1-Lecture-Introduction to Energy Relationship with Environment.pptx

Energy and Environment

1. Energy & Environment, ENRG 412 1

2. What is the relationship between energy and environment? 2 Energy & Environment is an interdisciplinary Field that includes energy policy analysts, natural scientists and engineers, as well as lawyers and economists to contribute to mutual understanding and learning, believing that better communication between experts will enhance the quality of policy, advance social well-being and help to reduce conflict. The rapidly evolving social and environmental impacts of energy supply, transport, production and use at all levels require contribution from many disciplines if policy is to be effective.

3. What is the relationship between energy and environment? 3 Energy and the environment have always been and will continue to be closely linked. All energy is, at the bottom, either derived or captured from the environment around us. Once used, it is eventually returned to the environment as a harmless byproduct or, more often than not, as harmful emissions or waste. https://journals.sagepub.com/home/EAE

4. Outli n e any en v ironment a l co n cerns due to en e rgy production from any one of the shown facilities. 4

5. Course Description (Topics to be Covered) This course studies some management aspects of atmospheric energy, resources, manufacturing, transportation and production of food in the context of natural resources, sustainable practices, and human health. The driving forces that influence policies and human activities will be discussed and analysed. For the initial half, lectures and reading material will be provided to the students with a detailed introduction to the impacts of conventional and renewable energy production and consumption on the natural environment, health, economics and their related management structures. Following the midterm examination, students will be exposed to new transportation technologies, main causes of air pollution, impacts of international commerce, sustainable manufacturing and industrial ecology basics, green buildings, energy management and sustainable food production. 5

6. Main purpose for this course The main objective of this course is to offer students the necessary elements to Critically understand the main energy and environmental issues and relationships , Gain quantitative skills to comprehend limitations imposed on using various forms of energy by technological and socioeconomic factors Learn quantitative skills and scientific inquiry patterns to use energy conversion methods in changing energy from one form to another for appropriate use. 12

7. Criterion 3. Student Outcomes (ABET) The program must have documented student outcomes that support the program educational objectives. Attainment of these outcomes prepares graduates to enter the professional practice of engineering. Student outcomes are outcomes (1) through (7), plus any additional outcomes that may be articulated by the program. an ability to identify, formulate, and solve complex engineering problems by applying principles of engineering, science, and mathematics. an ability to apply engineering design to produce solutions that meet specified needs with consideration of public health, safety, and welfare, as well as global, cultural, social, environmental, and economic factors. an ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences. an ability to recognize ethical and professional responsibilities in engineering situations and make informed judgments, which must consider the impact of engineering solutions in global, economic, environmental, and societal contexts. an ability to function effectively on a team whose members together provide leadership, create a collaborative and inclusive environment, establish goals, plan tasks, and meet objectives. an ability to develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use engineering judgment to draw conclusions. an ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as needed, using appropriate learning strategies. https:// www.abet.org/accreditation/accreditation-criteria/criteria-for-accrediting-engineering-programs-2018-2021/#4 13

8. Energy? “ Energy is a property of matter that can be converted into work, heat or radiation. Useful energy is scarce. Population increases at an exponential rate. Industrializations demands more and more energy. Limited resources can impact social, cultural, economical, and environmental aspects of our lives. Global impacts could even be more serious. En v i r o n menta l problem s b e come more seve r e w i th increases in energy consumption.

9. Energy Transformations O i l + Chemical E n e r g y Chemical to Electrical Energy Chemical to Electricity Sound and Light Kinetic Energy Chemical energy to Work

10. Power  Energy ( or work ) Time Energy & power Energy is the capacity to do work Uni t: British th e rmal unit (Btu), Calorie, kWh, Joule Power is the rate at which work is done Unit: watt, Btu/h One can be converted to another if the conversion factor is known: 1 watt= 1 J/s = 3.412 Btu/h 1055 Joules = 1 Btu 1 Calorie = 1,000 calories 1kWh = 3,412 Btus 1 hp (horsepower unit+ = 746 watt = 550 ft.lb/s

