1 Introduction to Foundation of Nursing I.pdf

Introduction to Foundation of Nursing

1. FOUNDATION OF NURSING –I
FOR 2
nd
YEAR NURSING STUDENTS
Module Name: Foundation of Nursing I
Module Code: Nurs1043
Module ECTS: 19
By: Adem Hussein (BSc N, MSc In ADHN)
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2. Introduction to Foundation of Nursing
Presentation outlines
Definition of Nursing
Historical Background/Development of Nursing
Scope of Nursing
The Aims Of Nursing
Role Of Nurses
Philosophy of Nursing Theory
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3. Definition of Nursing
The word “nursing” is originated from the Latinword “Nutrix”
meaning “to nourish”.
Nurse is a person who nourishes, foster& protectsothers. or ;
A person prepared to take care of sick, injured & aged person.
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4. Definition of Nursing …….
An acceptable version of the word nurse:
N –Noble
U –Unselfish
R –Responsible
S –Sincere
E –Efficient
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5. Definition of Nursing …….
Thereweredifferentdefinitionsgivenfornursingatdifferenttimesby
differentscholars.Someoftheseare:
Isscienceandanartthatdealswithpreventionofdisease,careand
treatmentofthesickandrehabilitationofpatients.
Science-knowledgebasedforcaregiven,
Art–meansskilledapplicationofknowledgetohelpothers.
Nursingisaprofessionorpracticeofprovidingcareforthesickandinfirm
(unwell).
Itencompassesautonomousandcollaborativecareofindividualsofallages,
families,groupsandcommunities,sickorwellandinallsettings.
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6. Definition of Nursing….
1.ICN,2002
Nursingincludes;
Thepromotionofhealth,
Preventionofillness,and
Thecareofill,disabledanddyingpeople.
Advocacy,promotionofasafeenvironment,research,
participationinshapinghealthpolicyandinpatientandhealth
systemsmanagement,andeducationarealsokeynursingroles.
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7. 2. Florence Nightingale’s definition of nursing
Nursing is the act of utilizing the environment of clients to
assist him/her in his/her recovery.
It is to put the patient in a best condition for nature to act up
on him.
3. American nursing association (ANA,2010)
Nursing is the diagnosisand treatment of human response
to actual and potential health problems.
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8. 4. Virginia Hendersondefinition of nursing
“Nursingisassistingtheindividualssickorwellinthe
performanceofthoseactivities(contributingtohealthor
itsrecoveryortoapeacefuldeath)thathewillperform
unaided,ifhehadthenecessarystrength,willorknowledge
andtodothisinsuchawayastohelphimgain
independenceasrapidlyaspossible.”
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9. Definition of Nursing….
Generally,Nursingis
•Aprofessionwhosefocusistohelptheclienttoprevent,solve,alleviateor
copewithproblemsassociatedwiththeactivitiesheorshecarriesoutin
ordertolive.
•Aprofessionthatassiststhesickpersonorwellintheperformanceofthose
activitiescontributingtohealthoritsrecovery(ortoapeacefuldeath)that
heorshewouldperformunaided,giventhenecessarystrength,willor
knowledge.
•Ahumanservicerelatedtotheclients’needandabilitytoundertakeself-
careandtohelpthemsustainhealth,recoverfromdiseaseandinjuryor
copewiththeireffects.
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10. Definitions of important term
Care:-Involvesactivitiesfromcarryingoutcomplicatedtechnical
procedurestosomethingseemingsimple.
Health:-isastateofoptimalfunctions.
WHOdefinitionofHealth;
Isastateofcompletemental,physical,social&spiritual
well-beingnotmerelytheabsenceofdiseaseorinfirmity.
Handicap-alongtermdisadvantagewhichadverselyaffects
individual’scapacitytoachievethepersonaleconomic
independence.i.e.normalforonespeer.
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11. Physicalhealth-anatomicalintegrity&physiological
functioningofthebody.
Tobephysicallyhealthy
Allbodypartsmustbepresent
Allbodypartsinnaturalplace&position
Noneofthemhasanypathology
Alldoingtheirphysiologicalfunctionproperly
Theyworkeachotherharmoniously
Mentalhealth-theabilitytolearn&thinkclearly.
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12. Socialhealth-abilitytomake&maintainacceptableinteractionwith
others.
