1 INTRODUCTION TO FIRST AID.pdf

Introduction to first aid

1. FIRST AID AND ACCIDENT
PREVENTION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO FIRST AID
By: Adem H. (BSc, MSc in Medical-Surgical N.)
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2. Brain Storming
1.What is first aid ?
2. Who is first aider ?
3. What is first aid kit ?
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3. Choking
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4. Definition:-
Firstaidis:
•Theimmediatecaregiventoaperson,who
hasbeeninjuredorhasbeensuddenlyill.
•Istreatmentgivenwhenanaccidentor
suddenillnessoccurs.
•Istheinitialassistanceortreatmentgivento
aninjuredorsickpersonbeforeprofessional
medicalcarebecomesavailablewiththe
materialavailableathand.
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5. Who do you think be a first aider?
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6. Simple and Basic Questions For First Aider
Working In The Community
Whowillgivefirstaidforcasualtywhoisin
emergencycondition?
oAnyfirstaiderwhoisequippedwithprincipleof
firstaidmanagement
Why?Tosavelife
When?Atanytimewheninjuryoccurs
Where?Anywhereorplace
Towhomisapplied?Toallwhoneedstobehelped
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7. Characteristics of first aider
working in the community
To be a first aider:-
Good reliability, character and communication
skills.
An aptitude and ability to absorb new skills and
knowledge.
An ability to cope with stressful and physically
demanding emergency procedures.
Normal duties in the workplace that can be left, to
respond immediately and rapidly to an emergency
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8. First Aid kits & Supplies
•Firstaidkitisacollectionofsuppliesand
equipmentsthatisusedtogivemedicaltreatment.
•Firstaidkitscanbeassembledinalmostanytypeof
container,andthiswilldependonwhethertheyare
commerciallyproducedorassembledbyan
individual.
•Standardkitsoftencomeindurableplasticboxes,
fabricpouchesorinwallmountedcabinets.
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9. Continue…..
•Thetypeofcontainerwillvarydependingon
purpose,andtheyrangeinsizefromwalletsized
throughtolargerucksacks(abagcarriedonthe
backsupportedbystraps).
•Itisrecommendedthatallkitsareinaclean,
waterproofcontainertokeepthecontentssafe
andaseptic.
•Kitsshouldalsobecheckedregularlyand
restockedifanyoftheitemsaredamagedorare
outofdate
•SepticVaseptic
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10. The InternationalOrganizationfor
Standardization(ISO)setsastandardforfirst
aidkitsofbeinggreen,withawhitecross,in
ordertomakethemeasilyrecognizableto
anyonerequiringfirstaid.
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11. ISO First Aid Kit Symbols
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12. •TherearetwogeneraltypesoffirstAidkits.
1.Theunittype
2.TheCabinettypekits
1.Unittypekit
•Hasacompleteassortmentoffirstaidmaterials
inunitsizeormultiplesoftheunitsize,
•Contains16,24,or32units
•16and24unitkitsarethemostpopular.
12

13. 2. Cabinet Type Kits
•Are made for a wide variety of uses.
•Range in size from pocket versions to large industrial
kits.
•Made to accept packages in different shapes & size
13