11. Energy Scale BTU-One BTU is the equivalent to the energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one-degree Fahrenheit. 10 10 2 10 8 10 6 10 4 10 10 10 12 10 14 10 22 10 20 10 18 10 16 Energy in one gallon of gasoline Average daily human food intake Energy needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Farenheit World per capita annual energy consumption U.S. per capita annual energy consumption Energy Scale Annual energy from sun reaching earth World annual energy consumption U.S. annual energy consumption Bt us

12. Activity On a winter day a home needs 1 x 10 6 Btu of fuel energy every 24 hours to maintain the interior at 65ºF. At what rate is the energy being consumed in watts?

13. Recall that Watt=J/s and 1,055J=1 Btu                    1 BTU   3600s  1055J 1 h 1 x 10 B T U 24 h 6 S  12, 20 J  12 . 2 x 10 3 S J  12.2 kW Power  E n e r g y T i m e Solution

14. Activity A 100W light bulb is left accidentally on overnight (8 hours). How much energy does it consume ? How much money does this cost, if electricity cost 10 cents per Kilowatt hour?

15.   1kWh     0.8kWh    $0.10   $0.08 Solution Energy Use = Power x Time of Power Use   100W    8h   800Wh  0.8kWh Cos t of t h e Energy = Energy Use d x Cos t of Uni t of Energ

16. Applied force position vs. graph o f an object is given below. Find the work done by on the forces the object Activity (J & Btu). https ://ww w .ph ys icstutorials.org/home/exams/work-power-energy-exams-and-solutions/146-work- power-energy-exam1 16

17. Solution Area under the graph gives us work done by the force. Work done between 0-5m: W 1 =4.5=20 joule Work done between 5-8m: W 2 =(6+4)/2.3=15 joule Work done between 8-11m: W 3 = 6.3/2=9 joule Work done between 11-15m: W 4 =-5.4/2=-10 joule W net =W 1 +W 2 +W 3 +W 4 =20+15+9+(-10) W net =34 joule 17

18. Energy needs 18 Modern societies are characterized by a substantial consumption of fossil and nuclear fuels needed to provide for the operation of the physical infrastructure upon which these societies depend: Production of food and water, Clothing, Shelter, Transportation, Communication, and Other essential human services.

19. Class Discussion 19 Select the main concern of energy use & concentration in urban areas of an industrialized nation: Environmental degradation (air, water & land), Ill-health effects, Adverse global climate changes, Expanding consumption of energy, Social and economic impact, Other (Please specify). Divide the class in groups for a group discussion and defending their point of view.

20. Energy use impacts 20 The amount of energy use and its concentration in the urban areas of industrialized nations has caused: Environmental degradation of air-, water- and land-dependent ecosystems on a local and regional scale, Adverse health effects in human populations. Adverse global climate changes that would result from the accumulation of gaseous emissions to the atmosphere, principally carbon dioxide from energy related sources. Expanding consumption of energy both by industrialized nations and by developing nations seeking to improve the living standards of their growing populations. Adverse effects on the social and economic circumstances of national populations.

21. Major sources of energy The major sources of energy for modern nations are Fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas), Nuclear fuels, and Hydropower . Non-hydro renewable energy sources, such as biomass, wind, geothermal, solar thermal, and photovoltaic power, account for only a small portion of current energy production. Less energy-rich sources of energy which are not depletable. These are the so-called renewable energies , such as those of solar insolation, wind, flowing river currents, tidal flows, and biomass fuels (are presently supplying a very small fraction of the total energy consumption of the world). 21

22. Energy market sectors 22 Transportation energy (Automobiles). Fossil fuel users (provide heat for space heating, cooking, or industrial and commercial use). Energy needed to sustain human life. Fuel energy needed for cooking and for heating human shelter . Growing, reaping, and storing food , making clothing, and constructing shelters. Communication , lighting, materials, and numerous services for the entire population.

