1. Intro-Engineering Projects-Building-Orientation and Ventilation....pdf

civil subject construction engineering

1. 1
2024
K22CE Batch
Engr. Touqeer Ali Rind
Assistant Professor,
Civil Engineering Department,
MUET SZAB Campus Khp. Mirs
[email protected]
CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING
(CE231)

2. 2

3. TENTATIVE
TEACHING
PLAN
2024
BATCH
K22CE
Total Marks: 100
20 Marks Class Test /
Assignment
30 Marks Mid Paper
50 Marks Regular Paper
Topic CLO’s
No: of lecture
hrs. required
Introduction to the subject, syllabus / teaching plan etc 1 1
An overview of constructional aspects of different type of engineering
projects
1
2
Building layout, construction and dewatering techniques. 2 2
Introduction to Earth-works and use of Bentonite. 2 1
Types and cost involved in construction 2 1
Water proofing techniques and materials, use of admixtures to prevent
efflorescence in brick-work
2
1
Doors and windows their types and allied services and applications 1 2
Bricks, stone and concrete masonry and concrete blocks 1 2
Bonds, joints and their types 1 2
Reinforced bricks masonry 1 2
Bricks and stone arches 1 2
Wood construction and wood framing 1 2
Columns and beams 1 2
Trusses 1 1
Walls and their types 1 2
Partitions walls 1 1
Scaffolding shoring centering and underpinning 2 2
Steels framing, stanchions beams and trusses 2 2
Rolled steel shapes, arches, domes and cable supported roof 1 1
Floor, its types etc 1 2
Various types of floor finishes 1 1
Dampness and wall dampness and construction techniques, Damp proof
2
1
Curing its methods 2 1
Roofs their types and construction 1 2
Asbestos cement sheet roofing 1 1
Tile construction (types etc) 1 1
Reinforced frame work 2 2
Thermal insulation of building 2 1
Heating and ventilations 1 1
Acoustics of buildings and use of sound proof materials 1 2
Fire proof and earthquake proof construction 1 1
Maintenance of buildings 1 1
Total Lecture hours 48
3

4. Recommended Books:
1.Building Construction, A. Kumar, Mir-Publisher
Karachi, Latest Edition
2.A Textbook of Building Construction, N.L Arroraand
B.R Gupta, Latest Edition. (Purchase this book)
3.A Textbook of Building Construction, S.K Sharma, S.
Chand & Company New Delhi, Latest Edition. (Issue
this book from library)
4.Building Construction, Thomson J.F, Butter worth
London, Latest Edition
5.Building Construction, Whitney C. Huntington,
National Book Foundation Pakistan, Latest Edition4

5. INTRODUCTION:
=> Construction is a broad subject and is an old activity.
In fact it starts from the beginning of civilization, people
built their shelters for themselves.
=> Today we construct homes, places of worship,
commercial buildings, industrial buildings, railway tracks,
air- ports, etc. Every day we depend upon such structures
to serve our needs or problems..
=> The knowledge and skills of so many people go into
construction project, such as architect, civil engineer,
estimators or quantity surveyor, carpenters and masons, or
computer technicians and others find their place in life by
working in construction.
=> Construction of Homes or houses, bridges, dams,
highways, factories start from ideas.
Continued-----
5

6. IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT
construction engineering:
•The subject “Construction Engineering” plays a vital role in the
whole process of construction. It can be defined as below.
“It is the art of constructing various buildings for any purpose in
strict accordance to their Planning and Design without violating
building bylaws, rules or regulations”
•so in this subject we learn knowledge, skill, practices,
techniques, hard and fast rules that are adopted in field to make
the EXECUTION abiding all the criteria of GOOD
CONSTRUCTION.
•The engineer which actually execute the project is called
“Executive Engineer” and must be well equiped with the
knowledge of CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING.
6