14. Components of First Aid Kit
CommonItems
Thecommonkitsmostlyfoundinthehomesmay
contain:
Alcoholornonalcoholantisepticwipes
CottonBalls
CottonSwabs
Iodine
Bandages
HydrogenPeroxide
Gauze
Saline
Dressings
Eyewash
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15. Allkitsaresatisfactoryifthefollowing
pointsareobservedintheirselection:
•Thekitshouldbelargeenough&haveproper
contents
•Contentsshouldbearrangedsothatthe
desiredpackagecanbefoundquickly
•Materialshouldbewrappedsothatunused
portionsdon'tbecomedirtythroughhandling.
•Itshouldbemadeupofmetalorplastic
•Shouldbeeasytoopen
•Shouldbelabeledandplacedoutofchildren
reached
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16. Scope of first aid
Determinedthenatureofthecause
Decidetheextentofthetreatment
Disposethecausestothenearesthospital
Principles
Observecarefully
Thinkclearlyand
Actquickly.
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17. Steps in giving Emergency Care
Lookatthegeneralsituationofthecausalityquickly
(observation)
Decidewhatiswrongandhowsevereordangerous
theinjuryis.
Givetheappropriatefirstaid
Notifyyourseniorandarrangetransporttohealth
institution
Givefollowupcareduringthejourney
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18. Reasons for First Aid (Purposes)
Tosustain(preserve)life
E.g.mouthtomouthrespirationwhen
breathinghasstopped.
Topromotehealing&recovery
e.g.,reassurethepatient,reliefpain,protect
fromcoldandarrangepatienttransfer
Topreventcomplication.
E.g.Immobilizingthefracturedbone.
Tokeeptheinjuredorillalive.
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19. Values of First Aid Training
Theneedforfirstaidtrainingisgreaterbecause
of;
Populationgrowththroughouttheworld
Increaseduseoftechnologicalproducts;suchas
mechanicalandelectricalappliancesineveryday
use
Thereisanevergrowingdemandforfirstaid
trainingforpersonaluse.
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20. Values of first Aid Training
In general first aid is aimed to
Self help
Help for others
Preparation for disaster
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21. GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR
GIVING FIRST AID:-
Assessmentofthesituation
Removethevictim/dangerfromthearea
Identifytheproblem/thevictimmayhavemore
than1problem(Diagnosis)
Giveimmediate&adequatetreatment/give
priority(Treatment).
Arrangeimmediatetransportationformedical
careforlifethreateningconditions.
Preventcrosscontamination.
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22. CHAPTER TWO
SPECIFIC INJURIES
(Eye, Head, Neck, Chest,
Abdomen)
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23. 1. Eye Injuries
23
Enucleation
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24. Foreign Body In The Eye
•Foreignobjectsareoftenblownorrubbed
intotheeyes.
•Suchobjectsareharmfulnotonlybecauseof
theirritatingeffectbutalsobecauseofthe
dangeroftheirscratchingthesurfaceor
becomingimbeddedintheeye.
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25. Signs & Symptoms
•Redness of the eye
•Burning sensation
•Pain
•Headache
•Over production of tears
•Swelling
•Wound
•Presence of foreign body
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26. Precautions
•Keepthevictimfromrubbinghiseye
•Washyourhandsthoroughlybeforeexaminingthe
victim'seye.
•Don'tattempttoremoveaforeignobject
imbeddedintheeyes.
•Referthevictimifsomethingisembeddedinthe
eye.
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27. •Procedures for Removal of a foreign body
from the eyeball
Pulldownthelowerlid
Iftheobjectliesontheinnersurface,liftit
gentlywithcleanhandkerchiefortissuepaper
Iftheobjecthasnotbeenlocated,itmaybe
lodgedbeneaththeupperlid.
Whilethevictimlooksdown,graspthelashes
oftheupperlidgently.
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28. Pulltheupperlidforeword&downoverthelower
lid
Tearsmaydislodgetheforeignobject
Ifnotdislodged,depressthevictim'supperlid
withamatchstickorsimilarobject
Flashtheeyewithwater/irrigation/
Ifnotremoved,applyadrydressing&referto
hospital.
Ifanacidoralkaligetsintotheeyes,floodthe
eyeswithrunningwaterforseveralminutesandget
medicaladviceassoonaspossible.
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29. Eye irrigation and foreign body removal
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30. Blunt Injury of the Eye
•Acontusionoccursfromdirectblow,suchas
fist,vehicleaccidentorexplosionsresultsin
blockeye.
•Inseriouscase,thestructureoftheeyemay
betornorruptured.
•Secondarydamagemayoccurbytheeffect
ofhemorrhageandlaterbyinfection
NB.Eyecontusionisabruisearoundtheeye.Itmayinvolve
theeye,eyelid,eyesocket,andassociatedmusclesandis
usuallytheresultofabluntinjurytotheeye
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31. •Visionmaybelost
•Bleedingmayoccurafterseveraldays
•Thevictimshouldbeseenbythe
Ophthalmologist
•Adrysterileorcleandressingshouldbeapplied
andthevictimshouldbetransportedlyingflat.
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32. Blunt trauma of the eye
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33. Blunt trauma of the eye
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34. Ruptured eye globe
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35. Penetrating Injuries of the Eye
•Occurswhenanobjectpierces,penetratesor
puncturestheeyeandcanresultinblindness.
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36. Penetrating Eye Injury
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37. 377/7/2022 9:51 PM Set By Adem Hussein (BSc, MSc)