23. Energy usage in sectors of economic activity 23 Industrial (manufacturing, material production, agriculture, resource recovery), Transportation (cars, trucks, trains, airplanes, pipelines and ships), Commercial (services), and Residential (homes). One prominent use of energy, principally within the industrial and commercial sectors, is the generation of electric power .

24. The environment 24 Increasing pollution of air, water, and land by byproducts of industrial activity (in areas surrounding industrial facilities, such as coal burning power plants, steel mills, & mineral refineries), Permanent loss of natural species of plants & animals by changes in land, water usage & human predation, Growing global climate change because of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. Persistent, chronic, and harmful levels of photochemical smog , (in many urban regions without heavy industrial facilities) a secondary pollutant created in the atmosphere from invisible volatile organic compounds & nitrogen oxides produced by burning fuels & widespread use of manufactured organic materials. Overloading of rivers, lakes, and estuaries with industrial and municipal wastes threatened both human health and the ecological integrity of these natural systems.

25. The environment (Cont.) 25 The careless disposal on land of mining, industrial, and municipal solid wastes despoiled the purity of surface and subsurface water supplies. acidification of forest soils, contamination of marine sediments with municipal waste sludge, and poisoning of aquifers with drainage from toxic waste dumps. Not the least of the impending cumulative waste problems is the disposal of used nuclear power plant fuel and its reprocessing wastes. In preindustrial times, large areas of forest and grassland ecosystems were replaced by much less diverse crop land. Subsequently, industrialized agriculture has expanded the predominance of monocultured crops and intensified production by copious applications of pesticides, herbicides, and inorganic fertilizers. Valuable topsoil has eroded at rates above replacement levels. Forests managed for pulp and lumber production are less diverse than their natural predecessors, the tree crop being optimized by use of herbicides and pesticides. In the United States, factory production of poultry and pork have created severe local animal waste control problems. The most threatened, and most diverse, natural ecosystems on earth are the tropical rain forests. Tropical forest destruction for agricultural or silvicultural uses destroys ecosystems of great complexity and diversity, extinguishing irreversibly an evolutionary natural treasure. It also adds to the burden of atmospheric carbon dioxide in excess of what can be recovered by reforestation. The most sobering environmental changes are global ones. The recent appearance of stratospheric ozone depletion in polar regions, which could increase harmful ultraviolet radiation at the earth’s surface in mid-latitudes should it increase in intensity, was clearly shown by scientific research to be a consequence of the industrial production of chlorofluorocarbons. But the more ominous global pollutants are infrared-absorbing molecules , principally carbon dioxide but including nitrous oxide and methane, that are inexorably accumulating in the atmosphere and promising to disturb the earth’s thermal radiation equilibrium with the sun and outer space. It is currently believed by most scientists that this disequilibrium will cause the average atmospheric surface temperature to rise, with probable adverse climatic consequences. Because carbon dioxide is formed ineluctibly in the combustion of fossil fuels that produce much of current and expected future energy use and is known to accumulate in the atmosphere for centuries, its continued emission into the atmosphere presents a problem that cannot be managed except on a global scale. It is a problem whose control would greatly affect the future course of energy use for centuries to come.

26. The trend of the growth of energy sources from 1970 to 1997 and the prediction to 2021. James A. Fay, Dan S. Golomb, Energy and the Environment, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 15. 26

27. C o n c lu s i o n 27 We reviewed the present and historic trends of energy consumption and supply patterns in the world as a whole, as well as in individual countries—by industrial sector, by end-use, and per capita. The so-called “developed” countries consume a much larger amount of energy and emit a much higher rate of CO 2 per capita than the “less developed” countries. However, the converse is true for energy use per Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The “less developed” countries have a higher ratio of energy consumption and a higher emission rate of CO 2 per dollar GDP than the “developed” countries. Measured by the available proven fossil energy reserves , and present rate of consumption, coal may last 250–300 years, oil 65–70 years, and natural gas 85–90 years. Unconventional fossil energy resources, such as oil shale, tar sands, geopressurized methane, and methane hydrates, may extend the lifetime of fossil fuels severalfold, but their exploitation will require greatly increased capital investment and improved technology. The price of the delivered product will be much higher than is currently paid for these commodities. The major conclusion is that for the sake of husbanding the fossil fuel reserves, as well as for the sake of mitigating air pollution and the CO 2 -caused global warming, mankind ought to conserve these fuels, increase the efficiency of their uses, and shift to nonfossil energy sources .