7. UTILITY OF THE SUBJECT CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING:
The practical utility of teaching the subject Construction Engineering
to engineering students is discussed below.
(1) To make students familiar with the building construction
techniques so that they have enough knowledge to execute the
construction work systematically, safely, economically and strictly
according to prescribed specifications and detailed drawings.
(2) To provide good working knowledge of various equipments used
in the construction.
(3) To develop ability in them to differentiate between good and bad
work, so as to remove or reduce the constructional faults and effects.
(4) To develop ability in them to execute the constructional work
through contractors and through department or client or labour
according to the prescribed specifications within the specified time.
7

8. An overview of
Engineering Projects
according to construction point of view
8

9. TYPES OF ENGINEERING PROJECTS
There are so many types of engineering projects
but major projects are:
-Buildings
-Highways
-Airports
-Tunnels
- Bridges
- Dams
9

10. (2) HIGHWAYS:
- Highways are the structures which are constructed to provide
proper travel surface to the vehicles.
-Highways construction is a general term used for the construction
of any road or pavement.
10

11. Types of Pavement construction:
There are two types of Pavement construction.
(1) Flexible Pavement: (Bitumen)
-flexible pavements are black top pavements and are constructed by
using bitumen as a binding material.
-layers of flexible pavement are sub-grade, sub-base, base and surface
course.
(2) Rigid Pavement: (Cement)
-Rigid pavements are grey top pavements and are constructed by using
cement as a binding material.
-layers of rigid pavement are sub-grade, Base course (optional) and
surface course.
11

12. (3) AIR PORTS:
Anairportis a place where aircraft land and take off, which has buildings and facilities
for passengers.
It is usually a combination of road and building
construction
The major road includes:
-Runways
-Taxiways
-Aprons (Parking, Loading and unloading, maintenance area for airoplanes)
-Parking lots
Usually runways are of 13000 to 14000 feet (3900 to
4200 m) long to accommodate Boeing 747.
Also runways should be strong enough to support 350
tons air craft (thick and strong soil base, RCC pavement).
Continued… 12

13. AIRPORTS:
Airports also need several kinds of buildings:
-Terminal buildings
-Freight buildings (for logistics facility)
-Hangars (for Aviation storage)
-Control towers
-Maintenance buildings
-Fire stations
Remember that each of its structure has its own unique construction
requirements.

13

14. (4) TUNNELS:
Atunnelis a long passage which
has been made under the
ground, usually through a hill or
under the sea
- Tunnels are constructed as
underground passageways for
roads and railroads, etc.
-Their usual purpose is to
streamline traffic around or
through an obstruction.
-Tunnels are also constructed
under river, or through mountains
and also through structures.
14

15. (5) BRIDGES:
-Bridges are constructed as passageways for roads and
railroads over an obstruction.
-It provides a way for people and vehicles to cross from
one side to the other.
- Different types of bridge carry railway, highway traffic,
pipelines, and pedestrian traffic.
15

16. Types of Bridges:
(a) Slab Bridge: It consists of a pre-stressed slab
supported by abutments. Larger slab bridges are
supported by a pier or beam in the middle.
16

17. (b) Arch Bridge: It is one in which an arch is
used to carry the weight of the bridge. Arch
bridges are made of concrete or steel and are
usually constructed over deep rivers.
17

18. (c) Truss bridge:
These bridges are supported by steel or wooden
trusses or beams that are put together to form
triangular shapes.
18

19. (d) Cantilever bridge:
Cantilever bridge is used for fairly long span. It
has two beams or cantilevers that extend from the
ends of the bridge.
19

20. (e) Suspension bridge:
Suspension bridge is suspended from cables
made of thousands of steel wires wound
together.
20

21. (6) DAMS:
A dam is a structure that is constructed across
a river to block the flow of water.
Usually dams are constructed :
-To create a water reservoir for water supply,
irrigation, re-creation purpose,
- To collect water for generation of
hydroelectric power generation.
- For war strategic purpose.
21

