1-Definition Characteristics-14-12-2024.pptx

Intro to cloud

1. Winter Semester – 2025 Cloud Computing ( BITE 412 L ) Dr.M.Sudha Associate Professor Senior Department of Information technology School of Information Technology & Engineering, VIT Vellore Module 1 Introduction to Cloud Computing The future depends on what you do today - Mahatma Gandhi

2. Computing Paradigm Distinctions Centralized Computing All computer resources are centralized in one physical system. Parallel Computing All processors are either tightly coupled with central shared memory or loosely coupled with distributed memory Distributed Computing A distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers, each with its own private memory, communicating over a network. Cloud Computing An Internet cloud of resources that may be either centralized or decentralized. The cloud applies to parallel or distributed computing or both. Clouds may be built from physical or virtualized resources.

3. Roots of Cloud Computing Roots of clouds computing by observing the advancement of several technologies, especially in Hardware (virtualization, multi-core chips) Internet technologies (Web services, service-oriented architectures, Web 2.0) Distributed computing (clusters, grids) Systems management (autonomic computing, data center automation) 3

4. What is Cloud computing ? Cloud computing has become a popular buzzword; it has been widely used to refer to different technologies, services, and concepts. It is often associated with Virtualized infrastructure or hardware on demand, Utility computing, IT outsourcing, Platform , Software as a service, and many other things that now are the focus of the IT industry. In addition, the platform provides on demand services, that are always on, anywhere, anytime and any place. Pay for use and as needed, elastic Scale up and down in capacity and functionalities The hardware and software services are available to General public, enterprises, corporations and businesses markets 4

5. Traditional Vs. Cloud Computing 5

6. Traditional Vs. Cloud Computing 6

7. Cloud Working Model Scenario 7

8. Cloud computing -recap Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and analytics—over the internet ("the cloud"). It allows users to access and store data and applications on remote servers rather than on local devices. Popular Uses of Cloud Computing: Storage Services: Google Drive, Dropbox. Streaming: Netflix, Spotify. Business Tools: Microsoft 365, Google Workspace. AI & ML Development: TensorFlow on AWS, Azure ML. E-Commerce Platforms: Shopify, Magento. 8

9. Core Benefits: Scalability: Resources scale up or down as needed. Cost-Efficiency: Pay-as-you-go model reduces capital expenditure. Accessibility: Data and applications accessible from anywhere via the internet. Flexibility: Supports hybrid and multi-cloud environments 9

10. Key Features On-Demand Self-Service: Users can provision resources without human intervention. Broad Network Access: Accessible through various devices like smartphones, tablets, and desktops. Resource Pooling: Providers serve multiple customers with shared resources dynamically allocated. Measured Service: Usage is monitored and billed transparently. 10

11. Analogy: Cloud computing is like a utility service (electricity or water). Instead of generating power at home, you rely on a utility provider to deliver it as needed. Similarly, in cloud computing, businesses access computing power from a cloud provider without investing in on-site infrastructure. 11

12. Why, Use Cloud Computing ? Reduce capex costs & improve the predictability of on-going operating expenses. Enable your employees to work from anywhere . Access your data anytime , without risks associated with physical storage since this is managed by cloud providers. Avoid complex disaster recovery planning ; let cloud computing vendors take care of this for you. Cloud computing vendors do the server maintenance , freeing up your resources for more important tasks Improves document control, with all your files in one central location, allowing everyone to work from one central copy . 12

13. How Cloud Computing Works? 13 For understanding How Cloud computing works, first you must understand –  What is Cloud computing?   Benefits of Cloud computing, Should understand the different types of Cloud offerings, Must Know types of Cloud Models Its Need and how to use Cloud

14. Why is Cloud Computing popular? Mid-size and small enterprises use Cloud Computing to access application software over high-speed Internet connections without having to spend on computer software and hardware. Cloud technology is most popular application in the customer service space. CRM has gained popularity due to its effectiveness in providing better customer service All kinds of businesses benefits through cost savings, operation improvements, and strategies to tackle business problems. 14

15. Cloud Computing Definition Buyya et al : “Cloud is a parallel and distributed computing system consisting of a collection of inter-connected and Virtualised computers that are dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing resources based on service-level agreements (SLA) established through negotiation between the service provider and consumers.” Armbrust et al. : “Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and system software in the datacenters that provide those services.” 15

16. (NIST) Cloud Computing Definition The National Institute of Standards and Technology characterizes cloud computing as “A pay-per-use model for enabling available, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, servers, storage, applications, services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.” 16

17. NIST Reference Architecture 17

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19. Cloud Reference architecture Components 19

20. Cloud consumer Cloud consumer is the main participants of cloud computing environment.  A cloud consumer is a person or organization that use the cloud services such as SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. A cloud consumer browses the service catalog provided by a cloud provider, cloud consumer requests the appropriate service. Cloud provider sets up cloud environment for the service and make a contracts with the cloud consumer for the use of the service. Cloud consumers need cloud Service Level Agreement(SLA ). 20

21. Service Provider to Consumer 21

22. SLA SLA act as a agreement for technical performance requirements provided by a cloud provider. Some terms and conditions regarding the quality of service, security, and concern on data privacy and usage ,remedies for performance failures are mentioned in the SLA. 22

23. Cloud provider 23 Cloud provider is responsible for making a service available to the cloud consumer. Cloud provider maintains and manages the different cloud computing services for the consumer and makes arrangements to deliver the cloud services to the Cloud Consumers using network access or the internet .