28. Trend of world’s energy consumption for 1970–1997 and a projection to 2021. (Data from U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency, 2000. International Energy Outlook 2000.) 1 Quad (Q) = 1 quadrillion (1E(15)) British thermal units (Btu) = 1.005 E(18) joules (J) = 1.005 exajoules (EJ) = 2.9307 E(11) kilowatt hours (kWh). James A. Fay, Dan S. Golomb, Energy and the Environment, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 13. 28 Eastern European and former Soviet Union countries

29. Energy resources

30. E n e r g y Energy is a property of matter that can be converted into work, heat or radiation. energy is the capacity to do work. Work: is the product of force times the distance through which the force acts, the exertion of a force acting through a displacement or a couple acting through an angular displacement. Thermodynamic energy: is a quantity that is derived from an understanding of the physical and chemical properties of matter. Common forms of energy are: Chemical Energy Heat Energy Heat energy is the energy associated with random molecular motions Mass Energy Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Electric Energy Electromagnetic Radiation.

31. Common forms of energy a) Chemical Energy: is the energy stored in certain chemicals or materials that can be released by chemical reactions, often combustion. The burning of wood, paper, coal, natural gas, or oil releases chemically stored energy in the form of heat energy and, as discussed earlier, most of the energy used in the United States is of this form. We heat our homes, power our automobiles, and turn the generators that provide electricity primarily with chemical energy. Other examples of chemical energy sources are hydrogen, charged electric batteries, and food in the stomach. Chemical reactions release this energy for our use. Heat Energy : is the energy associated with random molecular motions within any medium. The term thermal energy is interchangeable with heat energy. Heat energy is related to the concept of temperature. Increases of heat energy contained in any substance result in a temperature increase and, conversely, a decrease of heat energy produces a decrease of temperature. Mass Energy : Albert Einstein taught us that there is an equivalence between mass and energy. Energy can be converted to mass, and mass can be converted to energy. The famous formula E = mc 2 Kinetic energy : is a form of mechanical energy. It has to do with mass in motion. An object of mass m, moving in a straight line with velocity v, has kinetic energy given by KE = mv 2 /2. If the object in question is an automobile, work must be done to bring the auto up to speed, and, conversely, a speeding car must do work in being brought to rest. The work done on the accelerating car is derived from the fuel, and the work done by the stopping car will appear mainly as heat energy in the brakes if the brakes are used to stop the car. In a similar manner, an object rotating around an axis has kinetic energy associated with the rotation. It is just a matter of all the mass elements which make up the object each having velocity and kinetic energy according to the description given above. These combined kinetic energies make up the kinetic energy of the rotating object. We commonly see rotational kinetic energy in a potter ’ s wheel, a child ’ s top, an automobile flywheel, and so forth. Someday rapidly rotating flywheels may provide the stored energy needed to power a car. Potential energy : is associated with position in a force field. An obvious example is an object positioned in the gravitational field of the earth. If we hold an object having weight w at a height h above the earth ’ s surface, it will have potential energy PE = w × h relative to the earth ’ s surface. If we then release the object and let it fall to the earth, it will lose its potential energy but gain kinetic energy in the same amount. Another example would be at a hydroelectric dam where water is effectively, but usually not literally, dropped onto a turbine below. In this example, the water hitting the blades of the turbine has kinetic energy equal to the potential energy it would have had at the top of the reservoir surface. This potential energy is measured relative to the turbine ’ s location. The kinetic energy of the water becomes electric energy as the turbine spins a generator. Electric Energy : The idea of electric energy is less obvious than the examples of other types given previously. Not surprisingly, electric energy is one of the last types of energy to have been brought into practical use. With electric energy, nothing can be seen, either stationary or in motion, but the effects can be readily apparent. In spite of this difficulty, an understanding of electric energy is necessary for the functioning of a complex industrial society. It is electric energy that allows us to have telephones, television, lighting, air-conditioning, electric motors, and so forth. If an electric charge q is taken to a higher electric potential (higher voltage) V, then it is capable of releasing its potential energy, given by PE = q × V, in some other form such as heat or mechanical energy. A battery, such as we have in a flashlight or automobile, is a common device for storing electric energy. The chemicals in a battery have an inherent difference of electric potential. When the battery is charged, electric charges are brought to the higher-potential so that energy is stored as chemical energy for later use as electric energy. Thus a battery works both ways; it can convert electric energy to chemical energy, or chemical energy to electric energy. Mechanical energy is converted to electric energy in a generator, where conductors are forced to move through a magnetic field to induce a voltage between the ends of the conductor. And, if a voltage is applied to the terminals of a common type of generator, it can function as a motor, thereby converting electrical energy to mechanical energy. Electromagnetic Radiation : The energy radiated by the sun travels to the earth and elsewhere by electromagnetic radiation. That part of the spectrum of electromagnetic energy to which our eyes are sensitive is known as visible light, and a large fraction of the solar energy we receive is in the form of visible light. The electromagnetic spectrum covers a very wide range of frequency, and visible light is only a small part of the entire spectrum. Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by a wavelength, 𝜆 (the Greek letter lambda), and a frequency, f . In a free space, the velocity of light, c, is related to these quantities by the equation c = f × 𝜆 . The numerical value of c is 3 × 108 m ∕ s. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from radio waves ( 𝜆 = 200 m) to microwaves ( 𝜆 = 0.1m), to light ( 𝜆 = 5 × 10 − 7 m), to x-rays ( 𝜆 = 1 × 10 − 8 m) and beyond. Various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are important to the transformation and use of energy on earth. The portion that includes radio waves and microwaves is generated by electronic devices. Light and x-rays have their origin in atomic excitations and radiating electrons. Gamma rays are produced by the decay of excited states of atomic nuclei. b) c) d) e) f) g)

