1-Statistics presentation for online.ppt

Ststistics

1. STATISTICS
WITH
LABORATORY
jtfermin@spup

2. Statistics
It is a scientific body of
knowledge that deals with
the collection, organization
or presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of data.
jfermin@spup

3. Steps in conducting research
1.) Collection
2.) Organization or presentation
3.) Analysis
4.) Interpretation
jfermin@spup

4. Defining a Problem
1. Personal Choice
2. Interest
3. Economic Considerations
4. Specificity
5. Significance
6. Relevance
jfermin@spup

5. 1.) Collection
It refers to the gathering
of information or data.
e.g. Interviews, questionnaires,
rating scales
jfermin@spup

6. 2.) Organizationor presentation
It involves summarizing
data or information in
textual, graphical, or
tabular forms.
jfermin@spup

7. 3.) Analysis
It involves describing the
data by using statistical
methods and
procedures.
jfermin@spup

8. 4.) Interpretation
It refers to the
process of making
conclusions based on
the analyzed data.
jfermin@spup

9. Why do we need to
study statistics? Is it
important in our lives?
jfermin@spup

10. In Business
Statistics is used to test consumers’
preferences and to discover what it
is about a product that gives it its
appeal.
Statistics can also be used in
planning marketing and advertising
strategies and in making changes in
a product’s quality to increase sales.
jfermin@spup

11. In Education
The performance ratings of students
in national examinations are
monitored for the improvement of the
quality of education.
Enrollment rates are also used in
developing programs that can be
reach out to out-of-school children
jfermin@spup

12. In Medicine
Statistics is used in medical
research, providing healthcare
professionals with new
knowledge and technology for
better diagnosis, treatment,
and the prevention of certain
diseases.
jfermin@spup

13. In Sports
Numerical measures about
the performance of
individual players and
teams can be calculated
using statistical formulas.
jfermin@spup

14. In Politics and Government
Statistics is used to obtain
information about voters’
attitudes toward certain issues
and candidates. This will help
candidates plan their
campaign strategies.
jfermin@spup

15. In Entertainment
The most favorite actresses
and actors can be determined
by using surveys.
Ratings of the members of the
board of judges in a beauty
contest are statistically
analyzed.
jfermin@spup

16. In Agriculture
Through statistical tools, an
agriculturist can determine
the effectiveness of a new
fertilizer in the growth of
plants or crops.
jfermin@spup

17. Descriptive
and Inferential
Statistics
jfermin@spup

18. Descriptive Statistics
It is a statistical procedure
concerned with describing the
characteristics and properties of a
group of persons, places, or things.
Generally, it involves gathering,
organizing, presenting, and
describing data.
jfermin@spup

19. Inferential Statistics
It is a statistical procedure that is
used to draw inferences or
information about the properties or
characteristics by a large group of
people, places, or things on the
basis of the information obtained
from a small portion of a large
group.
jfermin@spup

20. Tell whether the following
situations will make use of
descriptive statistics or inferential
statistics.
jfermin@spup

21. 1.A teacher computes the average grade of
her students and then determines the top
ten students.
2.A manager of a business firm predicts
future sales of the company based on the
present sales.
3.3. A psychologist investigates if there is a
significant relationship between mental
age and chronological age.
Descriptive Statistics or Inferential Statistics
jfermin@spup

22. 4. A researcher studies the effectiveness of a
new fertilizer to increasing food production
Descriptive Statistics or Inferential Statistics
5. A janitor counts the number of various
furniture inside the school.
6. A sport journalist determines the most
popular basketball player for this year.
jfermin@spup

23. 7. A school administrator forecast future
expansion of a school
8. A market vendor investigates the most
popular brand of vinegar.
Descriptive Statistics or Inferential Statistics
9. An engineer calculates the average height
of the buildings along Taft Avenue.
10. A dermatologist tests the relative
effectiveness of a new brand of medicine in
curing skin diseases.
jfermin@spup

24. Terminologies
in Statistics
jfermin@spup

25. 1. Population
It refers to a large
collection of objects,
persons, places, or
things. A population is
denoted or represented
by N.
jfermin@spup

26. 2. Sample
It is a small portion or part
of a population. It could also
be defined as a subgroup,
subset, or representative of
a population. A sample is
usually denoted by n.
jfermin@spup

27. 3. Parameter
It is any numerical or
nominal characteristics of a
population. It is a value or
measurement obtained from
a population. It is usually
referred to as the true or
actual value.
jfermin@spup