38. First Aid measures
•Don'ttrytoremovetheobjectortowashthe
eye.
•Coverbotheyeslooselywithasterileorclean
dressing
•Securewithtaporbandage&coverbotheyes
toeliminatemovementoftheaffectedeye
•Keepandtransportthevictimbystretcher
•Takethevictimtotheemergencyroomof
hospitaltogetquickmedicalattention
N.B:Foreignbodieslyingonsurfaceareonlyoncethat
canberemovedsafelybythefirstaider.
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39. Eye padding
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40. 2. HEAD INJURIES
Scalp Injuries
•Bleed profusely
•May be complicated by fragment from skull fractures
•May contain hair, glass or other foreign materials
First Aid Measures
•Don't try to clean scalp wounds that is profusely
bleeding.
•Control bleeding by raising the victim's head &
shoulder
•Don't bend the neck
•Place a sterile dressing on the wound
•Apply Bandage to hold the dressing in place & to
provide pressure.
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41. HeadinjurycanbeExternal(usuallyscalp)
injuries&Internalheadinjuries,whichmay
involvetheskull,thebloodvesselswithinthe
skull,orthebrain.
Concussion-temporarylossofneurological
functionfromwhichthereiscompleterecovery.
Contusion-moresevercerebralinjurywith
possiblehemorrhageandbraindamage.
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42. Assessment:-
Checktheperson'slevelofresponseusingthe
AVPUcode:
A -is the person alert, eyes open and
responding to questions?
V-doesthepersonrespondtovoice,obey
simplecommands?
P-doesthepersonrespondtopain(eg,eyes
openormovementinresponsetobeing
pinched)?
U-isthepersonunresponsive?
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43. Brain injury
Causes of wounds to the scalp
•Open or closed fracture of the skull
•Stroke (impaired blood supply to brain)
•Tumor
Signs & symptoms
•Clear or blood tingled CSF draining from the nose or
ears following skull fracture.
•Temporary loss of consciousness.
•Partial or complete brain paralysisof muscle of the
extremities of the opposite side
•Facial paralysis on the same side
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44. •Disturbance of speech
•Local or generalized convulsions
•Bleeding from the nose, ear canal or mouth (skull
fracture)
•Pale face
•Fast & weak pulse
•Headache & dizziness
•Vomiting
•Unequal size of pupils
•Loss of bowel & bladder control(incontinence)
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45. FirstAidMeasures
•Obtainmedicalassistancequickly(callfor
ambulance)
•Keepthevictimdown&treatforshock
•Insureanopenairway
•KeepthevictimNPO
•Applydressing&bandageovertheinjury
•Recordthelevelofconsciousness.
•Refertothenearesthealthinstitution
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46. 3. Neck Injuries
A.Blockageoftheairway
Cause:
•Bluntforceexertedontheface,mouthorjaw,
•Hardblowonthefrontoftheneck
•Extensiveswelling
FirstAidMeasures
•Artificialrespiration
•Obtainimmediatemedicalcare
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47. B. Lacerations or Puncture Wound
•Bleeding from neck around is dangerous &
difficult to control.
Control Measures
•Exert direct pressure over the wound.
•Keep the victim's head & shoulder raised & his
air way open.
•Seek medical attention
•Cover wound by dressing
•Never apply a circular bandage around the neck.
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48. 4.Wounds of the Chest
Suckingwoundofthechest/open
pneumothorax/
•Isinjuryinwhichairpassesin&outofthe
thoraciccavitythroughaholeinthechest.
•Ifthewoundingobjectorinstrumentisstillin
place,leaveitundisturbed.
FirstAidMeasure
•Covertheopenwoundbylargepad
•Thepalmofthehandmaybeapplieduntila
suitablebandageisobtained.
•Maintainopen-airway&giveartificialrespiration
transportthevictimwithhisinjuredsidedown.
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49. Penetratingwoundsoftheheartorlargeblood
vesselsofchest
•Thepenetratingobjectshouldbeleftundisturbed.
FirstAidMeasure.
•Elevatethevictim'shead
•Giveartificialrespiration
•Seekmedicalassistance
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50. CompressionofLungTissue
Causes:
•Blood/otherfluids/,airthathasescapedinto
thechestcavityfromairintothechestcavity
fromairpassagesthroughatearinthesurfaceof
thelung
FirstAidMeasure
•Positionformouth-to-mouthrespiration
•Maintainonopenairway
•Giveartificialrespiratory
•Seekmedicalhelpquickly.
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51. 5. AbdominalInjuries
Woundoftheabdomenareparticularly
dangerousbecauseoftheriskofdamageto
internalorgans
Aninjurytothechestanywherebelowthe
nipplesisalsocalledaninjurytotheabdomen.
Adistended,tenderabdomenafterinjury
indicatesinternalbleedingintheabdomen,
Treatforshock,&transportimmediately
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52. FirstAidMeasures:
Don'ttrytoreplaceprotrudingintestinesor
abdominalorgansbutcoverwithsteriledressings
Holdthedressinginplacewithafirmbandage
KeepthevictimNPO
Elevatethevictim'shead&shouldertoavoid
breathingdifficulty.
Seekmedicalattention
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53. CHAPTER THREE
POISONING
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54. Definition
Poisonisanysubstancesolid,liquidorgasthattendsto
impairhealthorcausedeathwhenintroducedintothe
bodyorontotheskinsurfaceinasufficientquantity.
Poisonscanenterthebodyindifferentways:-
Ingested(throughthemouth)
Inhaled(mouth&nose)
Absorbed(ontheskin)
Injected(bloodvessel)
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55. Apoisoncaneithertobe:-
CorrosiveSuchas:acids,bleach,ammonia,petrol,
turpentine,dishwasherpowder,etcthatcancause
tissuedestructionaftercomingincontactwithbody.
Non-CorrosiveSuchas:tablets,drugs,alcohol,
plants,perfumeetc.
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56. Causes
•Itcanbecausedknowinglyorunknowingly.
•Overdoseofdrugs(e.g.ASA)
•Medicineleftwithinreachofchildren
•Poisonstransferredfromtheoriginal
containerstojarsorsoftdrinkbottles
•Carelessnessoftheparent&lackof
supervision
•Improperstorage&disposalofpoisonous
substances
•Combiningdrugs&alcoholtogether
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57. Examples of poisons around the home
•Cosmetics, hair preparations
•Kerosene
•Strong detergents like bleaches
•Acids & alkalis
•Non edible mushrooms
•Carbon mono oxide
•Bacterial toxins
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58. Signs & symptoms of poisoning
Informationfromthevictimfromanobserver;
•Presenceofcontainerknowntocausepoison
•Conditionsofthevictim(suddenillness)
•Burnsaroundthelipsormouth(ifacidorbaseis
taken)
•Breathodor
•Pupilsoftheeyecontractedtopinpoint(overdose
ofmorphine)
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59. Othersignsthatcanaccompanypoisoning
maybe:-
Vomiting,Abdominalpains.
Burningsensationaroundtheentryarea.
Breathingproblems.
Confusionorhallucination.
Headache,Unconsciousness,Sometimes
fitting.
Cyanosis.
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60. Objectivesofemergencymanagement:-
Toremoveorinactivatethepoisonbeforeitis
absorbed.
Togivesupportivecaretomaintainvitalorgan.
Tousethespecificantidotetoneutralizethe
poison.
Togivetreatmenttohasten/speedupthe
eliminationoftheabsorbedpoison.
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61. Poison management consists of five
phases:-
1.Stabilizethepatient
2.Nonspecifictreatment
3.Diagnosethetypeofpoison
4.Specifictreatment
5.Followupofthevictim
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62. FirstAidmeasures
Swallowedpoisons
A.Consciousvictim
•Givehimadrinkoftepidwaterwithsoaptoinduce
vomiting.
•Repeattheprocedureofinducingvomitinguntilclear
vomituscomes
•Don'tinducevomitingifthepoisonis:
•Corrosives(strongacidoralkalis)
•Hydrocarbons(kerosene)
•Iodides,silvernitrate,…..
Instead,givemilkwithegg,wateroramixtureofflour&
water.
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63. B.Unconsciousvictim
•Maintainanopenairway
•Don'tgivefluid&notinducevomiting
•Ifthevictimisvomiting,positionhim&turntheheadso
thatthevomitusdrainsoutofthemouth
•Movethevictimimmediatelytohealthfacility
Contactwithpoisonouschemicals
•Producechemicalburns&needimmediatefirstaid
FirstAidMeasures
•Removecontaminatedclothing,
•Washallcontaminatedskin
•Keepthevictimairwaybeopened.
•Movethevictimimmediatelytohealthfacility
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64. Contactwithpoisonousplants
•Removecontaminatedclothing
•Washallexposedareasthoroughly
•Applycalaminelotion
•Seekmedicaladvice
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65. Poisoning through Inhalations
•E.g.Carbonmonoxide(Co)poisoning
•Movethepttofreshair,openalldoors&windows
•Loosenalltightclothing
•Preventchillingwraptheptinblankets.
•Keeptheptasquiteaspossible
•Positionforartificialrespiration
•Givemoth-to-mouthrespiration&cardiacmassageif
required.
•Takethevictimimmediatelytohealthfacility
•Antidoteisoxygen
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66. PoisoningthroughInjection(Snakebites)
•Thevastmajorityofsnakesarenotpoisonous.Pitvipersare
poisonous.
Characteristicsofsnakes
Poisonous nonpoisonous
•Verticalpupils roundpupils
•Singlerowofteeth doublerowofupperteeth
•Twoerectilefangs(Teeth)notleavefangmarks
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67. S/Sx
•Startinstantaneously,withburningpainor
numbnessatthesiteofthebite.
•Swelling
•Ecchymosis
•Hemorrhagicblisters
•Systemicsymptoms
•Tinglingsensation,
•Twitchingofmuscle,
•Signsofshock(nausea,vomiting,sweating,
weakness,lightheadiness).
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68. FirstAidMeasures
•Gettheptawayfromthesnake
•Calmthept
•Removeconstrictiveitems
•Keepthevictimrecumbent(horizontallying)
•Immobilizethebittenextremity
•Don'tallowthevictimtowalk
•Avoidalcohol(aggravateCNSdepression)
•Don'tdelaytransporttohospital
•Getdescriptionofsnake&notifythehospital.
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69. Prevention & precaution
Keepallmedicineoutofreachofchildren
Besureallmedicinebottlesarelabeledcorrectly
Allunlabeledmedicinesshouldbedestroyed
Keepmedicinesthatarepoisonousinlockedcup
bardawayfromothermedicines
Readthelabeledthreetimes
Nevereatanyfoodthatdoesnotappeargoodor
nevereatwhenyouhaveaquestioninyourmind
aboutit.
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70. CHAPTER FOUR
DRESSING & BANDAGES
70