32. The Energy of Atoms and Molecules The matter of a macroscopic body is composed of microscopic atoms and/or molecules (themselves aggregates of atoms). Sometimes, as for gases, these molecules are so widely separated in space that they may be considered to be moving independently of each other, each possessing a distinct total energy. Otherwise, in the case of liquids or solids, each molecule is under the influence of forces exerted by nearby molecules, and we can only distinguish the aggregate energy of all the molecules of the body. We call this energy the internal energy and give it the symbol U. Even though the motion of microscopic molecules is not describable by Newtonian mechanics, it is still possible to consider their total energy to be the sum of the kinetic energies of their motion and the potential energies of their intermolecular forces. It is not possible to observe directly the energies of individual atoms of a thermodynamic substance, but changes in its internal energy are indirectly measurable by changes in temperature, pressure, and density. These observables, called thermodynamic state variables, are the surrogates for specifying internal energy. Chemical and Nuclear Energy Molecules are distinct stable arrangements of atomic species. Their atoms are held together by strong forces that resist rearrangement of the atoms. To disassemble a molecule into its component atoms usually requires the expenditure of energy, so that the molecules of a body may be considered to possess an energy of formation related to how much energy was involved in assembling them from their constituent atoms. If the internal energy U of a material body is changed, but the individual molecules remain intact, then their chemical energy of formation remains unchanged and contributes nothing to the change in U. On the other hand, if a chemical change occurs, so that new molecular species are formed from the atoms present in the original species, there will be a redistribution of energy among the components of the internal energy, of which the chemical energy of formation of the molecules must be taken into account. A similar energy change accompanies the formation of new atomic nuclei in the fission of the nuclei of heavy elements or the fusion of light ones. Because the binding forces that hold nuclei together are so much larger then those that hold molecules together, nuclear reactions are much more energetic than molecular ones. Nevertheless, we can consider both molecules and atomic nuclei to possess energies of formation that must be taken into account in expressing the conservation of energy for material bodies that experience chemical or nuclear changes in composition. Electric and Magnetic Energy Molecules that possess a magnetic or electric dipole moment can store energy when they are in the presence of a magnetic or electric field, in the form of magnetic or electric polarization of the material. This energy is associated with the interaction of the molecular dipoles of the material body with the external electric charges and currents that give rise to the applied electric or magnetic field. Since capacitors and inductors are common components of electronic and electrical circuits, this form of energy is important to their functioning. TOTAL ENERGY The various forms of energy that can be possessed by a material body, as described above, can be added together to define a total energy, to which we give the symbol E, E ≡ KE + PE + U + E chem + E nuc + E el + E mag It is very seldom that more than just a few of these forms are significant in any practical process for which there are changes in the total energy. There are many examples. In a gasoline engine, the combustion of the fuel – air mixture involves U and Echem; in a steam and gas turbine, only KE and U change; in a nuclear power plant fuel rod, U and Enuc are involved; and in a magnetic cryogenic refrigerator, U and Emag are important. Nevertheless, the manner in which the various forms of energy enter into the laws of thermodynamics is expressed through the total energy E, a result of very great generality and consequence.

