1.Diseases of Bones nad joints Pathophysiology(RA Gout).pptx

Diseases of Bones and joints Pathophysiology(RA Gout)

1. Diseases of bones and joint Presented By: Rajashree Ghogare M Pharm Pharmacology Assistant Professor at PRCOP, Loni

2. Types of Bone disorder Rheumatoid arthritis Gout osteoporosis

3. Rheumatoidarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints but can also impact other organs and systems in the body. Rheumatoid - Rheumatoid conditions are autoimmune in nature, meaning the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, in this case, the joints . Arthritis: Arthritis is a broad term that refers to inflammation and stiffness in the joints. There are many types of arthritis, with rheumatoid arthritis being one specific form.

4. Etiology Genetic Factors- Specific genes, such as the HLA-DRB1 gene, have been identified as risk factors for RA. Autoimmune Response : the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues in the body. Environmental Trigger- smoking, infections (especially certain bacteria and viruses), and exposure to certain pollutants or toxins . Hormonal Influence- during pregnancy or menopause

5. Symptoms

6. Management

7. Pharmacological Treatment Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): These medications, such as methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine , sulfasalazine, and leflunomide , are commonly used as first-line treatments for RA. They work by suppressing the overactive immune response that causes inflammation and joint damage.

8. Biologic DMARDs: For individuals who do not respond adequately to traditional DMARDs, biologic DMARDs may be prescribed. These include drugs such as TNF-alpha inhibitors (e.g., adalimumab , etanercept , infliximab), IL-6 inhibitors (e.g., tocilizumab ), and other biologics that target specific molecules involved in the inflammatory process.

9. JAK Inhibitors: Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, such as tofacitinib and baricitinib , are another class of medications used to treat RA. They work by blocking signaling pathways involved in inflammation and immune activation. Corticosteroids: Short-term use of corticosteroids, such as prednisone, may be prescribed during flare-ups to quickly reduce inflammation and symptoms. However, long-term use is generally avoided due to potential side effects.

10. Lifestyle Modifications: Regular Exercise: Low-impact exercises, such as swimming, cycling, and gentle stretching, can help improve joint flexibility, strength, and overall fitness. Physical therapy and occupational therapy may also be beneficial. Healthy Diet: A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce inflammation and support overall health. Some people with RA may benefit from avoiding certain foods that can trigger inflammation. Weight Management: Maintaining a healthy weight can reduce stress on the joints, improve mobility, and enhance the effectiveness of RA treatments. Joint Protection: Using assistive devices, ergonomic tools, and modifying activities to reduce joint strain can help protect joints from further damage .

11. Surgery-Joint Replacement Monitoring and Follow-Up: Regular monitoring by a rheumatologist is essential to assess disease activity, adjust medications as needed, and address any complications or side effects of treatment. Routine laboratory tests, imaging studies (such as X-rays and MRI), and clinical assessments (including joint exams and symptom evaluation) are used to monitor disease progression and treatment response.

12. Gout Etiology Pathophysiology Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment

13. Symptoms

14. Management of Gout