24. A Cloud Providers activities Activities can be described in five major areas, a cloud provider conducts its activities in the areas of service deployment, service orchestration, cloud service management, security, and privacy. 24

25. Cloud Auditor Cloud Auditor: A cloud auditor is a party that can perform an independent examination of cloud service controls with the intent to express an opinion thereon. Audits are performed to verify conformance to standards through a review of objective evidence. A cloud auditor can evaluate the services provided by a cloud provider in terms of security controls, privacy impact, performance, etc. A cloud audit is a test of a cloud environment, typically conducted by an independent third-party. 25

26. Ctd .. A cloud auditor is a dedicated team of technically skilled person that can perform an independent examination or review of cloud service controls with the intent to express strength and weakness of the process and some suggestion or improvement. Audits are performed to verify the standards of services after checking the evidence. Major role of a cloud auditor is to evaluate the services provided by a cloud provider against the parameters such as security controls, privacy impact and performance etc. 26

27. Cloud broker A cloud broker is an entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services and negotiates relationships between cloud providers and cloud consumers. In general, a cloud broker can provide services in three categories : Service Intermediation Services aggregation Service arbitrage 27

28. Analogy: Travel Agency Imagine you're planning a trip to a foreign country. You could spend hours researching flights, hotels, and activities, or you could hire a travel agency to do it for you. The travel agency knows the best deals, can book everything for you, and even offers additional services like travel insurance and guided tours. This makes your trip planning much easier and more efficient. Explanation: A cloud broker service acts like that travel agency for cloud computing. Instead of businesses having to research, compare, and manage multiple cloud service providers on their own, a cloud broker does it for them. The broker evaluates different cloud services, negotiates contracts, and integrates these services seamlessly. 28

29. Example: Let's say a company needs to store data, run applications, and manage emails. Instead of signing up for separate services from different cloud providers, they can use a cloud broker service. The broker assesses the company's needs, selects the best cloud services, and integrates them into a single, cohesive system. This simplifies the process for the company and ensures they get the best value and performance. Key Points: Aggregation: The broker consolidates multiple cloud services into a single interface. Integration: The broker ensures that different cloud services work together seamlessly. Customization: The broker can add value by customizing services to meet specific business needs. 29

30. Benefits: Simplified Management: Businesses don't have to manage multiple cloud service contracts and integrations. Cost Savings: Brokers can negotiate better deals and optimize resource usage. Expertise: Brokers have specialized knowledge of various cloud services and can provide expert advice. 30

31.  Service Intermediation A cloud broker may enhance a given service by improving some specific capability and providing value-added services to cloud consumers. The improvement may be related to managing the access to cloud services, identity management, performance reporting, enhanced security, etc. 31

32. Service Aggregation Services aggregation can seem to combine and integrate multiple services into one or more new services . The broker ensures the data movement between the cloud consumer and multiple cloud providers in a secure manner. A cloud broker also provides data integration. 32

33. Service Arbitrage Service arbitrage is very similar to service aggregation but there is a little bit different also. In service arbitrage the services to be aggregated are not fixed in advance. In Service arbitrage, a broker can select services from multiple agencies . The cloud broker, for example, can use a credit-scoring service to measure and select an agency with the best score. 33

34. Cloud Carrier Cloud Carrier A cloud carrier acts as an intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of cloud services between cloud consumers and cloud providers. Cloud carriers provide access to consumers through network, telecommunication and other access devices . For example, cloud consumers can obtain cloud services through network access devices, such as computers, laptops, mobile phones, mobile Internet devices (MIDs), etc. The distribution of cloud services is normally provided by network and telecommunication carriers or a transport agent 34

35. Characteristics - Cloud Computing Common Characteristics Massive Scale Homogeneity Virtualization Resilient Computing Service oriented Geographic Distribution Low cost Advance Security Essential Characteristics On Demand Service Broad Network Access Rapid Elasticity Resource sharing Measured Service 35

36. Benefits of Cloud Computing Wide applications:  Cloud Computing has its applications in   Salesforce, Google app, accounting, business continuity, collaboration, hosted file share, etc. Reduced upfront licensing cost:  It has enabled business users through its reduced licensing costs (owing to the thousands of users) to pay a small monthly or annual service fee and to use the amount saved for the growth of their business. Lower cost of hardware:  Cloud technology allows server-intensive applications to be put on service provider equipment and to significantly minimize the need for server installations or maintenance. 36

37. Ctd .. Allows working from any computer anywhere:  As remote working is becoming increasingly common, Cloud Computing allows users to log into their applications from any device and web browser without the need for a VPN. Cloud technology also does away with the need for backing up data. Saves money:  Cloud Computing saves expenses incurred on maintenance, resource allocation, and in-house hosting. Drives sales:  It can be used to avail new products or services quickly, thus driving revenue generation. It helps adopt new solutions without incurring heavy upfront costs. 37