Illness-thesubjectivestateofapersonwhofeelsawareofnotbeing
well.
Disease-denotestheconditionofthehumanbodyinwhich
somethinghasgonewrong&hasupsetthenormalfunctionsofthe
bodyormind.
Disability-anyrestrictionorlackofabilitytoperformanactivityina
mannerorrangeconsiderednormalforhumanbeings.
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13. Nursing as a profession /Occupation
Profession:anoccupationthatrequiresextensiveeducation,special
knowledge,skill,andpreparation
Professionalization:istheprocessofbecomingprofessional.
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14. Nursing as a profession
Aprofessionisdefinedasacallingorvocation,especiallyonethat
involvessomebranchofadvancedlearningorsciencewhereas
occupationisajob,acareer.
Aprofessionisalearnedvocationoroccupationthathasstatusof
superiorityandprecedencewithinadivisionofwork.
Allprofessionsareoccupationsbutnotalloccupationsareprofessions.
Theessenceofprofessionalismisbothhavingauniqueorspecial
knowledgeandtheself-imposedobligationtoservethecommunity
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15. Nursing as a profession ….
Thenursingprofessionbeganwithagenuinedesiretoserveandcarefor
others,combinedwithasenseofcompassionandcommitment
Tobeanurseisacallinganddifficulttodescribeinwords.
Whocansaywhyapersonwouldwanttodoanurseswork,butthose
whodowilltellyouthereisnothingasfulfillingorrewarding
Theessenceofnursingisanunconditionalloveformankind.
Tobecalledanurseisanhonor–aprofessionofthehighestrealm
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16. 16
Characteristicsofaprofession
1.Utilizesinitspracticeinawell-definedandwellorganizedbody
ofspecializedknowledgeontheintellectuallevelofthehigher
learning.
2.Constantlyenlargesthebodyofknowledgeituses
3.Appliesitsbodyofknowledgeinpracticalservices
4.Functionsautonomouslyintheformulationofprofessional
policyandinthecontrolofprofessionalactivity
5.Attractsindividualsofintellectualandpersonalqualitieswho
exaltserviceabovepersonalgainandwhorecognizetheir
chosenoccupationasalifework.
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17. 17
Characteristicsofaprofession……
6.Strivestocompensateitspractitionersbyproviding
freedomofaction,opportunityforcontinuous
professionalgrowthandeconomicsecurity.
7.Providesaspecificservice.
8.Membershaveautonomyindecisionmakingandpractice.
9.Theprofession/professionalhasacodeofethicsfor
practice.
10.Theknowledgebaseofaprofessionisnormally
expressedintheformofconcepts,propositionsand
theories.Nursinghascurrentlyreachedthislevelof
theoreticalevolution
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18. 18
Professions Vs. Occupations
Professions Occupations
College or University On the job training
Prolonged education Length varies
Mental creativity Largely manual work
Decisions based on science or
theoretical constructs
Guided decision making
Values, beliefs & ethics integral part of
preparation
Values, beliefs & ethics not part of
preparation
Strong commitment Commitment may vary
Autonomous Supervised
Unlikely to change professionsOften change jobs
Commitment greater than $ rewardMotivated by $ reward
Individual accountability Employer is primarily accountable
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19. Criteria for professions
19
1.Abodyofknowledgeonwhichskillsandservicesarebased.
2.Anabilitytodeliverauniqueservicetootherhumans
3.Anactiveandsolidprofessionalorganization.
4.Controlofstandardsforpractice
5.Careercommitmentbymembers
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20. Criteria for professions……
20
6.Educationthatisstandardizedandbasedincollegesanduniversities.
7.Responsibilityandaccountabilityofmembersfortheirownactions.
8.Recognizedsocialworthandcontribution
9.Independentfunctions.
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21. 21
Is nursinga science? Or not ?
What is nursing science?
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22. Nursing science
22
Scienceis
Aunifiedbodyofknowledgeaboutphenomenathatis
supportedbyevidence.
Activitythatcombinesresearchandtheory.
Science=Research+Theory.
Thespringissueof“whatisnursingscience”?Wasraised
in1997atinternationaldialogue.
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23. Nursing science cont’d
23
Isanidentifiable,discretebodyofknowledgecomprisingparadigms,
frameworks,andtheories.
