1- INTRO TO ICT.pptSDAFADFASDFASVSDFVSDFGBSD

ICT

1. 1
COURSE CODE: CS-305
CREDIT HOUR: 3(2-1)
COURSE TITLE:-
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION
AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES
BOOK:
1) INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN
EDUCATION BY
T.MUSTAFA, 2
ND
EDITION, IT SERIES.
2) TURBAN, E., R.K. RAINER AND R. POTTER.
2017. INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. JOHN
WILEY & SONS, INC., USA.
TEACHER NAME:
DR. IMRAN MUMTAZ

2. 2
CONTENTS
Introduction to Computer
Types of computer, Classification of computer, ICT, etc
Computer Hardware
(I/O devices)
Software Applications
(System S/W and Application S/W)
Number System
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
Data & Information
Information life cycle
 DBMS
Database, Different terminologies regarding to database
Internet and its pros and cons

3. 3
LAB WORK
OS
Working with OS, Windows (Any Version), Installation of OS
(Any)
Dos Command, Trouble Shooting in Windows.
MS word
Use and learn different options: creating files, editing,
formatting, layout
Prepare Assignments, reports and thesis
MS Excel
How to use and apply statistical & math formulae: creating
worksheet , applying formula, Math and Stat Functions
Graphical representation of different data sets
MS Power Point
How to use and make effective presentation
Web Surfing
Effective web surfing and learn more about search engine

4. INTRODUCTION TO
INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES
Chapter No 1
(INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER)
Computer Applications
4

5. DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
Calculator  Calculate
2 + 2 = 4
INPUTPROCESS OUTPU(SAVE)MEMORY
Computercomes fromCompute (Latin word)
Definition:
1.An Electronic Device which Solves Problems According To
Set of Instructions
A Computer is an Electronic machine used to solve different problems
according to given set of instructions. A computer can accept data, process
this data into useful information & store it for later use.
5

6. Data:
Raw Facts and Figures
Not Processed to Get Exact Meaning
Meaningless But Important for an Organization.
Examples are

Student Data in Application Forms

Employee Data in an Organization

Nadra (Entry Form)
6

7. Information:
Processed Form of Data
More Meaningful then Data
Used in Decision Making
Can be Stored for Further Processing
Examples are:
Merit Lists made from Student Data as
Submitted in Application Forms
Employees belonging to a Specific City
ID Card Numbers of all Persons whose Date of
Birth is in Eighties e.g. (80-89)
7

8. PARTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
Hardware – Physical parts of the computer
Software – Instructions to the computer
Data – Raw facts the computer can manipulate
People – also known as users
8

9. PARTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
9

10. COMPUTER HARDWARECOMPUTER HARDWARE
Physical components of the computer
Any part of the computer you can touch
Processor
Memory
Input and Output Devices
Storage Devices
10

11. COMPUTER HARDWARE
11
Output
Storage
Input
Processor
Input and
Output
Memory

12. INSIDE THE COMPUTER
12
CD-ROM/Writer
DVD R/W
CPU
Expansion slots
USB flash memory and/or
floppy drive
Hard disk
Memory chip
Motherboard
Power supply

13. 13Expansion
Slots
Power Supply Unit
Disk
Drives

14. 14
BACK OF THE COMPUTER
Cooling Fan
Power Supply
Keyboard Connector
Mouse Connector
Parallel Printer Port
Video Connector

15. 1)Speed
2)Reliability
3)Storage
4)Processing
5)Accuracy
6)Recalling
7)Control Sequence
15
8)Consistency
9)Versatile
10)Communication
11)Cost Reductions
12)Diligence
13)Artificial Intelligence