38. What is Cloud Architecture? Cloud architecture is the design and structure of a cloud computing system. It defines how different components, such as servers, storage, networking, and software, interact to deliver cloud services to users. Key Components of Cloud Architecture Front-End: The front-end is the part of the cloud architecture that users interact with. It includes client devices (computers, smartphones, tablets) and the user interfaces (web browsers, applications) that access cloud services. 38

39. Back-End: The back-end consists of servers, storage, databases, and other resources that provide the actual cloud services. It includes: Servers: Physical or virtual machines that run applications and services. Storage: Systems that store data, such as databases and file storage. Networking: Components that ensure data can be transferred between the front-end and back-end, including routers, switches, and internet connections. 39

40. Middleware : Middleware is software that connects different components of the cloud architecture, enabling communication and data exchange between applications. It ensures that the front-end and back-end components can interact seamlessly. Cloud Services : Cloud services are divided into three main categories: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Provides virtualized computing resources, such as virtual machines and storage. Platform as a Service (PaaS): Offers development platforms and tools for building, deploying, and managing applications. Software as a Service (SaaS): Delivers software applications over the internet, such as email services, CRM systems, and collaboration tools. 40

41. Scenario : Analysis & Ex. Imagine you're using a cloud storage service like Google Drive: Front-End: Your laptop or smartphone, and the Google Drive app or web interface you use to access your files. Back-End: Google's data centers, which include servers, storage systems, and network infrastructure that store and manage your files. Middleware: Software that ensures your device can communicate with Google's data centers, and your files are synced and accessible. Cloud Service: SaaS, as Google Drive provides you with a software service over the internet to store and manage your files. 41

42. Scenario : Analysis & Ex. you're using a cloud-based email service like Gmail: Front-End: Your laptop or smartphone, and the Gmail app or web interface where you access your emails. Back-End: Google's data centers where your emails are stored, processed, and managed. Middleware: Software that ensures your device can communicate with Google's servers and sync your emails. Cloud Service: SaaS, as Gmail provides you with a fully managed email service over the internet. 42

43. Scenario : Cloud Architecture " Consider the cloud architecture of a popular video streaming service like Netflix. Identify and describe the roles of the front-end, back-end, and middleware components in this system. How do these components work together to ensure a seamless user experience? Note- Provide specific examples to illustrate each component. 43

44. Scenario : Analysis & Ans Let's say you're using a cloud-based video streaming service like Netflix: Front-End (Customer Interaction): You (the customer) use your TV, laptop, or smartphone to access the Netflix app or website. The app or website is the interface where you browse and select movies or TV shows (similar to looking at a menu in a restaurant). Back-End (Data Centers and Servers): When you select a movie, your request is sent to Netflix's data centers (the kitchen), where the content is stored and managed. The servers (chefs) process your request, retrieve the movie file (ingredients), and prepare it for streaming. 44

45. Middleware: Middleware ensures that your device can communicate with Netflix's servers, retrieving the necessary data and delivering it to your screen seamlessly. It also handles tasks like buffering and adjusting video quality based on your internet connection. Cloud Service (Video Streaming as SaaS): Netflix provides the fully prepared movie or TV show directly to your device. You don't need to know how the content is processed or delivered; you simply enjoy the service 45

46. Cloud Computing Architecture Cloud Computing architecture  is a blend of Event-driven and service-oriented architectures. It is divided into the front end and the back end: Front End:  The front end contains the client-side interfaces and applications for accessing Cloud Computing platforms. It is used by the client and includes web servers, mobile devices, thin and fat clients, and tablets. Back End:  The back end is used by service providers , and it oversees the management of the required resources for providing Cloud Computing services. It constitutes a huge amount of data storage, virtual machines, security mechanism, deploying models, traffic control mechanisms, servers, etc. 46

47. Cloud Computing Architecture components 47

48. Components of Cloud Computing Architecture 1. Client infrastructure:  A front-end component that provides GUI for interaction with the cloud 2. Application:  Any platform or software that a client wants to access 3. Service:  Manages the type of service (SaaS, PaaS, or IaaS) accessed according to the requirement of the client 4. Runtime cloud:  Provides the runtime and execution environments to virtual machines 5. Storage:  An important component that provides a large storage capacity in the cloud for the storage and management of data 48

49. CC Architecture components 6. Infrastructure:  Provides services on the application level, host level, and network-level and includes software and hardware components such as storage, network devices, servers, virtualization software, and other storage resources required for supporting the Cloud Computing model 7. Management:  Manages components such as application, storage, infrastructure, runtime cloud, service, and other security issues in the backend and helps maintain coordination between them 8. Security:  A built-in back-end component that employs a security mechanism 9. Internet:  A medium that enables front end and back end interaction 49

50. Cloud Computing is .. 50

51. Cloud Computing Reference Working Model 51

52. Types of Cloud Computing 52

53. Cloud Computing Deployment Models 53

54. Cloud Deployment Models Majority of businesses use cloud infrastructure to save capital investment and control operational costs since it provides several advantages such as: Lower infrastructure expenses, More mobility, scalability, and improved collaboration. These advantages should be categorized according to the organization needs based on the deployment model. The infrastructure Accessibility And Ownership are the factors to be considered into cloud deployment models 54

55. Deployment Model The deployment model defines the ways for deploying or Making Cloud Services Available to Clients based on Ownership, Capacity, Access and Purpose . The kinds of deployments vary according to the management of the infrastructure and the location of that infrastructure. There are four main categories of the deployment models are: Public Private Community Hybrid 55