Representsclusterofpreciselyselectedbeliefsandvaluesthatare
craftedintodifferenttheoreticalstructure.
Innursingsciencewearedwellinginquestionemergingfromhuman
lifewhichareilluminatingmeaningsinrelationtothehumanuniverse
process.
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24. Nursing science cont’d
24
Isbodyofknowledgedevelopedfromquestionraisedbynursesand
investigatedbythem,concerningtherelationshipofhuman-health-
environment.
Hasgoaloftestingnewinterpretationsandexploredifferent
explanations,undergenerallawsaboutphenomenonrefiningtocaring
well-beingandautonomyofpersonasharmoniousentities.
Isauniquehumansciencewhichfocusesonphenomenarelatedo
humanhealth.
Hasbothpracticalandtheoreticalaspects.
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25. Nursing science cont’d
25
Isthesubstantive,abstractknowledgedescribingnursing’sunique
phenomenaofconcern,theintegralnatureofunitaryhumanbeingand
theirenvironment.
Thecreationofthisknowledgeoccursthroughsynthesisaswellas
qualitativeandquantitativemodesofinquiry.
Nursingsciencebasedpracticeistheimaginativeandcreativeuseof
nursingknowledgetopromotethehealthandwell-beingofallpeople.
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26. Nursing science cont’d
26
Istheessenceofnursingasascholarlydiscipline.
Ischaracterizedbyauniqueperspective,adistinctwayof
viewingallphenomena,whichultimatelydefinesthelimitsand
natureofitsinquiry”.
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27. Historical Background of Nursing
Pre-Civilization
Beliefthatgoodandevilspiritsbringhealth/illness
Physicianasmedicineperson
Nurseasmothercaringforfamily,society.
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28. Historical Background of Nursing…..
Beginning of Civilization
Beliefthatillnessiscausedbysinandgods’displeasure/disapproval.
Temples/hollyplacewerecentersoftherapy
Priestbelievedastherapist
Nurseviewedascareprovidercarryingoutmenial/unskilledtasks
orderedbypriests.
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29. Historical Background of Nursing…
Beginning of 16th Century
Focusonreligionreplacedbyfocusonwarfare
Explorationandexpansionofknowledge
Inshortageofnurses:criminalsrecruitedforservice
Nursingconsidereddisreputable/notorious
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30. Historical Background of Nursing…
18th–19th Century
Hospitalschoolsorganized,Femalenursesundercontrolofmale
hospitaladministrators&physicians,
Maledominanceofhealthcare
Nursingbecomesrespectedoccupation
Modernmethodsinnursingeducationfounded.
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31. Historical Background of Nursing…
World War II
Explosionofknowledgeinmedicine&technology
Effortsmadetoupgradenursingeducation
Womenmoreassertive/confident&independent
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32. Historical Background of Nursing…
1950s to Present:
Variedhealthcaresettingsdeveloped
Nursingbroadenedinallareas
Growthofnursingasaprofession
Nursing’sCodeofEthicswasrevisedin2001toreflectcurrentethical
issues
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33. Historical Background of Nursing…
Contributionsof future Nursing (F.N ).
Identifiedpersonalneedsofpatientandroleofnurseinmeetingthem
Establishedstandardsforhospitalmanagement
Establishednursingeducationandrespectedoccupationfornurse
professionals
Recognizedtwocomponentsofnursing–healthandillness
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34. Historical Background of Nursing…
Contributionsof F.N…
Believednursingisseparateanddistinctfrommedicine
Recognizednutritionasimportanttohealthcare
Institutedoccupational&recreationaltherapyforsickpeople
Stressedtheneedforcontinuingeducationfornurses
Maintainedaccuraterecords/beginningofnursingresearch
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35. Scope of Nursing
Nursingisforindividual,familyandcommunity.
Nursingpracticeinvolvesfourmajorarea.
1.Promotionofhealthandwellness
2.Preventionofillness
3.Restorationofhealth
4.Careofdisabledanddying
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36. The Aims Of Nursing
1. Promoting wellness
Wellness-is the achievement of one maximum attainable potential.
2. Preventing illnesses-the main objectives are;
To reduce the risk for illness
To promote good health habit
To maintain optimal functioning
3. Restoring health
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37. The Aims Of Nursing….