16. 1.Speed
Computer processes data at a very high speed it is much
faster than human beings. A computer can perform
billions of calculations in a second. Computer speed is
measured in MHZ or GHZ.
If the smallest unit of time for humans is a second, computers
work by the followings.
a)
 1 millisecond = 10^3 or 1/1000 seconds
 
   
b) 1 microsecond = 10^6 or 1/1000000 seconds
 
   
c) 1 nanosecond = 10^9 or 1/1000000000 seconds
 
   
d) 1
 picosecond = 10^12 or 1/1000000000000 seconds

16

17. 2. Reliability
Although computers work this fast, they still provide
reliable outputs. Today's technology enables computers
to execute billions of tasks in seconds. However, to get
correct output, the input has to be correct too. Output
from a computer is so reliable.
3. Storage
The Computer has an in-built memory where it can
store a large amount of data. You can also store data in
secondary storage devices such as floppies, Hard Disk
which can be kept outside your computer and can be
carried to other computers.
17

18. 4. Processing
A computer can process the given instructions. It can
perform different types of processing like addition,
subtraction and division. It can also perform logical
functions like comparing two numbers to decide which
one is the bigger etc.
5. Accuracy
The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and
every calculation is performed with the same accuracy,
computers can perform floating point operation to so
many decimal points that the accuracy is beyond
expected.
18
Characteristics Of Computer (Cont.…)

19. 19
6. Recalling
A computer can recall the stored data and information
as and when required. The data stored in the computer
can be used at a later time. The computer can recall
the required data in a few second
7. Control Sequence
A computer works strictly according to the given
instructions. It follows the same sequence of execution
that is given in a program.
Characteristics Of Computer (Cont.…)

20. 20
8. Consistency
A computer works in a consistent way. It does not lose
concentration due to heavy work. It does not become
tired or bored. Computer performs all jobs with equal
attention.
9. Versatile
Computer is not only in use to calculate numeric
values. It has capacity of multitasking. Computer is in
use in medical, scientific experiments, and multimedia 
works etc. Now a days a computers cover every area we
can think of..
Characteristics Of Computer (Cont.…)

21. 21
10. Communication
Most computers have the capacity of communicating
with other computers, we can connect two or more
computers by a communication devices such as modem.
11. Cost Reduction
We can perform a difficult task in less time and less
cost. For example we may have to hire many people to
handle an office. The same work can be performed by
single person with the help of computers.
Characteristics Of Computer (Cont.…)

22. 22
12. Diligence
A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration,
fatigue, etc. It can work for hours without creating any
error. If millions of calculations are to be performed, a
computer will perform every calculation with the same
accuracy.
13. Artificial Intelligence
The fifth generation computer which recognizes voice is
based on artificial intelligence. The AI is applied in
gaming software, and robotics from many years, but
operating system based on AI is also in process which can
recognize not only voice, but read mood of users also. It
gives suggestion and decision on complex problems..
Characteristics Of Computer (Cont.…)

23. Positive Effects On Society:
Tasks are Performed Easily and Quickly
Makes Tasks Easier
Saves Time
Saves Lot of Effort
Reduce Cost to Complete a Task
Organization use Computer for Keeping Various Types of
Records
Accounts  Financial Transactions
Online Banking Internet
Education
23

24. Negative Effects On Society:
Computers Replacing Human Beings and giving rise to
Unemployment
Wastage of Time
Data Security Issues
Cyber and Computer Crimes
Privacy Violation
Health Risks
24

25. 25
Military
Scientists
Doctors
Educators
Engineers
Architects
Businesses
Developers
Designers
Musicians
Filmmakers
Bankers
Stock Ex.
Stores/Malls

26. Home:
 Home Budget Management
 Computer Games
 Working from Home
 Entertainment
 Information
 Chatting
26

27. Education:
 Computer Based Training (CBT)
 Computer Aided Learning (CAL)
 Distance Learning
 Online Education
 Research
27

28. Industry:
 Automated Production System
 Design Systems
 Simulation of Different Things
28

29. Business:
 Marketing
 Stock Exchange
 Banks
 Departmental Stores
 Accounts and Payroll Systems
 Fax
 Video Conferencing
 Office Automation
29
Uses Of Computer