71. Objectives
At the end of this session students will be able to:-
•Describetheconceptofdressing
•Identifythepurposeofdressing
•Describetype,applicationandmethodsofapplying
bandage
•Identifytypesoffirstaidkit
•Applydressingandbandaging.
71

72. Definition:
Dressing:-
•Istheimmediateprotectivecoverplacedovera
wound.
Steriledressingsarethose,whicharefreefrom
germsbeforeuse&arepreferablethannon-
steriledressings.
Purpose:
•Toassistinthecontrolofbleeding
•Toabsorbtheblood&woundsecretions
•Topreventcontamination
•Torelievepain
72

73. Clean Dressing Procedure
•To use at home
Hand washing
Boiling the dressing material for 15 minutes
Drying the dressing materials with out
contamination
(use ironed clothes if available).
Clean the wound area
Dry it
Apply the dressing material
Secure it with adhesive tape or bandage
73

74. Bandages:
Definition:isastripofmaterialusedtoholdawounddressing
orsplintinplace.
•Helptoimmobilize,support&protectaninjuredpartofthe
body.
Bandagesareused:-
•Toholdsplintinproperplace
•Tomaintaindirectpressureoverdressingtocontrol
bleeding.
•Toretaindressingsandsplintsinposition
•Topreventorreduceswellings
•Torestrictmovementetc
•Bandageshouldneverbeuseddirectlyoverawound
•Bandagingawoundshouldbeappliedfirmlyenoughtokeep
dressingandsplintsinposition.
74

75. Types of Bandages
1.Elastic bandages
2.Gauze bandages
3.Triangular bandages
4.A binder of Muslin (rarely used)
75

76. 1.Elastic Bandages
•Are expensive
•Can be laundered & used repeatedly
•Don`t stretch too tightly (interferes circulation)
76

77. 2. Gauze Bandages
•Can be used on any part of the body
•Can be used in different ways
Circular
Spiral
Figure of eight (joint areas)
Finger tip bandages (recurrent)
77

78. Circular
Techniquesthelayersofbandage
areappliedoverthetopofeach
other
Wrapwithcontinuousapplication
insmallplacesuchaswrist.
Stabilizesankle,wrist,fingers,
toes….
78

79. •Itisthesimplestofrollerbandagingtechnique.
•Whereinthebandageisrolledovertheaffected
areaincircularmotion,suchthateachlayeris
overlappingthepreviouslayercompletely.
•Thistechniqueismostlyusedonpartsofthe
bodywithuniformcircumferencesuchasleg
forearmorfinger
79

80. Spiral
Part of the preceding
turn is covered generally
by 1/3 of the width of th
bandage
Wrap a limb in ascending
path particularly covering
previous wrapping while
moving up the limb
Promote venous return
Effective around arms,
leg, or wrist
Used to hold dressing in
place.
80

81. •Likecircularbandageitusesonbodypartswithuniform
circumstance.
•Thetwodifferwithrespecttothewaythebandageis
wrappedandtheareacovered.
•Asopposedtocircularthe.Whereineachlayeronly
overlapped2/3oftheprecedinglayer
•CanbeUsedtocovertheentirelimb.
81

82. Figure of Eight
Overlappingapplication
alternatingwithascending
anddescendingwrapwith
eachpassofthebandage
crosseachotherover
previouswrap.
Stabilizesjointssuchaswrist
ankleandhelptomaintain
immobility
82