56. Public Cloud It is accessible from anywhere in the globe and is ease to use for the general public. Any organization or enterprise or academic or a combination of them, may own and manage it. The entire infrastructure is located on the cloud provider's premises. and provides the services on demand according to SLA’s An end user can actually buy these resources on an hourly basis and utilize them as needed. In public cloud, users no need to maintain any infrastructure instead everything will be owned and operated by cloud public provider 56

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58. The Public cloud model benefits: Minimal Investment : This model eliminates the need for extra hardware expenditures. No startup costs : Users can rent the computing resources on pay-per-use, there is no need of establishing infrastructure from user side in turn reduces the startup costs. Infrastructure Management is not required : There is no need of any hardware to be set up from user side but everything is operated and controlled by service provider. Zero maintenance : The service provider is responsible for all maintenance work from infrastructure to software applications. Dynamic Scalability : On-demand resources are provisioned dynamically as per customer requirements. 58

59. Public Cloud Working Scenario 59

60. Private Cloud It is a cloud environment created specifically for a single enterprise . It is also known as on premise cloud. It allows access to infrastructure and services inside the boundaries of an organization or company. Private cloud is more secure when compared to similar models. Because the private cloud is usually owned, deployed and managed by the organization itself, the chance of data leakage is very less. Because all users are members of the same organization, there is no risk from anybody else. In private clouds, only authorized users have access, allowing organizations to better manage their data and security. 60

61. Private Cloud Working Scenario 61

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63. The Private cloud model benefits: Better Control : Private cloud is managed by their own organization staff. Data Privacy: Data is accessed and managed by inside the boundaries of an organization. Security : Provides security for the data because only authorized users may access it. Customization: In contrast to a public cloud deployment, private cloud allows a customization of resources to meet its specific needs 63

64. Hybrid Cloud It is a kind of integrated cloud computing, which means that it may be a combination of private, public, and community cloud, all of which are integrated into a single architecture but remain independent entities inside the overall system. This aims to combine the benefits of both private and public clouds. The most common way to use the hybrid cloud is to start with a private cloud and then use the public cloud for more resources. It is possible to utilize the public cloud for non-critical tasks like development and testing. On the other hand, critical tasks such as processing company data are carried out on a private cloud. 64

65. Hybrid Cloud The combination of the public and the private cloud models is called a hybrid cloud. his configuration makes the hybrid cloud partially secure. The services on the public cloud can be accessed by anyone, and the ones running on the private cloud can be accessed solely by the organization’s users. Example: Gmail, Google Drive, Google Apps, AWS, MS Office on the Web, One Drive, etc. 65

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67. Hybrid Cloud Working Scenario 67

68. Hybrid cloud model benefits: Flexibility and control: Companies with greater flexibility may create customized solutions to match their specific requirements. Cost: Cost is less compared to public cloud users paid only for additional resources used from public cloud. Partial Security: The hybrid cloud is generally a mix of public and private clouds. Although the private cloud is considered as secure and the hybrid cloud includes public cloud, poses a significant chance of security breach. As a result, it can only be described as partially secure 68

69. Community Cloud The community cloud is the extension of private cloud and this kind of model is sharing cloud infrastructure among multiple organizations in the same community or area. Organizations, businesses, financial institutions and banks etc. are examples of this category. The infrastructure is provided for exclusive usage by a group of users from companies with similar computing requirements in a community cloud environment 69

70. Community cloud model benefits: Cost-effective: Community cloud is cost-effective since its infrastructure cost is shared among number of enterprises or communities. Security: The community cloud is more secure compared to public cloud Shared resources: Infrastructure and other resources shared with multiple organizations. Data sharing and collaboration: It is excellent for both data sharing and collaboration. Setup Benefits: Customers may be able to work more efficiently as a consequence of these shared resources. Smaller investment: Investment on infrastructure is shared among organizations in the community. 70

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72. Imagine you are an IT consultant for a large multinational corporation that is planning to migrate its IT infrastructure to the cloud. Your task is to advise the company on which cloud deployment model—Public Cloud, Private Cloud, Hybrid Cloud, or Community Cloud—would best suit its diverse needs. The company has the following requirements: High security for sensitive financial and personal data. Scalability to handle varying loads and global reach. Cost-efficiency for non-critical applications. Compliance with industry regulations and standards. Describe the characteristics of each cloud deployment model and justify which model or combination of models would best meet the company's requirements." 72

73. Estimating costs in cloud computing Estimating costs in cloud computing involves considering several factors, including the type of services used, the duration of usage, the amount of data processed, and more. Here's a general formula for estimating cloud computing costs: General Cost Estimate Formula Total Cost = ( Compute Cost + Storage Cost + Network Cost + Additional Services Cost ) × Usage Time 73

74. Example Calculation Suppose you have the following scenario: 3 compute instances of type t2.medium used for 100 hours. 500 GB of storage in S3. 200 GB data transfer in and 300 GB data transfer out. Additional services costing $50. Using hypothetical costs: t2.medium instance cost: $0.0464 per hour. S3 storage cost: $0.023 per GB. Data transfer cost: $0.01 per GB in and $0.09 per GB out. 74