22. 22

23. Rawal Dam
Islamabad-Pakistan
23

24. BUILDINGS
(State Life Building @ Larkano)
B+GF+4
th
Floor
24

25. Faiz Mahal, Khairpur Mir’s
25

26. Can You define term
BUILDING?
26

27. BUILDING:
“A permanent shelter used for Residential,
Commercial and other purposes is called Building.
It consists of walls, columns, beams, floors, doors,
windows, ventilators, etc.”
Or
“A building is an assemblage that is firmly attached
to the ground and that provides total or nearly total
shelter for machines, processing equipments,
performance of human activities, storage of
human possessions, or any combination of these.
27

28. Great Building of the
modern World
Burj Khalifa-UAE
World tallest building
Height
Tip 829.8m (2,722ft)
No. of floor & Floor area
Floor count163floors
Floor area309,473m
2
(3,331,100sqft)
28

29. Purpose of a Building:
A building is constructed to achieve following purposes.
(1) The primary object of building is to provide shelter to
the inmates.
(2) To provide sufficient accommodation for the purpose
for which it is constructed.
(3) To provide protection from the heat and glare of sun.
(4) To protect the inmates from the storm, lightening, rain
and snowfall.
(5) To provide protection against thieves and house
breakers.
29

30. Requirements of a good Building:
A good residential building should fulfill the following
requirements.
(1) It should be situated at a good building site.
(2) All rooms of the building should be properly placed
according to their relative utility.
(3) It should be properly oriented so as to provide physical
comforts such as entrance of fresh air, morning sun rays in
the living rooms of the building.
(4) There should be privacy outside as well as inside of the
building.
(5) It should provide free movement of inmates from one
room to another.
(6) It should be well equipped with modern sanitary
fittings and electric supply.
30

31. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS :
Buildings can be classified into various
types, depending upon following two basis
•Based on Occupancy
•Based on type of construction
31

32. 1. Classification Based On Occupancy
Based on occupancy, Buildings can be classified into
following major types.
•Residential Buildings,
•Educational Buildings,
•Institutional Buildings.
•Commercial Buildings,and
•Industrial Buildings
32

33. a. Residential Buildings:
-The buildings in which sleeping accommodation is
provided for normal residential purposes is called
residential buildings.
-These include Single family houses, multi-family
dwellings and high-rise apartments
-These structures should provide all essencial comforts
to the dwellers like proper ventilation, access of fresh
air, free from noise, prevention from weather, heat etc.
-these structures should be safe for their users in all
respects.
33

34. b. Educational Buildings:
-The buildings used for school, college, university or
day care purposes are called as educational buildings.
-These buildings used for more than 8 hours per week
for purpose involving, assembly for instructions,
education or recreation etc.
-Examples of educational buildings are: Liberaries,
coaching centers, nursery or primary or high or higher
secondary schools, colleges, universities etc.
34

35. c. Institutional Buildings:
-The buildings used for purposes such
as medical or other treatment purposes are called
institutional buildings.
-These buildings also include buildings used for care of
persons suffering from physical or mental illness,
disease etc, care of infants or aged persons.
-Examples are
Hospitals, baby care centers, old houses etc
Institutional building simply refers to
any structure that fulfills a role
related to healthcare, education,
recreation, or public works.
Construction services teams that
specialize in this type of work build
everything from hospitals and
elementary schools to athletic
facilities and university buildings.
35

36. d. Industrial Buildings:
-The buildings in which products or materials of all
kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled or
processed are called industrial buildings.
-Examples are
Assembly plants, laboratories, dry cleaning plants,
power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses,
laundries, gas plants, refineries etc
36

37. Other Buildings include:
-Commercial ( Mercantile and Business) buildings
-Assembly buildings.
-Storage buildings.
-Hazardous buildings.
2. Classification Based On Type of Construction
Based on this type, Buildings can be classified into
following major types.
•Buildings with “Type 1” construction,
•Buildings with “Type 2” construction,
•Buildings with “Type 3” construction,
•Buildings with “Type 4” construction.
Type-1 :- In these
buildings, the design and
materials used in their
construction are such
that all structural
components have about
4-hours Fire resistance.37