83. Finger tip (recurrent)
Anchored (tied)at the top
with several spiral wraps
then back and forth across
the end of extremity.
Binds amputatedstump in
preparation for
prosthesis(artificial limb)
fitting.
Holds dressing on the
head (end of amputated
area).
Used for blunt body part
83

84. TriangularBandage
•Usedtocovertheentirescalp,footoranylarge
areas
•Usedasaslingforfractureofthearm
•Slingisakindofhangingbandageputaroundthe
neckinwhichawoundedarmorhandissupported
84

85. Triangular
85

86. Binder of muslin (Mosul, Iraq)
Is an item made of muslin cloth of various shape and size
used to:
-Provide compression,
-Prevent drying,
-Prevent motion,
-Retain surgical dressings and
-prevent an injury
from external contamination.
86

87. CombinationofDressingandBandages
•Adhesivestripswithattachedgauzedressingareavailable
inwidevarietyofsizes&shapes.
•Bandagecompressesarethemostusefulandefficient
combinationofbandage&dressing.
•Thedressingportionbulksoverwhichpressuremaybe
appliedforcontrolofseverbleeding
87

88. ApplicationofBandages
Generalprinciples:
•Abandageshouldbesnug(comfortable)(nottoo
looseandnottootight)
•Toensurethatcirculationisnotinterferedwith;
•Leavetheperson'sfingertipsortoesexposed.
•Watchforswelling,changesofcolor&coldness.
•Ifthevictimcomplainsofnumbnessortingling
sensation,loosenthebandagesimmediately
•Neverapplyatightcircularbandageaboutaperson's
neck.
88

89. MethodsofApplyingBandages
1.ArmSling
•Preparetriangularbandage
•Placeoneendofthebandageovertheinjured
shoulderandlettheotherendhangdowninfront
ofthechest
•Carrythepointbehindtheelbowoftheinjured
arm
•Carrythesecondendofthebandageupoverthe
shoulderandtiethetwoendstogetherattheside
oftheneck
89

90. Arm Sling…
commercially available arm sling
90

91. Arm Sling
91

92. •Bringthepointofthebandageforewardandpin
ittothefrontoftheslings.
•Makesuretheendofthefingersextendjust
beyondthebaseforobservation
•Adjusttheslingsothatthehandelevated10-12
cmabovetheleveloftheelbow
92

93. 2.Triangularbandagefoldedascravat
•Preparetriangularbandagefirst
•Bringthepointofatriangularbandagetothe
middleofthebase
•Foldlengthwisealongthemiddleuntilyou
obtainthedesiredwidth
93

94. 3. Triangular Bandage for the scalp &
forehead
•Fold a hem(edge) about 5 cm wide along the
base.
•Place compress and put dressing in place with
the hem on the out side.
•Place the bandage on the head so that the
middle of the base lies on forehead.
94

95. Triangular Bandage folded as cravat for
the scalp & forehead
95

96. Triangular Bandage for the scalp &
forehead
96

97. 4. Cravat bandage for forehead, ear &
eyes
•Place the center of cravat over the compress
that covers the around area.
•Carry the ends around to the opposite side &
cross them
•Bring them back to the starting point ad tie.
97

98. 5. Cravat Bandage for cheek or ear
•Use a wide cravat
•Carry one end over the top of the head and
the other & under the chin
•Cross the ends at the opposite side
98

99. Cravat Bandage for cheek or ear
99

100. 100

101. SpecialPads
•Largethicklayered,bulkypadswithanouterwater
proofedsurfacearea
•Availableinseveralsizes
•Oftenusedinthetreatmentofvictimswithcircular
burns
•Aresometimescalled"burnpads"orgeneral-purpose
dressings
101

102. BLEEDING CONTROL
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 102

103. Objectives
Attheendofthesessionstudentswillbeableto:-
Understandmeansofbleeding
Understandtechniquestostopseverbleeding
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 103

104. Bleeding
Definition:
Rushingoutoroozingofbloodfrombloodvessels
(Hemorrhage).
Typesofbleeding(basedonthesitesofbleeding)
•Arterialbleeding-brightredincolor,flowfromthe
woundsite.
Severbloodloss
•Venousbleeding–darkredincolor,flowissteady
•Capillarybleeding–oozingfrombedofcapillaries,
redincolor,usuallylessbrightthanarterialbloodwith
slowflow.7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 104

105. 7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 105

106. Generally,thereare2typesofbleeding
1.Externalbleedingiswhenbloodisleavingthe
bodythroughsometypesofwound.
2.Internalbleedingisalossofbloodthatoccurs
fromthevascularsystemintothebodycavity
(space).
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 106

107. Duty of First Aider for sever bleeding
•ToStopbleeding
•Topreventinfection
•Treatforshock/Complication
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 107

108. Techniques to stop sever bleeding
Bleedingcontrolmeasures
1.Directpressure
Byplacingthepalmofthehandoverathick
pad
Manualpressurethemainartery
Applythepressurebandage&tie
Safest&effective
2.Elevation(hand,neck,orleg)abovethevictim's
heart
3.ApplyindirectPressureonthesupplying
artery
•Brachialarteryforarmwound
•Femoralarteryforlegwound
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 108

109. 4.ApplyTourniquet
Usedonlyforlifethreatinghemorrhagethatcan
notbecontrolbyothers.
Neveruseropewire
Donotapplytootightly&fleshpart
Applyonbodysurfacewherebloodvesselscan
bepressed(facial,temporal,carotid,subclavian,
femoral,brachialarteries).
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 109