4.Providing direct care of the person.
5. Facilitate ,coping
The goals of health cannot always be met. The nurses also facilitate
patient& family coping with altered function, life crisis& death.
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38. Role of Nurses
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39. Philosophy of Nursing Theory
Overview of Nursing Theory
39
Theory
Systematic set of interrelated concepts, definitions and
deductions that describe, explain or predict interrelationships.
Creative and vigorous structuring of ideas that project a
tentative, purposeful and systematic view of phenomena .
Coherent set of hypothetical, conceptual and pragmatic
principles forming a general frame of reference for a field of
inquiry.
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40. Theory cont’d….
40
A notion or an idea that explains experience, interprets
observation, describes relationships, and projects outcomes
A set of statements that tentatively describe, explain, or
predict relationships between concepts that have been
systematically selected and organized as an abstract
representation of some phenomenon
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41. Theory cont’d….
41
A systematically related set of statements including law-like
generalizations that are empirically testable.
A set of concepts, definitions, and propositions that projects a
systematic view of phenomena by designating specific
interrelationships among concepts for purposes of describing,
explaining, predicting, and/or controlling phenomenon.
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42. Theory cont’d….
42
A group of related concepts that propose action that guide
practice.
A logically interrelated set of confirmed hypotheses”.
A theory deals with one or more relatively specific and concrete
concepts and propositions”.
Theories are not discovered in nature but are human inventions.
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43. Some Terms Related to Theory
43
Theory
Purpose
Concepts
Construct
Proposition
Assumption
Supposition
Premise
Axioms and postulates
Theorems
Conclusion
A hypothesis
Law
Conceptual Model
Paradigm
Discipline
Research
Concept analysis
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Metaparadigm
Philosophy
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44. Theory cont’d
44
Central to all definitions, there are some
communalities of terms/elements of nursing theory
Purpose
Concepts
Definitions
Propositions
Structured ideas
Tentative
Describe a phenomenon or occurrence
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45. Theory cont’d …..
45
Purpose
It answers the question why is the theory formulated
Concepts
Building blocks of theory
Ideas, mental images of a phenomenon, an event or object that is derived
from an individual’s experience and perception (object, property, process,
or event).
Construct
If the phenomena are very abstract and the resultant concept is not directly
observable or measurable it is often referred to as a ‘construct’
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46. Theory cont’d …..
46
Proposition
The linking statements of different concepts, constructs and
variables
Tentative statements about reality and its nature
In the logical development of theories, it is expected that
propositions will follow a clearly identifiable line of reasoning
from initial premises to conclusions
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47. Theory cont’d …..
47
Proposition
Some specific types of propositions are ""postulates,
""premises, and ""axioms, which in a formal logical
deductive format are introductory prepositional
statements.
Other types of propositions are “theorems, 'hypotheses,
and laws, which in a chain of logical deductive reasoning
are concluding propositional statements
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48. Prepositioncont’d
48
types of statement.
Assumption
Supposition
Premise
Axiom
Postulate
Conclusion
Hypothesis
Theorem
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49. Theory cont’d …..
50
Assumption count…
positivist (P) and naturalist (N) assumptions about the
nature of reality (ontology) and the relationship of the
knower to the known (epistemology):
1.The nature of reality
P—reality is single, tangible, and fragmentable
N—realities are multiple, constructed, and holistic
2. The relationship of the knower to the known
P—Knower and known are independent, a dualism
N—Knower and known are interactive, inseparable
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50. Theory cont’d …..
51
Supposition :Refers similar meaning with assumption
Suppositions are taken to be true for the sake of argument.
We tend to accept the supposition that the environment is forever
changing
Premise:A premise is an introductory prepositional statement about
the relationship between concepts in a theory.
A relationship statement ‘used in deductive logic as a basis for
forming a conclusion.
In mathematics and deductive logic, premises serve as the basis for
forming a conclusion.
Postulates and axioms are other types of premises.
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51. Theory cont’d …..
52
Axioms and postulates
Similar to premises and form the major components within
deductive logic.
An axiom is a proposition that, is presumed to be true or self-
evident.
Axioms provide a basis from which other truths may be deductively
inferred.
an axiom is ‘a statement from which other statements of a theory
may be logically derived.