75. Total estimated cost Compute Cost: 3 × 0.0464 × 100 =13.92 Storage Cost: 500 × 0.023 = 11.5 Network Cost: ( 200 × 0.01 ) + ( 300 × 0.09 )= 2 + 27 = 29 Total Cost: (13.92+11.5+29+50)=104.42 So, the total estimated cost would be $104.42. 75

76. Key Considerations Region: Costs vary by region. Reserved Instances vs. On-Demand: Reserved instances can reduce costs. Auto-scaling: Dynamically adjusts resource usage. Free Tiers and Discounts: Utilize free tiers and discounts. Monitoring and Alerts: Use to avoid unexpected high Costs. By adjusting the variables and considering additional services, you can tailor the cost estimate to specific cloud usage scenarios. 76

77. Cloud Service Models 77

78. Which Cloud is suitable for you ? 78 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1BMO7YkwR6Y

79. SaaS stands for  Software as a Service . Imagine it as renting software instead of buying it. The software company takes care of everything – installing it, keeping it up-to-date, and making sure it runs smoothly. You just need an internet connection and a device to access it, like a web browser on your computer or phone 79

80. Features and Characteristics Hosted Applications:  The software is hosted on the provider’s servers and accessed through the Internet. Subscription-Based:  Users typically pay a subscription fee, which can be monthly or annually. Web Accessibility:  Accessible from any device with an internet connection and a web browser. Automatic Updates:  The service provider handles updates, ensuring users always have the latest version. Scalability:  Easily scalable to accommodate growing numbers of users without significant infrastructure changes. 80

81. Advantages Ease of Use:  No need for complex installations or setups. Users can start using the software immediately. Lower Upfront Costs:  Reduces the need for expensive hardware and software purchases. Maintenance-Free:  The provider manages all technical aspects, including updates, security, and backups. Accessibility:  Users can access the software from anywhere with an internet connection, enhancing flexibility and remote work capabilities. Collaboration:  Often includes features that support collaboration and sharing among users. 81

82. Disadvantages Limited Customization:  Users may have limited ability to customize the software to fit specific needs. Dependence on Provider:  Users rely on the provider for performance, uptime, and security, which can be problematic if issues arise. Data Security Concerns:  Storing sensitive data on external servers may raise security and privacy concerns. 82

83. Examples Dokan Cloud: A cloud solution for creating  any  eCommerce website, including multi-vendor marketplaces. Salesforce:  A customer relationship management (CRM) platform used for managing sales, customer service, and marketing. Google Workspace (formerly G Suite):  A collection of productivity and collaboration tools, including Gmail, Google Docs, Google Drive, and Google Meet. Microsoft 365 (formerly Office 365):  A suite of productivity software including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Teams, all accessible online. 83

84. Software as a Service (SaaS), SaaS, is a software delivery model in which software and its associated data are hosted centrally and accessed using a thin-client, usually a web browser over the internet. Wikipedia • Simply put, SaaS is a method for delivering software that provides remote access to software as a web based service. The software service can be purchased with a monthly fee and pay as you go. 84

85. Drawbacks of SaaS o Robustness: • SaaS software may not be as robust (functionality wise) as traditional software applications due to browser limitations. Consider Google Doc & Microsoft Office. o Privacy • Having all of a user’s data sit in the cloud raises security & privacy concerns. SaaS providers are usually the target of hack exploits e.g. Google servers have been the target of exploits purportedly from China in the last several years o Security • Attack detection, malicious code detection o Reliability: • In the rare event of a SaaS provider going down, a wide range of dependent clients could be affected. For example, when Amazon EC2 service went down in April 2011, it took down FourSquare, Reddit, Quora and other well known applications that run on it. 85

86. SaaS Applications Customer resource management ( CRM) • Videoconferencing • IT service management •Accounting • Web analytics • Web content management 86

87. Platform as a Service (PaaS) Platform as a Service (PaaS) Delivers a computing platform or solution stack as a service, most often providing a complete development platform for organizations requiring a development instance of an application. Platform as a Service  (PaaS) is a cloud computing model that provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications without dealing with the infrastructure typically required for these activities. PaaS delivers a framework for developers that they can build upon to create customized applications. 87

88. Features and Characteristics Development Tools:  Includes tools for application development, testing, and deployment. Middleware:  Provides middleware to integrate applications, services, and data. Database Management:  Offers database management systems and services. Operating Systems:  Supports various operating systems, often managed by the service provider. Scalability:  Easily scalable resources to handle varying levels of demand. Integrated Environment:  Offers an integrated development environment (IDE) for developers. 88

89. Advantages Simplified Development:  Developers can focus on coding and creating applications without worrying about underlying infrastructure. Cost-Efficiency:  Reduces the costs associated with purchasing and managing hardware and software. Speed to Market:  Accelerates the development process, enabling quicker deployment of applications. Automatic Updates:  The platform handles updates and maintenance, ensuring that the latest features and security patches are always in place. Collaboration:  Facilitates collaboration among development teams by providing shared development environments and tools. 89

90. Disadvantages Limited Control:  Developers have less control over the underlying infrastructure and settings. Vendor Lock-In:  It can be challenging to migrate applications from one PaaS provider to another due to compatibility issues. Security Concerns:  Relying on the provider for security measures can be risky if the provider does not have robust security practices. 90