110. NoseBleeding(Epistaxis)
Sitthepatientdown,headtiltedforward.
Nipthesoftpartofthenosefor10minutes.
Tellthepatienttobreathethroughthemouth.
Givethepatientaclothtocleanupanyblood
whilstthenoseisnipped
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 110

111. Advisethepatientnottobreathethrough
orblowtheirnoseforafewhoursafter
bleedinghasstopped.
Ifbleedingpersistsformorethan30
minutes, orifthepatienttakes
‘Vasoconstrictor'drugs(suchasAdrenalin),
takeorsendthemtohospitalinanupright
position.
Adviseapatientsufferingfromfrequent
nosebleedstovisittheirdoctor.
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 111

112. Sites of
bleeding
Position victim
in a sitting position
Keep head tilted
slightly forward
Pinch soft parts of
both nostrils
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 112

113. General rules in managing bleeding
wounds
Placetheinjuredinsuitableposition
Elevatethebleedingpartexceptincaseof
fracture.
Exposedthewound
Donotdisturbanybloodclot
Removeanyforeignbody
Apply&maintainpressure
Immobilizetheinjuredpart
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 113

114. MildBleeding
•Washyourhandswithsoap&water
•Washinandaroundthewound
•Rinsethewoundthoroughlybyflushingwith
cleanwater
•Drywithsterilegauze/cleancloth
•Applydrybandageorcleandressing
•Informthevictimtoseephysicianimmediately
N.B:protectthehandcontacttothebloodin
ordertopreventHIV/AIDS,HBVtransmission.
•Ifdirectpressureonthewounddoesnotstop
thebleeding,putpressureonthepressurepoints.
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 114

115. Prevention of contamination and infection
•Handwashingbeforeandafterwoundcare(whenpossible)
•Byavoidingcontaminants
•Byusingcleanmaterialsasmuchaspossible
•E.g.cottongauze,towelsetc...
•Washinandaroundthevictim’swoundtoremovebacteria
andotherforeignMatters.
•Washthewoundthoroughlybyflushingwithcleanwater,
preferablerunningtabwater.(don’twashwoundwithsever
bleeding)
•Applyadrysterilebandageorcleandressingandsecureit
firmlyinplace
•Smallwoundsevencanbetakencareathome
•Iftheirisinfectionreferthevictimtothehealthinstitution.
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 115

116. SafeGuards
•Don'tremovetheclothpadinitiallyplacedonthe
wound.
•Don'ttrytocleansewoundwithseverbleeding.
•Watchforsignofshock.
•Immobilizetheinjuredarea.
•Adjustthevictiminlyingpositionsothatthe
affectedlimbcanbeelevated.
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 116

117. RemovalofforeignBody
•Usetweezerssterilizedoveraflameorin
boilingwater
•Liftoutthoseobjectsimbeddedjustbeneath
theskinwithatipofasterilizedneedle.
•Deeplyembeddedforeignobjectsinthe
tissues,regardlessofsizeshouldbeleftfor
removalbyhealthpersonnel.
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 117

118. Dressingthewound
Helpstoprotectfrom
•Injury,
•Contamination,and
•Assistinthecontrolofbleeding
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 118

119. Infection
•If bacteria get inside tissues of the body, serious
infection may develop with in hours or days.
•This results in delay of wound healing.
S/S
•Swelling, Redness,
•Sensation of heat
•Throbbing pain
•Fever
•Pus formation
•Swelling of lymph nodes
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 119

120. EmergencycareforInfection
•Keepthevictimlyingdown&quiet.
•Immobilizetheentireinfectedarea.
•Elevatetheaffectedbodypartifpossible.
•Applyheattothearea
•Don'tdelaymedicalcare
7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 120

121. 7/7/2022 By Adem H (Bleeding) 121

122. CHAPTER FIVE
BONE & JOINT
INJURIES
122

123. 123

124. Musculoskeletalsystemconsistsofbones,ligaments,
joints,muscles,tendonsandbursaofthebody.
Thefunctionofmusculoskeletalsystemincludes:
protection,support,locomotion,mineralstorage,
hematopoiesisformationofblood&heatproduction.
Consistsof206bones&600muscles.
124

125. 1.Fracture
Isabreakorcrackinthecontinuityofbone.
Fracturesoccurwhentheboneissubjectedtostress
greaterthanitcanabsorb/hold.
Fracturecanbecausedbydirectblow,crushingforce,
suddentwistingmotionandevenextrememuscle
contraction.
125

126. Typesoffracture
A.Closed(simple):–
Inwhichtheoverlyingskinisintact.
A.Open(Compound):-
•Inwhichthereisawoundoverthefracture
site(thereisabreakintheskin)
•Havegreaterpotentialforcomplication.
126

127. •Completefracture-involvestheentire
crosssectionofthebone.
•Incomplete-involvesaportionofthecross
sectionofthebone.
•Simplefracture-onlythereisafractureto
theboneandnootherinjuries.
•Compoundfracture-fracturewithskinand
muscledamage.
•-Fracturedboneseenoutside.
•Pathogenic–fracturebecauseofthe
diseaseinthebone.
127

128. Patterns Of Fracture
•Greenstickfracture
•Transversefracture
•Obliquefracture
•Spiralfracture
•Comminutedfracture
•Depressedfracture
•Compressionfracture
•Avulsionfracture
•Impactedfracture
•Dislocation
128