Axioms as premises are presumed to be true, in contrast to the
tentative nature of most propositions.
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52. Theory cont’d …..
53
Theorems:
is a conclusion, drawn from a set of axioms within a logical
deductive framework, which is accepted as truth.
Because axioms as premises connote a greater degree of
certainty, theorems also will be considered as less
tentative/unsure than hypotheses
Conclusion
A prepositional statement that refers to the end result of
deductive reasoning
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53. Theory cont’d …..
54
A hypothesis
•A proposition that refers to as a tentative statement which
suggests some sort of relationship between two or more
variables in a theory and can be tested through using
research methods’.
•Supported hypotheses may also serve as premises in
deductive arguments, where they lend a higher degree of
soundness to conclusions than do untested premises
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54. Theory cont’d …..
55
Law
•Is a proposition about the relationship between concepts in a
theory that has been repeatedly supported and accepted as valid.
•Laws are highly generalizable; that are consistently supported and
not tentative.
•Patterns of relationships that have become widely accepted by
virtue of repeated validation through research.
•A propositional statement that is highly generalizable , consistently
supported and therefore not tentative .
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55. Theory cont’d …..
56
Conceptual Model
is a set of interrelated concepts that symbolically
represents and conveys a mental image of a phenomenon.
Are conceptual tools or devices that can be used by an
individual to understand and place complex phenomena
into perspective.
An abstract and general system of concepts and
propositions
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56. Theory cont’d …..
57
Conceptual Model
•It has also been described as ‘a mental or diagrammatic
representation of care which systematically constructed and
assists practitioners in organizing their thinking about what
they do and in the transfer of their thinking into practice for
the benefits.
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57. Theory cont’d …..
58
Paradigm:
It refers to patterns or systems of beliefs (worldviews) about
science and knowledge production occurring within and across
disciplines.
Theoreticalthinking
Aparticularviewpointorperspective
Furtherclassifiedassystemparadigm,interactionalparadigm,
developmentalparadigmandbehavioralparadigm
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58. Theory cont’d …..
59
Systems paradigm
•Theories within this paradigm are largely based upon the
‘general systems’ paradigm
•Nursing theories that have their roots within the system
paradigm, the client is often referred to as an ‘open system
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59. Theory cont’d …..
60
Interactional paradigm
•Interactional theories have their origin in the symbolic
integrationist paradigm.
•This paradigm emphasizes the relationships between
people and the roles they play in society.
•Nursing activities are perceived as interactional
processes between practitioners and clients.
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60. Theory cont’d …..
61
Developmental paradigm
•Within this paradigm, it is argued that human beings are
constantly developing whether this be physiologically,
socially, cognitively, psychologically or spiritually.
•Development is seen as an ongoing process in which the
person must pass through various stages.
•The nurse’s role is to encourage positive development and
to break down or discourage the formation of barriers to
natural development
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61. Theory cont’d …..
62
Behavioral paradigm
•The behavioral paradigm owes much to the theoretical
formulations of Abraham Maslow (1954) concerning
motivation.
•Because of this, the theories which emanate from it are often
referred to as ‘human needs’ theories’ (Webb, 1986).
•The behavioral paradigm assumes that individuals normally
exist and survive by meeting their own needs.
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62. Theory cont’d …..
63
Discipline
•A discipline is characterized by a unique perspective, a
distinct way of viewing all phenomena, which ultimately
defines the limits and nature of its inquiry.
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63. Theory cont’d …..
64
Research
•Research is a systematic process of investigation, the general
purpose of which is to contribute to the body of knowledge
that shapes and guides academic and/or practice disciplines.
•Research may be defined as ‘a systematic process of enquiry
which utilizes a variety of methodological approaches to
investigate the questions and concepts of interest in nursing’
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64. Theory cont’d …..
65
The nature of theory
•Tentative in nature
•Theory is not reality; it is an abstraction of reality based on
assumptions about the true nature of a phenomenon that cannot
be proved or disproved.
•The degree of support that may be found for a theory relies on
applying various forms of reasoning to test the logic of
propositional statements and validating associated hypotheses
through research.
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65. Theory cont’d …..
66
Borrowed/Shared Theory
•A borrowed theory is theory developed in another
discipline that is not adapted to the worldview and
practice of nursing.
