1. Histry of community Pharmacy Practice.pptx

Community Pharmacy & Management ER 2020

1. Chapter 1 . COMMUNITY PHARMACY PRACTICE Prof. Vaishali P. Argade Lecturer in PRES, Institute of Pharmacy, Loni Email:[email protected] Mobile:[phone] COMMUNITY PHARMACY and Management (20222 ) Second year diploma in pharmacy

2. Learning Outcomes After completing the chapter , Student will be able to understand : Definition Community Pharmacy, Health & Disease History and development of community pharmacy - International and Indian scenarios

3. “ Community pharmacy” is the pharmacy which link between the community and health.” It is a healthcare service situated in the community or locality. Community pharmacy means any place under the direct supervision of a pharmacist where the practice of pharmacy occurs or where prescription orders are compounded and dispensed other than a hospital pharmacy. Community pharmacy, also known as retail pharmacy (traditionally known as a chemist but in common language it is Medical store). The main aim of community pharmacy is to educate the community about health and disease .

4. Community pharmacist (Drug Specialist) is the person who is working in the community pharmacy practice and they are either diploma ( D.Pharm ) or ( B.Pharm ) degree holders in pharmacy program. Community pharmacist are registered under the clause ( i ) and section (ii) of the Pharmacy Act 1948 and according to rules 65(15) of the Drug and Cosmetic rules (3) 1945 their presence is legally mandatory during the dispensing and selling of medicines.

5. HEALTH WHO (World Health Organization) has defined the term Health Health is define as a state of complete balance of physical, mental, social & spiritual well being and not merely the absence of disease. DISEASE Disease is the abnormal state of the body, when some of the organ of body is not functioning in normal way.

6. HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY PHARMACY International Scenario Hippocrates considered to be the father of medicine, practiced medicine and pharmacy in ancient Greece. Treatment included herbal medicines, mineral bath, exercise, fresh sea air and Sunshine. There were no separate profession of medicines and pharmacy those days as they exist today Galen a greek born physician practiced and taught both pharmacy and medicine in Rome. His principles of preparation and compounding were followed in western world. He compiled a document containing Galenicals ( Galenical Pharmacy), the preparations containing one or more organic ingredients.

7. The Christian monasteries served sick people by giving special care. Monasteries contributed by growing, preserving and preparing herbal medicines and made it available in printed book form. Among them the most important are “DeViribus herbarum” (Herbs used by people) composed in French and “causae et curae” in German language. Both the documents were in use during 11th and 12th centuries. Drug used in early China included Ephedra, Cassia, Rhubarb, Camphor and Ginseng (500 B.C.). More than 2000 drugs are included in Charaka’s writing including; cinnamon, cardamom, Ginger, pepper, aconite, liquorice (1000 B.C.)

8. During 500 B.C.to 1200 A.D. the monasteries in England, Germany, France preserve the information along with addition of herb grown in monastery Gardens. The municipal authority of Nuremberg, Germany in 1546 published and official book describing drug standard for that city, which is considered as the first Pharmacopoeia in the world. In 17th and 18th century two of the eminent pharmacist contributed to the development of drugs include Fredrick serturner who prepared salt of Morphine in 1804 which gave him International recognition. Another pharmacist, Johannes buchner discovered salicin in willow bark and nicotine in tobacco. His Discovery led to synthesis of Aspirin, which is used even today as a popular analgesic. World Health Organisation published the First international Pharmacopoeia in Geneva, Switzerland in 1951. Even before that the United States pharmacopeia was published long back in 1820.

9. Minerals, plants and animal part as a component of medicines remained as useful treatment until early 19th century. In the latter half of 19th century and in 20th century drug therapy advance to a great extent and today we see number of synthetic drugs, hormones, biological and immunomodulator to improve the health of human beings.