129. Green stick ..
One side of the bone is broken and other side is
bent.
129

130. Transverse
•Fracture straight across the bone.
130

131. Oblique fracture
•A fracture occurring at an angle across the bone.
131

132. Spiral fracture
•A fracture twisting around the shaft of the bone.
132

133. Comminuted fracture
•A fracture in which bone splintered in to more than
three fragments or several fractures.
133

134. Depressed fracture
•Afractureinwhichfragmentsofdriveninward
(commonlyseeninskullfractures).
134

135. Compressed fracture
•A fracture in which bone has been compressed.
135

136. Avulsion fracture
•Pulling away of a fragment of bone by a ligament or
tendon.
136

137. Impacted fracture
•A fracture in which a bone fragment is driven into an
another bone fragments.
137

138. Causes of fracture:-
Motor vehicle accidents
Accidental falls
Recreational & sport activities
Direct blow on the bone
Repetitive force such as that caused by running
can cause stress fracture in the specific area
involved such as the foot, ankle, tibia or hip
Risk factors for fracture are:–
►Old age
►Osteoporosis
►Infection
►Tumor
138

139. Sx/Sx
Pain,
Tenderness,
Deformity,
Lose of use,
Swelling,
Ecchymosis,
Exposed bone ends (compound) &
discoloration.
139

140. First Aid Measure
•Maintain an open air way
•Protect against further injury
•Call for an ambulance (medical assistance)
•Prevent movements of the injured part
•Elevate involved extremities
•Apply splint
•Remove the victim's clothing
•Control hemorrhage
•Don't wash & don't insert your finger in the
wound if it is open fracture.
•Don't replace any bone fragments
•Traction
140

141. Traction:Istheapplicationofpullingforce
toapartofthebody.
Sling:Aflexiblestraporbeltusedintheform
ofalooptosupportorraiseahangingweight.
Splint:Devicesthatcanbeusedto
immobilizeinjuredpartswhenfractures,
dislocationsandothersimilarinjuriesare
presentorsuspected.
141

142. Splints:
•Aredevicesappliedtoarms,legs,ortrunktoimmobilizethe
injuredpartwhenafractureissuspected
•Protectfurtherinjuryduringtransportation
•Therearemanyvarietiesofsplintscommerciallyavailable
•Canbemadelocallyfromdifferentmaterials
•Itshouldbelongenoughtopassthejoints
•Itshouldbepadded
•Jointsmustbeimmobilizedabove&belowthefracture
•Informthevictimnottomovetheaffectedpart
•Nevertestforfracturebymovingthevictim'sbrokenbody
part.
•Straighten&splintadeformedlimbasnecessary
142

143. Fractureoftheskull
•Profusebleedingiscommon
•Deepscalpwoundsmaybecomplicatedbyfragment
fromskull,mycontainhairglassorotherforeign
material
Firstaidmeasures:
•Don'tcleanscalpwound
•Raisethevictim'shead&shoulder
•Don'tbendtheneck
•Applysteriledressing&bandage
•Movethevictimtohealthinstitution
143

144. Brain Injury
Causes –
•Trauma of the skull
•Wound of the skull
•Open or closed fracture of skull illnesses ,
•Stroke,
•Tumor
First Aid measures
•Call for ambulance
•Keep the victim lying down & treat for shock.
•Insure an open airway
•Control hemorrhage
•Keep NPO
•Record the level of consciousness
144

145. Face & Jaw fracture
Causes
•automobile accidents
•Accidental falls
•Other violent injuries
Immediate problems:
•Obstruction of the air way
•Swelling & sever hemorrhage
145

146. FirstAidMeasures
•Seekimmediatemedicalassistance
•Maintainanopenairway
•Providecontinuessupport
•Leanforewordtodrainsecretion
•Ifthevictimstopsbreathing,giveartificial
respiration
•Treatforshock
•Applyprotectivedressingasnecessary
•Transfertothenearbyhealthfacility
146

147. 147

148. Fracture of The Scapula
Cause:
•Fall or automobile
collision
•Dislocation of the
shoulder joint, and
•Sprain are common.
First Aid Measures
Apply sling & bandage the
victim's upper arm to his
chest
148

149. FractureofClavicle
•Occurattheweakestportion,middle3
rd
ofits
length(1/
3ofthedistancefromthetipofthe
shouldertothesternum)
•Commoninchildren
•Applyingaslingtoelevatethevictimsarm&
shoulder
•Bindthearmtothevictim'schest
149

150. Fracture of the Humerus
First Aid Measures
Closedfracture:
•Placeapadinthevictim's
armpit
•Applysplint
•Supporthisforearmwithsling
•Bindthevictim'supperarmto
hischest
Openfracture:
•Coverthewoundwithlarge
sterileorcleandressing
•Applysplit(don'tpressthe
wound)
•Don'tattempttocleansethe
wound.
150
Remember that the three places to immobilize a fracture of the
upper arm are:
Broken bone ends
Shoulder
Elbow

151. Forearm & Wrist (Fracture)
•Bones involved (ulna & radius)
First Aid Measures
•Immobilize the broken bone ends(joints), the wrist
and the elbow
•Splint the affected area
•Bend the elbow & apply sling
151

152. FractureofUpperleg
•Resultfromfallsortrafficinjuries
•Thelimbisshortened
FirstAidMeasures
•Placeablanketbetweenthelegs&bindthemtogether
Applyboardsplint(wellpadded)
•Coveropenwounds
•Applytractionifpossible
FractureofKneecap(patella)
•Patella-isfrontofthekneejoint.
•Cause:directblow
152

153. FirstAidMeasures
•Applypillowsplintorpaddedsplintsfromthevictim's
heeltohisbuttocksalongthebackoftheleg.
Fractureoflowerleg(tibia&fibula)
FirstAidMeasures
•Applywellpaddedsplintsonbothsidesofleg&foot
•Insertblanketsortowelsbetweentheleg&tiethem
together
•Keepthevictim'sfootpointingupward
•Thebestwaytodetectdeformityoranyother
abnormalityinanextremityistocompareittothe
extremityontheotherside.
153