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66. Theory cont’d …..
67
Concept analysis
•Defining relevant attributes/empirical indicators and
criteria by which they may be judged to be present in a
particular situation.
•A concept development through concept exploration,
concept clarification and analysis
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67. Theory cont’d …..
68
Concept analysis (a concept development strategy
which sometimes alternates in usage with the terms
concept development and concept clarification] is
represented by a number of approaches.
A technique or mental activity that requires critical
approaches to uncovering subtle elements of meaning
that can be embedded in concepts.
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68. Theory cont’d …..
69
Concept exploration
•Labeling, identifying major components/dimensions,
and establishing why development of the concept
should be pursued.
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69. Theory cont’d …..
70
Concept clarification
Refiningexistingdefinitions, considering
interrelationshipsbetweendifferentelementsofthe
concept,discoveringanddiscussingnewrelationshipsto
resolveexistingconflictsaboutmeaninganddefinitions.
Developinganoperationaldefinition
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70. Theory cont’d …..
71
Deductive Reasoning
•Deductive reasoning is a way of thinking that begins with premises
about a phenomenon and systematically formulates a conclusion
that must necessarily follow.
•(Premise) all A is B
•(Premise) all C is A
•(Conclusion) all C is B
•The format is fixed, and therefore if the premises are faulty, the
conclusion will be faulty as well.
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71. Theory cont’d …..
72
Inductive Reasoning
•Inductive reasoning is a way of thinking begins with
observation of patterns or repetitive occurrences and
systematically formulates conclusions about what
probably or possibly is going on, that is what those
observations may signify.
•Thus, conclusions are reached by moving from lower
to higher levels of abstraction.
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72. Theory cont’d …..
73
•Metaparadigm:
is a term referring globally to the subject matter of greatest
interest to members of a discipline.
The issue is about boundaries that distinguish disciplines from
one another, not so much in terms of subject matter (because
certain subject matter may be of mutual interest to many
disciplines) but in terms of how disciplines view and address
the phenomena they see as central to their missions.
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73. Theory cont’d …..
74
Metaparadigm
•The most global perspective of a discipline acting as an
encapsulating unit or framework within which the more
restricted structures develop.
•It identifies certain phenomena which are of interest to a
discipline and explains how that discipline deals with those
phenomena in an unique manner.
•The four components are: ‘nursing’, ‘health’, ‘person’, and
‘environment’ Fawcett, 1995
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74. Theory cont’d …..
75
Person/man/human being/client/patient
•Uniform whole composed of inseparable Physiological,
Psychological, Social, Spiritual, Cultural parts
•The human being is an open system
•The scope of human being in nursing Individual,
Family, Community and Society
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75. Theory cont’d …..
76
Health
•The ability to function independently regarding fourteen activities of daily living
(Henderson, 1966)
•The optimum level of independence in each activity of living which enables the
individual to function at his/her maximum potential (Roper, Logan and Tierney,
1990)
•A state of wholeness or integrity of the individual, his parts and his modes of
functioning (Orem, 1980)
•The adaptation of the person to stimuli on a continuous line between wellness
and illness (Roy, 1971)
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76. Theory cont’d …..
77
Environment
•That which may act in a positive or negative way upon the client
(Henderson, 1966)
•Circumstances that may impinge upon the individual as he or she travels
along the life-span and cause movement towards maximum dependence
or maximum independence (Roper, Logan and Tierney, 1990)
•A sub-component of man and with man forms an integrated system
related to self-care (Orem, 1980).
•Both internal and external. From the environment people are subject to
stresses (Roy, 1971).
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77. Theory cont’d …..
78
Philosophy’
•A philosophy is concerned with the nature of being, the
nature of reality and the limits of knowledge (Silva 1986 ).
•A philosophy is also perceived as ‘a statement of beliefs and
values about the world, a perspective on human beings and
their world, and an approach to the development of
knowledge’ (Fawcett, 1992).
•A philosophy identifies what is believed to be the basic or
central issues of a discipline (Salsberry1994).
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78. Characteristics of theory
Theoriesare:
Interrelatingconceptsastocreateadifferent
wayoflookingataparticularphenomena.
Logicalinnature&Generalizable.
Basesforhypothesesthatcanbetested.