30. Medical:
 Hospital Administration
 Record of Medical History
 Monitoring Systems
 Life Support Systems
 Diagnosis of Diseases
30

31. 31
Performing Calculations easily and quickly was Objective
Man always searched for a Fast Calculation Machine
This Search Led the way to COMPUTER
Tally Sticks:
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and
document numbers, quantities, or even messages
Tally
sticks

32. Abacus:
First Computing Device developed in 500
B.C.
Performed Simple Additions and
Subtractions
Contained Wooden Beads
Beads moved Easily Up and Down
Calculation were performed by moving Beads
32

33. John Napier`s Bone:
Manual Calculating Device
Designed in 17
th
Century by John Napier
Invented by John Napier in 1614.
Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and
calculate square and cube roots by
moving the rods around and placing them
in specially constructed boards.
33

34. Slide Rule
• Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
• Is based on Napier's ideas
about logarithms.
• Used primarily for
– multiplication
– division
– roots
– logarithms
– Trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition
or subtraction
34

35. 35
Blaise Pascal:
Blaise Pascal was a French Mathematician.
Blaise Pascal invented Mechanical Calculating
Machine
He Invented this machine in 1642
The Machine was known as Pascaline.
The machine had a metal wheels having 0 to 9 digit.
Only Performed Addition and Subtraction
It is too expensive
It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
Blaise Pascaline
Blaise Pascal
Pascaline

36. 36
Leibniz Calculator
Leibnitz:
Leibnitz Developed Calculating Machine in 1672
Machine Performed addition, Subtraction
Multiplication and Divisions also.
This Calculator was used for the next 300 Year
Leibniz also introduce the Binary Codes 0 , 1
Stepped Reckoner

37. 37
Jacquard’s Loom
Jacquard’s Marie:
Jacquard’s Marie was a French Scientist.
Jacquard’s Marie invented a machine Jacuard’s Loom in 1881.
The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom
The machine could read punched cards to design a pattern
automatically. It was used in textile manufacturing.
Joseph-Marie Jacquard Jacquard Loom

38. 38
Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage:
Charles Babbage was an English Mathematician.
Invented a Difference Engine in 1822.
The machine could calculate the table of
numbers
Invented Analytical Engine in 1834 which was
automatic
Engine Performed 60 Additions /Minute
The machine was worked by steam power and was
fully automated.
It worked on the same principle that is used in
modern computer.
It was more intelligent machine and fully
controlled by computer program.
Charles was known as the Father of Computer.

39. 39
Hollerith Desk
Hollerith Desk:
Herman Hollerith was an American
Scientist.
He was a Statistician
Developed a tabulating machine in
1890 known as Hollerith Desk.
It was used first time in American
Census to calculate the population
of USA.
It had a card reader that could read
the holes in the punched cards.
The solution of different problems
could be stored on the cards.
Started a Company known as
Tabulating Machine Company .
CEO of IBM

40. 40
Mark 1
Mark I:
The Manchester Mark 1 was one of the earliest stored program
computers.
Designed by Howard A.Aiken, developed at the Victoria University
of Manchester. It was operational in June 1948.
It was also called the
 
Manchester Automatic Digital Machine,
or
 
MADM
It could multiply ten digits in five seconds.
Fully Automatic
Huge Machine but very Reliable

41. 41
ENIAC (1943-1946)
ENIAC (1943-1946):
Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator
Designed by J.P.Eckert and John
Mauchly in 1946
1
st
Electronic Computer
Heavy and Huge in Size
Consumed 140 kilowatt Power
Used 18000 Vaccume Tubes
It was used 2000% additional
Electricity than today’s computer
Perform 5000 Additions/Second
Length of this computer is 24 Meter
Weight of this computer is 30 Tons