154. 2.Dislocation
•Isdisplacementofaboneendfromitsarticular
surface(joint).
•Theprincipalsymptomofdislocationispain&the
principalsignofdislocationisdeformity
•Alwayscheckthepulses,strength,andsensation
distaltomusculoskeletalinjury
•TypesofDislocation:-
1.Subluxation:-
•Partialdislocation,Incompleteseparationbetween2
articulatingbones.
2.Luxation:-Completedislocations,Total
separationbetween2articulatingbones
154

155. Dislocationcanbe
Congenital-Presentatbirthduetosomemal
development,mostoftennotedathip.
Spontaneous/pathological:-Duetodiseaseofthe
articularorperi-articularstructure.
Traumatic:-Duetoinjuries.Themostcommonsite
fortraumaticdislocationarethekneecap,shoulder,
jaw,thumborafinger.
155

156. Dislocation
156

157. S/S of Dislocation
•Swelling
•Obvious deformity
•Pain upon motion
•Tenderness and discoloration
First Aid Measures
•Splint & immobilize the effected joint
•Apply a sling if needed, seek medical attention& never
attempt to reduce dislocation
157

158. 3.Sprains
•Itisdefinedasaninjurytotheligamentsandothersoft
tissuesatajoint.
•Usuallycausedbythesuddentwistingofajointbeyond
itsnormalrangeofmotion
•Theankle&thekneearethejointsmostcommonly
affected
•Itdiffersfromdislocationinthatthecontinuityofthe
jointisnotdisruptedinsprainalthoughthestructures
thatsupportthejointareseparated
158

159. Sprain:-
Thefunctionofaligamentistomaintainstability
whilepermittingmobility.
Atornligamentlossesitsstabilizingability.
Asisthecasewithcontusion,bloodvesselsare
rupturedandecchymosisandedemaoccur.
159

160. Grades of Sprain:-
1
st
degree sprain:-Caused by tearing of a few ligament fibers.
2
nd
degree sprain:-Caused by tearing of more ligament fibers.
3
rd
degree sprain:-Occurs when a ligament is completely torn.
Signs & Symptoms:
•Severe Pain,
•Tenderness,
•Swelling,
•Discoloration& abnormal joint motion
160

161. Thebesttreatmentforasprainorstrainistofollowthe
RICEmnemonic:
Rest:Resttheinjury.e.g.don'tallowasportsplayertocarryon
playingforacertainperiodoftime.
Immobilize-Sprains,strainsanddislocationscanbeslinged;
fracturesshouldbesplintedandsinged.
ColdCompression:Applyanicepacktotheinjuryassoonas
possible.
oThis will help reduce swelling, pain, which will speed recovery.
oPlace a tea towel or triangular bandage between the skin and
the ice pack.
oDo this for 10 minutes, every 2 hours, for 24 hours for
maximum effect.
Elevation: Elevate the injury. This also reduces swelling and
Anti pain: give NSAIDs.
161

162. sprain
162

163. S/Sx:
Swelling Painuponmotion
Tenderness Discoloration
N.B:treateveryseversprainasifitwereafracture
FistAidMeasures
•Don'tallowtowalk
•Removeorloosenthevictim'sshoes
•Inmildsprains,keeptheinjuredpartraisedforatleast
24hrs
•Applycold
•Ifswellingpersistseekmedicalassistance
163

164. 4. Strains
Aresofttissueinjuriesormusclespasmsaroundajoint&are
characterizedbypainonactivemovement
Astrainisdefinedasaninjurytomuscle/musclepull.
Usuallycausedbysuddenwrenchingmovements,overstretches,
overuseorexcessivestressonmusclewhichresultsintearingthe
surroundingmuscleorligament.
Aremicroscopic,incompletemuscletearswithsomebleeding
intothetissue.
Nodeformity
FirstAidMeasures
•Bedrest,heat&useofboardundermattressforapersonwith
strainedback
•Otherstrainsapplyheat&rest
164

165. Strain….
Commonlystrainsoccuronthebackmusclesdueto
improperliftingtechniques.
Commonsites:Hamstring,Quadriceps,Hipflexor,Biceps
Latissimusdorsi.
Grade1:-Somemusclefibersstretchedortorn.
-Sometenderness/painwithAROM
Grade 2:-Number of muscle fibers torn
-Active contraction of muscle extremely painful.
Grade 3:-Complete rupture of muscle
-Significant impairment or total loss of movement.
165

166. Strain….
Signs & Symptoms:-
Localized swelling, Cramping, Inflammation, Loss of
function, Pain, General weakness, Discoloration.
Strain:-
Prevention:-
Proper warm-up, Stretch, Proper mechanics, Proper
cool-down/ stretch, Proper nutrition & hydration.
Treatment:-
Reduce swelling & pain, NSAIDs.
Severe -Hard cast, Surgery
166

167. strain
167

168. How to care for dislocation, sprain, and
strain
R. I. C. E.
•Rest
•Ice
•Compression
•Elevate
168

169. Prevention of Accidents Resulting in skeletal &
muscular Injuries:
Motorvehicleaccidents
•Gooddrivingskill&judgment
•Driver'sattitudetowardaccidentprevention
•Periodiccheckupofvehiclecondition
•Confirmedconditionofthedriver
•Speed&distanceb/nvehiclesmustbeadjusted
•Specialcautionnearschools,churches
Otheraccidents
Astheconditionwecanpreventit
169

170. Complication
SixPsofcompartmentsyndromeare:-
1.Paresthesia (unrelieved by narcotics)
2.Pain(unrelieved by narcotics
3.Pressure,
4.Paralysis
5.Pallor (loss of normal color, coolness)
6.Pulselessness (decreased/absent pulses
170

171. 171