33. P o w e r Power is the time rate of using, or delivering, energy: Power = energy/time (W = J/s) E = P × t.

34. Units of Energy The Joule (J) The British Thermal Unit (Btu): One Btu is defined to be the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one-degree Fahrenheit. Similarly, it is the amount of heat energy given off by one pound of water when it cools by one-degree Fahrenheit. The Calorie: It is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius, or the amount of energy given off when one gram of water cools by one degree Celsius. The Foot-Pound The Electron-Volt (eV) A barrel of crude oil contains about 6 GJ (6 MBtu) of fuel heating value.

35. Class Problem The temperature of 15 pounds of water in a tank has been raised by 10 degrees Fahrenheit. How many Btu of heat energy was added to the water? What is this energy in joules? Robert A. Ristinen, Jack J. Kraushaar, Jeffrey Brack, Energy and the Environment, John Wiley & Sons; 3 rd Edi., 2016, pp. 13 For water: Energy (Btu) = weight (lb) × Δ T ( ∘ F) = 15 lb × 10 ∘ F = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 Btu Energy (joule) = 150 Btu × 1055 joule ∕ Btu = 𝟏𝟓𝟖 , 𝟐𝟓𝟎 joules

36. Presentation No. 1 – 10 Marks Outline the main impacts of energy production on the surrounding environment. Highlight the Impact of growing demand of energy on the Environment and its role for future generations. What strategies can you suggest to maintain economic growth, quality of life, and ever-increasing demand for energy in KSA? Group Presentation: Sectors to be Covered: Transportation, Food, Industry, Residencial, Entertainment, Healthcare, Education, Religious, Fitness and Well-being, etc. Deadline: Three weeks from the date of assignment 36

37. Assignment No. 2 – 5 Marks 37 By consulting the relevant literature, try to give realistic estimates of energy savings, in percent, in the KSA residential sector for appliances, lighting, space heat, water heat, and air conditioning over the next 20 years. James A. Fay, Dan S. Golomb, Energy and the Environment, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 28. NOTE: Your estimate should be based on realistic assumptions and supported by research data. Deadline: Next week.

38. Referenc e s James A. Fay, Dan S. Golomb, Energy and the Environment, Oxford University Press (2002). Robert A. Ristinen, Jack J. Kraushaar, Jeffrey Brack, Energy and the Environment, Wiley; (2016). Peter E Hodgson, Energy, the Environment and Climate Change, Imperial College Press (2008). The Green Factory by Andrea Pampanelli, Neil Trivedi and Pauline Found. CRC Press (2016) Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management by Sebastian Thiede. Springer (2012) Pollution Prevention Sustainability, Industrial Ecology, and Green Engineering by Ryan R. Dupont, Kumar Ganesan and Louis Theodore. CRC Press (2017) https://b-ok.org/ 38

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