91. Examples Google App Engine:  A PaaS offering from Google Cloud that allows developers to build and deploy applications on Google’s infrastructure. Microsoft Azure:  Provides a comprehensive PaaS solution with various development tools, databases, and services. Heroku:  A PaaS solution that supports several programming languages and allows for easy application deployment and scaling. 91

92. Who Should Use the PaaS Platform? Application Development:  Ideal for developers building web and mobile applications, allowing them to focus on coding rather than infrastructure. Startups and Small Businesses:  Great for startups and small businesses that need to develop and launch applications quickly without large investments in infrastructure. Enterprise Applications:  Useful for enterprises needing to develop and deploy complex applications with integration capabilities and scalability. API Development and Management:  Facilitates the creation and management of APIs, making it easier to integrate different services and systems. 92

93. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) IaaS offers fundamental computing, networking, and storage resources on demand, allowing businesses to rent infrastructure rather than investing in expensive on-premises hardware. IaaS enables the end-user to provision servers, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources. End-users are able to deploy and run software, which can include operating systems and applications, on cloud-based servers. The end-user does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, data, deployed applications. 93

94. Features and Characteristics Virtual Machines:  Provisioning of virtual servers with customizable configurations. Storage:  Scalable storage solutions, such as block storage and object storage. Networking:  Virtual networks, load balancers, and IP addresses. Scalability:  Resources can be scaled up or down based on demand. Pay-as-You-Go:  Pricing model based on actual resource usage. High Availability:  Redundant infrastructure to ensure reliability and uptime. API Access:  Programmatic control over resources via APIs. 94

95. Advantages Flexibility:  Users have full control over the operating systems, applications, and configurations. Scalability:  Easily scale resources up or down to match workload demands. Cost-Efficiency:  Reduces the need for large upfront capital expenditures on hardware. Disaster Recovery:  Provides robust backup and recovery options to enhance business continuity. Security:  Often includes advanced security measures and compliance certifications. 95

96. Disadvantages Complex Management:  Requires technical expertise to manage and maintain the infrastructure. Security Responsibility:  While providers offer security features, customers are responsible for securing their own applications and data. Time Consuming:  Setting up and maintaining the infrastructure can be very time-consuming. Cost:  Can be more expensive than SaaS or PaaS, especially for small businesses. 96

97. Examples Amazon Web Services (AWS):  Offers a wide range of IaaS services, including EC2 for virtual servers and S3 for storage. Google Cloud Platform (GCP):  Provides virtual machines, scalable storage, and networking options. Microsoft Azure:  Offers virtual machines, managed disks, and networking services. 97

98. Who Should Use the IaaS Platform? Startups and Small Businesses:  Ideal for businesses needing to avoid large capital investments in IT infrastructure. Development and Testing:  Provides flexible environments for developers to build, test, and deploy applications without the need for physical hardware. Disaster Recovery:  Enables organizations to set up disaster recovery solutions without maintaining a separate physical site. Big Data Processing:  Supports big data analytics and processing workloads with scalable compute and storage resources. 98

99. 99 "How can a business effectively determine the most suitable cloud service model (SaaS, PaaS, or IaaS) to optimize operational efficiency, scalability, and cost-effectiveness while aligning with our strategic goals and specific project requirements?"

100. Key SaaS (Software as a Service)  is perfect for businesses seeking easy-to-use applications with minimal management overhead. It’s ideal for small to medium-sized businesses, eCommerce startups, remote work environments, and educational institutions. PaaS (Platform as a Service)  provides a robust environment for developers to build, test, and deploy applications efficiently. It’s suited for development teams, startups, small businesses, and large enterprises looking to streamline their development processes. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)  offers the most control and flexibility, allowing businesses to manage and customize their own infrastructure. It’s best for large enterprises, tech-savvy businesses, development and testing environments, and those needing disaster recovery solutions. 100

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103. Who Should Use the SaaS Platform? Small to Medium-Sized Businesses (SMBs):  Ideal for businesses that need cost-effective, easy-to-use software solutions without the need for extensive IT infrastructure. eCommerce Startups:  Beneficial for eCommerce startups needing to quickly launch online stores without large upfront investments. Education:  Schools and universities can use SaaS applications for virtual classrooms, student management, and collaboration among staff and students. Project Management:  Tools like Asana or Trello help teams manage projects, tasks, and workflows effectively. 103

104. Service Models : Saas – Paas - Iaas SaaS Services include: Customer relationship management (CRM) Desktop software, Financial management, Social networking, Blogs, wiki services portal services. Enterprise Service supply PaaS Services include : Session management, Device integration, Sandboxes, instrumentation and testing, Contents management, Knowledge management , Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI), a platform-independent Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based registry providing a mechanism to register and locate Web service applications. IaaS services include: Server hosting, Web servers, Storage, Computing Hardware, Operating systems , virtual instances, load balancing, Internet access, bandwidth provisioning 104

105. A number of activities are necessary to support the three delivery models 1. Service management and provisioning , including virtualization, service provisioning, call center, operations management, systems management, QoS management, billing and accounting, asset management, SLA management, technical support, and backups. 2. Security management , including ID and authentication, certification and accreditation, intrusion prevention, intrusion detection, virus protection, cryptography, physical security, incident response, access control, audit and trails, and firewalls. 3. Customer services such as customer assistance and online help, subscriptions, business intelligence, reporting, customer preferences, and personalization. 4. Integration services , including data management and development. 105