38. Components of a Building:
Major components of building are:
-Sub-structure
-Super-structure
* Foundations
* Plinth
* Walls
* Columns
* Floors
* Doors, Windows and Ventilators
* Stairs
* Roof
* Finishes
* Services / Utilities
38

39. (1) Foundation:
The lowest artificially built part of structure which
transmits the load of super-structure to the ground is
called foundation.
39

40. (2) Plinth:
The portion of the building between the ground
surrounding the building and the top of the floor
immediately above the ground is known as plinth.
40

41. (3) Wall:
The structure constructed to enclose
an area or to divide the floor area of
building into required number of
rooms is called wall.
(4) Column:
An isolated vertical load bearing
member is called column.
Its width should not be less than its
thickness and also should not be
more than four times its thickness.
41

42. (5) Floor:
The surface which provides rooms for the
inmates to live upon in a building is called
floor. Floors are essential to divide a building
into different levels and provide a hard
surface to live.
(6) Door, Windows, Ventilators:
A door can be defined as a barrier secured in
an opening left in a wall to provide usual
means of access to a building room or
passage.
A window may be defined as an opening left
in a wall for the purpose of providing day
light, vision and ventilation. 42

43. (7) Stair:
A stair may be defined as a structure comprising of a
number of steps connecting the floor to another.
(8) Roof:
It is the upper most component of a building and its main
function is to cover the space below and protect it from rain,
snow, sun, wind etc.
43

44. Building finishes:
Painting, treatments, pointing,
varnishing.
Building services:
Water supply,
Drainage,
Sanitation,
Electricity,
Air conditioning,
Heating, etc.
44

45. PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION
FOR BUILDING:
45

46. Environmental Considerations:
-Planning requirements,
-Building regulations,
-Land restrictions by vendor,
-Availability of services,
-Local amenities including transport,
-Sub soil conditions,
-Levels and topography of land,
-Adjoining buildings or land,
-Use of building,
-Day light and view aspects
46

47. Physical conditions:
-Natural contour of land
-Natural vegetation and trees
-Size of land and /or proposed building
-Approach and access roads and foot paths.
-Future developments
-Services availability
-Natural water ways, lakes and ponds
-Restrictions such as rights of way, tree preservation
and ancient buildings
-Climate conditions created by surrounding properties,
land or activities
47

48. Orientation of Building:
“the art of placing a building in such a position that its front
faces a particular direction is called…”
-Orientation means placing the building in such a way that
it derives maximum benefits from nature.
-The houses should be oriented facing the direction in
which wind blows for most of the time during the year. In
hot climate, the houses should be oriented facing east, so
that there may be protection from western wind.
48

49. 49

50. Drawing and Living rooms = SE & W
Dining Rooms = SE & SW
Verandahs = S & W
Kitchens = NE & SE
Staircases and Stores = NW & NE
Bed Rooms = SE & NW
50

51. OBJECTS OF ORIENTATION OF BUILDING:
The main object of orientation of building is discussed
as under:
(1) To provide natural comforts to the inmates.
(2) To provide privacy to the residence.
(3) To protect the residence from dust problem.
(4) To protect the residence from noise.
(5) To have good planning and design of the building.
(6) To place the building in such that its minimum
portion comes in contact with the direct showers of the
rain so as to prevent dampness in the building.
51

52. FACTORS AFFECTING ORIENTATION OF
BUIDING:
The different factors to be considered while deciding the
orientation of a building are discussed below:
(1) Nearness of a road or Street:
The building should be so oriented as to provide easy
approach from the nearby road or street.
(2) The sun’s path and its relative position with respect
to locality:
The building should be so oriented that the sun rays may
fall sufficiently on the building into its rooms through
doors and windows.
52

