Wonder That Was India: Volume II