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79. Characteristics…
Increasingthegeneralbodyofknowledgewithinthe
disciplinethroughtheresearchimplementedtovalidate
them.
Usedbythepractitionerstoguideand
improvetheirpractice.
Consistentwithothervalidatedtheories,laws,and
principlesbutwillleaveopenunansweredquestionsthat
needtobeinvestigated.
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80. Importance of nursing theories:
Nursingtheoryaimsto:
Describe–therelationofconcepts(nursingtoclient),
Interprets–theobservation,
Predict/project–theoutcomesofthereality,
Explainthephenomenon/experienceofnursing,
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81. Importance…..
It helps to decide what we know and what we
need to know.
It helps to distinguish what should form the
basis of practice by explicitly describing nursing.
For better patient care .
Enhanced professional status for nurses.
Improved communication between nurses, and
Guidance for research and education .
.
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82. Importance…..
Themainexponent/promoterofnursingis:
Caring–canbemeasured
Itisvitaltohavethetheorytoanalyzeand
explainwhatnursesdotomeasurethephenomena.
Oneofthemostcommonwaystheoryhasbeenorganized
inpracticeis,inthenursingprocessofanalyzingassessment
data.
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83. Purposes of theory in practice
Assist nurses to describe, explain, and predict everyday experiences.
Serve to guide assessment, intervention, and evaluation of nursing care.
Provide a rationale for collecting reliable and valid data about the health
status of clients, which are essential for effective decision making and
implementation.
Enables nurses to know WHYthey are doing & WHATthey are
doing.
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84. Purposes …..
Help to establish criteria to measure the quality of
nursing care
Helps building a common nursing terminology to use in
communicating with other health professionals.
Ideas are developed and words defined.
Enhance autonomy (independence and self-governance) of
nursing by defining its own independent functions.
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85. Why nurses use theory in daily practice ?
Organize patient data.
Understand patient data.
Analyze patient data.
Make decisions about nursing interventions.
Plan patient care.
Predict outcomes of care.
Evaluate patient outcomes.
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86. The Role of Theory in Clinical Nursing Practice
The role of theory in clinical practice:
Viewed in the context of knowledge‐use in practice
Clinical nursing practice as a situation‐specific, singular
human experience.
Also as a system of nursing‐specific practice in clinical
situations
The role of theory as:
Background building for practice
Use in “specific clinical practice”
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87. Types of nursing theories
88
1.Meta-theory
2.Grand theory
3.Middle range theory
4.Micro theory
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88. 1. Meta-theory focuses
1.Philosophical and methodological questions to base of
theory for nursing
2.Analyzing the purpose and type of theory needed in
nursing
3.proposing & critiquing sources of theory
4.proposing the criteria most suited for evaluating theory
in nursing
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89. 2. Grand Theory
90
•Consist of broad conceptual frameworks that reflect
wide and expansive perspectives for practice and ways
of describing, explaining, predicting and looking at
nursing phenomena.
•They are the most complex and broadest in scope.
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90. 3. Middle Range Theory
91
•Less complex and narrower in scope than grand theory.
•A more workable level is the middle range. more limited in
scope and less variables, and testable.
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91. 4. Micro theories
92
•The least complex
•They contain the least complex concepts and are
narrowest in scope.
•They deal with a small aspect of reality, generally a set of
theoretical statements.
•Deals with specific and narrow defined phenomena.
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92. Major nursing theorists & their works
used for nursing practice
Peplau1952:interpersonalrelationinnursing
Orlando 1961:theDynamicnurse–ptrelationship
Wiedenbach1964:clinicalnursing:Ahelpingart
Henderson1966:Thenatureofnursing
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93. Majornursingtheorists…..
Levine,1967:Thefourconservationprinciples
ofnursing
Ujhely1968:Determinationofthenurse-patientr/ship
Rogres1970: An introduction to theoretical Basis of nursing
King 1971: Toward a theory of nursing
Orem 1971: nursingconcepts of practice
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94. Major nursing theorists…..
Travel bee 1971: Interpersonal aspects of nursing
B. Neumann 1974: Health-care systems model
Roy1976 : Introduction to nursing: An adaptation model
Auger: 1976: Behavioral systems and
nursing
Newman1979:Towardstheoryofthehealth
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95. THANK YOU !!!
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