42. EDVAC (1946):
Stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Calculator
The EDVAC is the successor of the ENIAC. Made by
the same designers: Mauchly and Eckert.
Designed by Dr.John Mauchly and John Eckert.
It used binary system for calculation instead of
decimal system.
Stored Data and Instructions.
42
EDVAC (1947):

43. UNIVAC (1951):
Universal Automatic Computer
Eckert and Mauchly formed
Eckert –Muchly Corporation
in 1947 to manufacture computer commercially.
First Digital Computer for commercial use.
It was given to the US Census Bureau for count
population in 1951.
It was the 1
st
first generation computer.
It was manufactured both for scientific and commercial
use.
43
UNIVAC (1951)

44. 44
Commercial
Computer
IBM 650:
First Commercial Computer was IBM 650
Designed by IBM in 1955.
IBM stands for International Business
Machines
It was designed to use magnetic drums.
It could read data from punched cards and magnetic tapes.
It could automatically restart the program at a specific point if an error
occurred.
Apple-I & II :
Apple-It was developed by Steve Wozniak and
Steve Jobs in 1977.
It was the first computer by Apple company.
It was small in size and user friendly computer.
Apple-II was the first computer that used a color
display.
It was very popular computer of its time.

45. 45
Commercial
Computer
IBM 5150:
IBM 
introduces its
Personal
 Computer
 
(
PC)
The
 
first IBM PC, formally known as
the
 
IBM
 Model 5150
at 12 August 1981,
It was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088
microprocessor and used Microsoft´s MS-DOS
operating system. The
 
IBM PC 
revolutionized
business computing by becoming the
 
first
PC 
to gain widespread adoption by industry.
Its OS Operating System was MS-DOS
operating system.

46. 46
Generation Technology Duration
First Vacuum Tubes 1946-1958
Second Transistors 1959-1964
Third Integrated
Circuits
1965-1970
Fourth Microprocessor 1971-Present
Fifth Artificial
Intelligence
Present and Beyond

47. First Generation (1942-1955):
Used During 1946-1957
Technology used was Vacuum Tubes
 Examples:
MARK-1
ENIAC
UNIVAC-I
Advantages:
Vacuum Tubes were only Electronic Component at that Time
Vacuum Tubes made Electronic Digital Computer Possible
Calculated Data in short time 47
Generation of Computers
Vacuum
tube

48. Disadvantages:
 Very Huge Size
 Consumed Large Amount of Energy
 Heated Soon
 Less Reliable
 Air Condition was Required to Cool them down
 Constant Maintenance
 Non Portability
 Costly
 Limited Commercial use
 Quite Slow Speed
 Limited Programming Capabilities
 Used Machine Language(Binary Language based on 0`s and
1`s
 Magnetic Drums for Storage Purpose
 Punched Cards for Input
 Not Versatile
 Very Faulty
48
Generation of Computers

49. Second Generation (1958-1964):
Used during 1958-1964
In the second generation computers “Transistors replaced
vacuum tubes”.
One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.
Transistor developed in 1947 at Bell Laboratories
Size decreased
Examples:
IBM 7094 Series
IBM 1400 Series
CDC 164
49
Generation of Computers

50. Advantages:
 Smaller Size  More Reliable
 More Energy Efficient Were not Heated Quickly
 Wider Commercial use  Better Portability
 Calculated Data in Microsecond
 Tape Drives, Magnetic Disks and Printers used
 Used Assembly Language  Improved Accuracy
Disadvantages:
 Air Conditioning was required
 Constant maintenance was also required
 Difficult Commercial Production
 Used for Specific Purposes
 Costly
 Not Versatile
 Punched Cards for Input
50
Generation of Computers

51. Third Generation (1964-1970):
Used during 1964-1970
Technology used was Integrated Circuits
First IC invented in 1961
Size of IC is about ¼ inch
Single IC Chip contains Thousand Transistors
Smaller Size, Faster, More Reliable, Less
Expensive
Examples: IBM 370, IBM System/360,
UNIVAC 1108,9000
51
Generation of Computers
Integrated Circuit