53. (3) To control the direction and intensity of wind during
winter and summer seasons:
The building should be so oriented that cool breeze enters the
bed rooms during night in summer but not in winter. It should
prevent direct entry of wind of heavy intensity into the
building so as to protect the inmates from dust problem.
(4) Surrounding of the site:
The building should be so oriented that it suits the
surroundings of the site.
(5) The character and intensity of rain:
The building should be so oriented that there should be
prevention of entry of rain inside the room. It should also
provide minimum portion of the building subjected to direct
showers of rain so as to prevent dampness inside the building.
53

54. VENTILATION OF BUIDINGS
“A process of supplying fresh air (outside air) by natural
or artificial means or the removal of inside air from an
enclosed space (room, etc)” is called Ventilation.
--A well ventilated building is a sign of Health and Comfort
to the inmates
54

55. PURPOSE OF VENTILATION OF BUILDING:
The main purpose of ventilation of a building is
summarized as under:
(1) To supply fresh air for the respiration or breathing of
inmates.
(2) To control the concentration of bacteria within the
room.
(3) To keep humidity within limits.
(4) To remove any type of products of combustion
(burning) such as gases, fumes present in air (especially in
kitchens) which are likely to be injurious to the residence.
(5) To remove unpleasant odour due to humidity or
warmth.
55

56. METHODS / TYPES OF VENTILATION:
There are two methods of ventilation of building which are:
(1) NATURAL METHOD:
In this method ventilation of a building is done normally by
providing doors and windows in the opposite wall of the room.
This process of providing doors and windows in the opposite
wall of room is also known as “Cross Ventilation”.
56

57. METHODS / TYPES OF VENTILATION:
There are two methods of ventilation of building which are:
(2) ARTIFICIAL METHOD:
In this method, ventilation of a building is done artificially by
providing either exhaust fans or pushing fans. In case of
exhaust fans the dirty air (foul air) is expelled out due to which
there is reduction of pressure inside and thus the fresh air
enters through doors and windows to take its place. But in case
of pushing fans outside air is blown (enters) and retain out foul
air through ventilation.
57

58. 58

59. LAYOUTS
•“Lay-out" or "setting-
out" is to stake out
reference points and
markers that will guide
the construction of new
structures such as
roads or buildings.
LAYOUT means transferring of
map/plan onto the ground
59

60. Types of Building Layouts:
Building layouts may be of two types: simple or
complex.
Both have their advantages and disadvantages.
Simple:This type of layout are easier to execute.
Complex: This type of layouts required skilled labor to
carryout execution work.
60

61. Building layout Plan
61

62. Building grids:
•In the case of buildings, an arbitrary system of grids is often
established so as to correspond to the rows of columns and the
major load-bearing walls of the building.
•The grids may be identified alphabetically in one direction, and
numerically in the other direction .
•The grids are usually but not necessarily perpendicular, and are
often but not necessarily evenly spaced. Floors and basement
levels are also numbered.
•Structures, equipment or architectural details may be located in
reference to the floor and the nearest intersection of the
arbitrary axes.
62

63. 63

64. Housing Scheme layout
1Marla = 272.25 squarefeet, 30.25 squareyards
64

65. Steps to carryout Layout work:
When design and drawings are prepared then the next step
is to transfer the foundation detail on the ground from the
drawings.
Different requirements in the connection are;
1. Design detail are available.
2. Skilled & un-skilled labor is arranged.
3. Required supervising staff is appointed.
Sequence of construction are as under;
1. Prepare the foundation plan.
2. Setting out foundation plan on ground.
3. Timbering of foundation trenches.
4. Final inspection & checking of levels.
65

66. General consideration for big projects:
-Before any specific considerations and decisions can
be made regarding site layout a general
perception should be obtained by conducting a
through site investigation at the pre-tender stage.
-Also examine in detail the drawings, specifications
and Bill of Quantities (BOQ) to formulate proposals
of how the contract will be carried out if the tender is
successful.
- This will involve a preliminary assessment of Plan,
materials & man-power requirements.
66