106. Structure of the three delivery models , SaaS gives users the capability to use applications supplied by the service provider but allows no control of the platform or the infrastructure. PaaS gives the capability to deploy consumer-created or acquired applications using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. IaaS allows the user to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems, storage and physical resources. 106

107. General Case study - Example Imagine you are the founder of a start-up company and you need to deal with tons of new customers • Buying a full version Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Software is expensive • With SaaS, you can buy a web-based CRM software that is pay as you go and scales to demand! Benefits: Save money on software license, cut cost on maintenance, and hardware purchase. Combined with lower start-up cost and a faster return on investment! 107

108. CRM in the cloud SaaS Having your CRM run on the cloud means that you do not need to buy and maintain your own server in-house.   This is an option if the organization does not have this IT infrastructure, or the staff to resource the maintenance.  It is also a choice if you wish to pay monthly on a per user basis; although it can be purchased on an annual basis. Often referred to as CRM online, CRM data is held remotely either on your CRM partner’s servers (private/hosted) or via a public cloud.   Levels of flexibility and standardization in functionality is affected by these options. 108

109. CRM on-premise If you have the IT infrastructure capabilities to run your CRM application in-house this is a CRM implementation option.   You will only need to purchase any CRM licences once via an annual fee; and you can also request remote maintenance and support from your CRM partner to help run your CRM application if resourcing is an issue.   This option also provides more flexibility in configuration in CRM functionality in conjunction with your CRM provider. 109

110. Exs 110 Saas PaaS IaaS Salesforce Cisco WebEx Dropbox ZenDesk MailChimp Slack HubSpot DocuSign Google Apps Microsoft Office 365   Google App Engine OpenShift Heroku Force.com Windows Azure AWS Elastic Beanstalk Apache Stratos Magento Commerce AWS Lamda SAP Cloud Amazon Web Services (AWS) Google Compute Engine (GCE) IBM Cloud Microsoft Azure Rackspace Linode Cisco Metacloud Digital Ocean Vultr Oracle Cloud  

111. Generic Case Study E-Commerce Platform Using Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Healthcare Application Using Platform as a Service (PaaS) 111

112. E-Commerce Platform Using Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – Case Study Question: Your e-commerce company, Shop Smart, is experiencing rapid growth, leading to increased traffic and transaction volumes, particularly during peak shopping seasons. Your current on-premises servers are struggling to handle the load, resulting in slow response times and occasional outages. You have decided to migrate to a cloud-based Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) solution to scale your IT infrastructure efficiently and cost-effectively. 112

113. Step- step process Problem Identification: Describe the challenges ShopSmart faces with its current on-premises infrastructure. How do these challenges impact business operations and customer experience? Service Model Selection: Explain why IaaS is the most suitable service model for ShopSmart. What are the key benefits of choosing IaaS over other service models like PaaS or SaaS? Vendor Evaluation: List the factors ShopSmart should consider when evaluating cloud service providers (e.g., AWS, Azure, Google Cloud). Why did ShopSmart choose AWS as its IaaS provider? 113

114. Migration Planning: Outline the key components of a comprehensive migration plan for ShopSmart. What are the critical steps involved in ensuring a successful migration? Infrastructure Setup: Detail the process of setting up the virtual infrastructure on AWS. How does ShopSmart configure its EC2 instances, VPCs, subnets, and load balancers? Data Migration: Explain the methods ShopSmart can use to transfer data from on-premises servers to AWS. What measures are taken to ensure data integrity during the migration? Scaling and Monitoring: Describe how auto-scaling policies are implemented to handle fluctuating traffic. What tools and metrics does ShopSmart use for real-time monitoring and alerts? 114

115. Ctd .. Cost Management: Discuss the strategies ShopSmart can employ to manage and optimize its cloud infrastructure costs. How do reserved instances help reduce expenses? Security and Compliance: Outline the security measures and compliance protocols Shop Smart needs to implement. How does IAM help in managing user permissions? Testing and Optimization: Explain the importance of thorough testing before and after migration. What optimization techniques are used to enhance application performance? Launch and Continuous Monitoring: Detail the final steps of launching the e-commerce platform on AWS. How does ShopSmart ensure continuous monitoring and scalability? 115

116. Steps: Client: Users access the ShopSmart website. Load Balancer: The load balancer distributes incoming traffic across multiple EC2 instances. Auto Scaling Group: The auto-scaling group automatically adjusts the number of EC2 instances based on traffic. EC2 Instances: These instances handle user requests and transactions. Database: Data is stored and retrieved from the database. 116

117. Solution and Interaction Diagram 117 Problem Identification: Challenges: Shop Smart's on-premises servers face difficulties handling high traffic, especially during peak seasons. Expanding physical infrastructure is costly and time-consuming. Choosing the Service Model: Solution: Shop Smart decides on IaaS to utilize scalable and cost-effective virtualized computing resources. Vendor Selection: Cloud Providers: Shop Smart evaluates AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud. Decision: AWS is chosen for its extensive features and global reach.