52. Advantages:
 Smaller Size  More
Reliable
 Less Energy Consumption  Good Storage
 Less Heat Produced  Versatile
 Less Expensive  Better
Accuracy
 Calculated Data in Nano Second General
Purpose
 Commercial Production Increased
 Used Fans for Heat Discharge
 Low Maintenance Cost
 Mouse, Keyboard for Input
 Low Hardware Failure
Disadvantages:
 Air Conditioning was required
 Highly Sophisticated technology used in IC Production
52
Generation of Computers

53. Fourth Generation (1971-2010):
Used during 1971 - 2010
Technology used is Microprocessor
Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs
Ted Hoff produced Microprocessor in 1971 for Intel
It was Intel 4004
IC Technology improved
Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Very Large Scale
Integration (VLSI) used in designing Ics
Size Reduced very much
Size of Modern Microprocessor is One Square Inch
Microprocessor contains Millions of Electronic Circuits
Examples:
Apple Macintosh
IBM PC
PC (Personal Computer)
53
Generation of Computers
Microprocessor

54. Advantages:
Very Small Size
Less Power Consumption
Less Heat Generated
Fan for Heat Discharge
No Air Conditioning required
Best Speed
Reliable and Powerful
Commercial Production
Less need of Repair
Cheapest
All types of High Level Languages
used for Programming
Disadvantages:
Highly Sophisticated Technology
required for Microprocessor
Production
54
Generation of Computers

55. Fifth Generation (From 2010 and Beyond):
 Based on Artificial Intelligence
 Intelligent Computers
 Understand Spoken Words
 Behave like Human Beings
55
Generation of Computers

56. Below enlist some classification of computers.
Personal Computer
Mobile Devices
Minicomputer
Mainframe Computer
Supercomputer
56
Classification of
Computer

57. Personal Computer / Micro Computer
Desktop Computer
1.All-in-One Computers
2.Workstation Computer
3.Server Computer
Portable Computer
Laptop
Tablet
Mobile Devices
1.Smartphone
2.Handheld Computers
3.Portable Media Player
4.E-Book Reader
57
Classification of
Computer

58. Personal Computer / Micro Computer
Minicomputers
Mainframe Computers
Super Computers
Embedded Computer
58
Classification of
Computer

59. Micro Computers / Personal Computers:
Also called Personal Computers
Introduced in 1970
Designed to be used by Single User
One or More Input and Output Devices
Storage Device
Memory
Mostly have Single Processor
Can have two Processors
Mostly used in Offices and Homes
Can be used for Business and Engineering Applications
HP, Dell, Acer, Lenovo, Apple, Compaq, IBM
Examples:
PC (Personal Computer)
PC uses Windows Operating Systems mostly
 Apple Macintosh
Apple Macintosh uses Mac OS
59
Classification Of Computers

60. Micro Computers further Classified as follows:
Micro Computers
Desktop Computers Portable Computers
Handheld Notebook
PDA
Smart Phone
(Web Enabled Cellular Phone)
60
Classification Of Computers

61. Desktop Computers:
 Most Common type of PC
 Placed on a Desk
 System Unit may be placed Horizontally or
Vertically
 Vertical Orientation is called Tower Model
 Further Classified as:
1. All-In-One:
 Less Expansive
 Monitor and System Unit are Combined
2. Workstation:
 Introduced in 1980s
 More Expansive and Powerful
 Used for Graphic Work
 Used by Engineers, Graphic Artists,
Architect
61
Classification Of Computers

62. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
3. Server Computers:
 Powerful Computer
 Used in Networks
 Provides Services to Clients
 Manages Resources
 Centralized Storage of Data
Portable Computers:
 Can Easily be displaced from one place to
another
 Further Classification is:
1. Notebook Computers:
 Also called Laptop
 Very Small
 Supports only one user at a
time
 Uses less power
62

63. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
 Works on Batteries
 Can be brought anywhere easily
 Light Weight
 Costly
2. Handheld Computers:
 Also called Palmtop
 Fit in Hand
 Small Screens and Keyboards
 Also uses Stylus
 Some support Voice Input
 Have No Disk Drives
 Data and Programs are stored on Chips
 Chips are present in System Unit
 Further Classified as:
63

64. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
a. PDA:
 PDA (Personal Digital
Assistant)
 Organizes Personal
information
 Facilities like:
1. Calendar
2. Address Book
3. Appointment Book
4. Calculator
5. Notes
6. Alarms
b. Smart Phone:
 Web Enabled Cellular Phone
 Provides Internet facility
 Messages can be Sent and
Received through
Internet
 Browse Web Sites
64

65. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Mini Computers:
Large and Powerful than PC
Can Execute 5 Million Instructions/Second
Contains two or more processors
More Reliable than PC
Introduced in 1960
Also called Mid-Range Computers
Used by Small and Medium Sized Companies for Centralized
Storage
More Costly than Micro Computers
Can Serve up to Several Thousand Connected Users
Accessed via Personal Computer or Terminal
Terminal:A device with Monitor and Keyboard. Also
called Dumb Terminal. Dumb Terminal has
zero Processing Power. It cannot work
as Stand-Alone Computer. Must
be connected to a Server
Examples: Prime 9755, VAX 8650, AS400,
IBM System 360
65
Shuttle XPC

66. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Mainframe Computers:
 Large Computer in terms of:
 Price, Power, Cost, Speed
 Introduced in 1975
 More Powerful than Mini Computers
 Contains Multiple Processors
 Supports Multiple Users simultaneously
 Performs Multiple Tasks simultaneously
 Highly Reliable
 Also Called High-Ended Server or Enterprise
Server
 Large Storage Capacity
 User accesses it using PC or Terminal
 Very Costly
 Used in Banks, Educational Institutes,
Government Departments such as PIA
Examples: IBM 4381, NEC 610, DEC 10
66
IBM 704

67. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Super Computers:
 State-of-the-Art Machine
 Developed in 1970s
 Biggest in Size
 Most Expansive
 Performs Complex Tasks
 Very High Storage Capacity
 Process Trillions of Instructions/Second
 Consumes too much energy
 Contains up to thousands of Processors
 Used in:
 Weather Predictions
 Weapon Design
 Atomic Research
 Business and Industry
 Simulation of Aircrafts
 Animation Purposes
Examples: CRAY-XP, ETA-10, Deep Blue, ASCI
White
67
Columbia

68. Three Basics Kind of Computer
68
Types of Computer
Computer
Analogue Digital Hybrid

69. Analogue Computer:
Operate with Analogue Signals
It provides continuous values
It has no state
It has low memory
It has slow speed
It is use for special purpose
Doesn`t Work with Digital Signals
Difficult to Operate
Output is displayed on Meter or Graph
Has Low Memory
Has Fewer Functions
Used in Field of Medical Science and Engineering
Examples:
Speedometer of Car
Analogue Processor used at Petrol Pumps
69
Types Of Computer

70. Digital Computer:
Works with Digits
Has a state either On or Off (1 or 0)
Gives Output in Digital Form
Very Fast
Can be Programmed
Store Results in Digital Format
Manufactured in wide variety of Size, Speed and
Capacities
Have Big Memory
Used Commonly in Offices and Educational
Institutes
IBM PC and Apple Macintosh—2 Famous Digital
Computers
Examples:
Digital Watch
Score Boards
70
Types Of Computer

71. Hybrid Computer:
 Combination of Analogue and Digital
 Accepts Data in both Analogue and Digital Format
Examples:
 Medical Instruments
71
Types Of Computer

72. Steve Jobs Bill Gates
Two Computer Giants
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