10. Indian scenario Records of Hindu medicine begin with Atharvaveda and Ayurveda . In Rigveda about 1,000 herbs are described for treating disease. Ayurvedic practitioner where preparing their own medicines. Sushruta and Charak was the famous practitioner of Hindu medicine. The compendia namely charak Samhita composed by charak and sushruta Samhita composed by sushruta is still used in India. The allopathic system of medicine was introduced in India by the British in 18th century when they become ruler. A chemist and druggist diploma course was started in Madras Medical College in the year 1899. A similar diploma course was started at Medical College Visakhapatnam, in 1937. This was the only course in India which provides qualified manpower for pharmacy practices.

11. With the introduction of modern medical system in India, the European chemist and druggist started appearing in India in early 19 century to cater the need of modern drug supplies. They spread their business by selling items like surgical equipments, hospital necessities and even wine. Since there were no drugs or pharmacy laws in the country, there were no restrictions and control on opening and working of drug shops. The non qualified persons doing compounding and dispensing created a miserable situations. Lack of professionalism created unrest in the public. To resolve the issue, Drug Enquiry Committee was appointed in 1930. The major recommendation of the committee was to frame Central legislation to control drugs and pharmacy. Two more recommendations of the committee were to establish Central laboratory and to compose Indian Pharmacopoeia.

12. It tooks 10 year for British India government to come out with the Drugs Act in 1940 and later the drug rule 1945. During British rule, the medical profession profession developed as expected but corresponding development in pharmacy profession lacked to a great extent. After independence the actual operation of Drugs Act 1940 started in India. In 1962 Act was amended to include regulations of cosmetics, and the act thereafter is known as Drug and Cosmetic Act 1940. The scope of the act is further extended to cover the traditional system of medicine namely Ayurveda and Unani. The drug rules 1945 too correspondingly renamed as Drugs and Cosmetics Rules 1945 and become operational in 1947.

13. Development in Pharmacy Education In real sense the development and building up of Pharmacy profession started after independence. The important landmark in the history of development of Pharmacy education in India are listed below: First degree programme in pharmacy was started at Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1932. Master degree program in pharmacy was started at BHU in 1940. Pharmacy Act 1948 was enacted with the objective of regulating pharmacy profession. Pharmacy Council of India a statutory body was constituted under Pharmacy Act 1948 on 4th March 1948

14. PCI the central Council made the first Education regulation in 1953 prescribed in the minimum standards of education as a diploma in pharmacy for qualification as a registered pharmacist. The subsequent diploma in pharmacy regulation made by PCI where educate E.R. 1972, E.R. 1981,E.R. 1991 and most recently the E.R. 2020. B. Pharm course regulation 2014 made by PCI, the degree pharmacy education was oriented towards pharmaceutical industry Meanwhile, first Pharmacopoeia of India was published in 1955 and thereafter following editions are prepared. Indian Pharmacopoeia 1966, IP 1985, IP 1996 (2 volume), IP 2007 (3 volume), IP 2010. (3 volume), IP 2014 (4 volume), IP 2018 (4 volume). National Institute of Pharmaceutical education and research (NIPER) was established in 1991.

15. In 2008 Pharm D (doctor of pharmacy), a 6 year program has been introduced by pharmacy council of India. According to provision of the Pharmacy Act 1948, a pharmacist presence in community pharmacy was made legally mandatory during the dispensing and selling of medicines. The PCI had proposed a Diploma in Pharmacy Exit Examination (DPEE) Regulation in March 2018. The objective of DPEE is to ensure that the candidate applying for registration as the pharmacist with the state Pharmacy Council has undergone pharmacy education and a comprehensive practical training program during D. Pharm program. Unfortunately till date no such examination in India has been conducted but PCI is working on this issue.

16. Reference 1.Community Pharmacy & Management, By Dr.V D Tambe,Brilliant publication. 2.Community Pharmacy & Management, By Dr. Adhikrao Yadav , Nirali Prakashan 3. Community Pharmacy & Management, By Dr. Ashok Hajare , Nirali Prakashan

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