118. Ctd .. Data Migration: Methods: Uses AWS Direct Connect or AWS Snowball for transferring data. Validation: Ensures data integrity through rigorous testing. Scaling and Monitoring: Auto-Scaling: Implements policies to adjust resources based on traffic. Monitoring: Uses AWS CloudWatch for real-time monitoring and alerts. Cost Management: Tracking: Utilizes AWS Cost Explorer to track expenses. Optimization: Purchases reserved instances for predictable workloads. 118

119. Security and Compliance: IAM: Configures Identity and Access Management for user permissions. Compliance: Ensures adherence to industry standards (e.g., PCI-DSS). Testing and Optimization: Testing: Conducts thorough testing to identify and resolve issues. Optimization: Fine-tunes application performance and resource allocation. Launch and Monitoring: Migration: Successfully migrates the platform to AWS. Continuous Monitoring: Ensures ongoing performance and scalability. 119

120. Client -->|Requests| Load Balancer; Load Balancer -->|Distributes Traffic| Autoscaling Group; Autoscaling Group -->|Manages| EC2Instances; EC2Instances -->|Stores Data| Database; Database -->|Responds to| EC2Instances; EC2Instances -->|Sends Data| Load Balancer; Load Balancer -->|Delivers Content| Client; 120

121. Generic Case study (2) Real time Scenario: You have been brought on board as a cloud architect for a prominent healthcare organization that handles sensitive patient information and medical records. Currently, the organization is utilizing traditional on premise systems and is considering various cloud deployment alternatives. They have specific concerns regarding data security, adherence to healthcare regulations, cost management, and the ability to scale for future expansion. 121

122. Question ? Devise a cloud strategy utilizing different deployment models (Public, Private, Hybrid, and Community Cloud) that caters to the organization's requirements. Analyze the pros and cons of each deployment model, and recommend the most suitable option with an example. What measures would you implement to ensure that this cloud infrastructure complies with healthcare regulations while also promoting flexibility and cost-effectiveness? 122

123. KEY: Basic requirements for the stated scenario is: 1. Data Security: Safeguarding sensitive patient information and medical records. 2. Regulatory Compliance: Adhering to HIPAA and other healthcare regulations. 3. Cost Management: Balancing cloud costs while ensuring efficient resource use. 4. Scalability: Planning for future growth and increased data demands. Note - Comparison on various cloud models to be explained To ensure that the cloud infrastructure complies with healthcare regulations and promotes flexibility and cost-effectiveness, implement the following measures: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a United States federal law enacted in 1996 123

124. For this scenario – solution is : 1. A Hybrid Cloud Model for flexibility and security. 2. Must implement data encryption and strict access controls for compliance. 3. Conduct regular audits and compliance assessments. 4. Use data segmentation to optimize storage. 5. Ensure robust backup and disaster recovery plans. Must explain all the above in detail 124

125. Case Study EX: E-Commerce Platform Deployment Scenario: An e-commerce company, "Shoppyfi," is considering different cloud deployment models for its online platform. The company expects the following monthly costs for three models: Public Cloud: $2,000 (includes infrastructure and platform services) Private Cloud: $5,000 (includes dedicated hardware and maintenance) Hybrid Cloud: $3,500 (combines both public and private resources) Expected traffic during peak season: 10,000 users per day. 125

126. Compute 1: Calculate the annual cost for each cloud deployment model. 2: If Shoppyfi anticipates that the public cloud will provide a 20% increase in sales due to its scalability during peak traffic, and their average daily sales are $5,000, what will be the increased sales during peak season (30 days)? As well estimate for a year. 126

127. Question 1: Calculate the annual cost for each cloud deployment model. Answer: Public Cloud: $2,000 * 12 = $24,000 Private Cloud: $5,000 * 12 = $60,000 Hybrid Cloud: $3,500 * 12 = $42,000 127

128. Question 2: If ShopX anticipates that the public cloud will provide a 20% increase in sales due to its scalability during peak traffic, and their average daily sales are $5,000, what will be the increased sales during peak season (30 days)? Answer: Daily Sales Increase: $5,000 * 20% = $1,000 Total Sales Increase During Peak Season: $1,000 * 30 days = $30,000 128

129. Scenario: A financial services company, "FinancePro," is evaluating cloud deployment options for its transaction processing system. The costs are: Public Cloud: $7,000/month Private Cloud: $15,000/month Hybrid Cloud: $10,000/month Transaction Processing Estimates: Expected Transactions: 1 million transactions/month Revenue per transaction: $0.10 Additional processing cost: $0.02/transaction 129

130. Question 1: Calculate the total monthly revenue and costs for each deployment model. Note estimate : Total Monthly Revenue: Processing Costs: Total Costs: Profit Calculation: 130

131. Computation Total Monthly Revenue: Revenue = 1,000,000 transactions * $0.10 = $100,000 Processing Costs: Total Processing Cost = 1,000,000 transactions * $0.02 = $20,000 Total Costs: Public Cloud: $7,000 + $20,000 = $27,000 Private Cloud: $15,000 + $20,000 = $35,000 Hybrid Cloud: $10,000 + $20,000 = $30,000 131

132. Profit Calculation: Public Cloud Profit: $100,000 - $27,000 = $73,000 Private Cloud Profit: $100,000 - $35,000 = $65,000 Hybrid Cloud Profit: $100,000 - $30,000 = $70,000 132