28. 4. Statistic
It is an estimate of a
parameter. It is any
value or measurement
obtained from a
sample.
jfermin@spup

29. 5. Data
These are facts, or a set of
information or observations
under study. More specifically,
data are gathered by the
researcher from a population
or from a sample.
jfermin@spup

30. Classification of data
a.Qualitative data
b.Quantitative
data
jfermin@spup

31. a. Qualitative data
These are data which can assume
values that manifest the concept of
attributes. These are sometimes
called categorical data. Data falling
on this category cannot be subjected
to meaningful arithmetic operations.
ex. Gender, nationality
jfermin@spup

32. b. Quantitative data
These are data which are
numerical in nature. These
are data obtained from
counting or measuring.
ex. height, scores
jfermin@spup

33. Qualitative or Quantitative
number of students in school
civil status
nationality
body mass index
kinds of poetry
number of siblings
number of hours playing online games
speed of light
jfermin@spup

34. 6. Variable
It is a characteristics or
property of a population
or sample which makes
the members different
from each other.
jfermin@spup

35. Classification of a variable
a.Discrete Variable
b.Continuous Variable
c.Dependent Variable
d.Independent
Variable
jfermin@spup

36. a. Discrete Variable
It is one that can assume a
finite number of values. In
other words, it can assume
specific values only. The values
are obtained through the
process of counting.
ex. Number of student in a class
jfermin@spup

37. b. Continuous Variable
It is one that can assume
infinite values within a
specified interval. The
values are obtained through
measuring. ex. Height of the
building
jfermin@spup

38. Discrete or Continuous
weight of male teachers
passing score in the test
number of cable television companies
number of domestic animals
height of PBA players
weight of infants at birth
books in a library
distance of a capital from a town
jfermin@spup

39. c. Dependent Variable
It is a variable
which is affected
or influenced by
another variable.
jfermin@spup

40. d. Independent Variable
It is one which
affects or influences
the dependent
variable.
jfermin@spup

41. 7. Constant
It is a property or
characteristics of a
population or sample, which
makes the members of the
group similarto each other.
jfermin@spup

42. Scales of
Measurement
jfermin@spup

43. Measurement
Assignment of
symbols or numerals
to objects or events
according to some
rules
jfermin@spup

44. The Four Measurement Scales
1.Nominal Scale
2.Ordinal Scale
3.Interval Scale
4.Ratio Scale
Note: In SPSS, there are only three scales of measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Scale
jfermin@spup

45. 1. Nominal Scale
Comes from latin word “nomen”
which means ‘name’.
Used to distinguish one object
from another for identification
purposes.
Cannot be quantified or ranked
Ex. Gender, Nationalittyjfermin@spup

46. 2. Ordinal Scale
Data are arranged in some
specified order or rank.
Can say that one is better
or greater than the other,
but the degree of their
differences cannot be
determined.
jfermin@spup

47. Ex. the ranking of
contestants in a beauty
contest, of siblings in the
family, or of honor
students in the class
jfermin@spup

48. 3. Interval Scale
Can be ranked or ordered,
and quantified
Can specify the amount of
difference
No point of reference which
is called an absolute value
jfermin@spup

49. Ex. Scores in an
examination
To illustrate, suppose Maria
got 50 in a Math examination
while Martha got 40. We can
say that Maria got higher than
Martha by 10 points.
jfermin@spup

50. 4. Ratio Scale
Similar to an interval
the only difference is that the
ratio level always starts from
an absolute or true zero point.
there is always the presence
of units of measure.
jfermin@spup

51. Ex. Weight
To illustrate, suppose Mrs.
Reyes weighs 50 kg, while her
daughter weighs 25 kg. We
can say that Mrs. Reyes is
twice as heavy as her
daughter.
jfermin@spup

52. 1. Eye color
2. Phone number
3. Lot number
4. ID number
5. Weight of a
box
6. Test Score
7. Lot area
8. Civil status
9. Religion
10. Land area
11. Number of jets in an airport
12. Job positions in an office
13. Length of time to finish a
game
14. Height of the building
15. Volume of water
16. Number of houses in a
village
17. Size of a T-shirt
18. Salary of workers
19. Number of houses in a
village
20. Employee’s hourly wage
Classify the following according to its
scale of measurement.
jfermin@spup

53. jfermin@spup

54. Processing the Survey Activity
How did you
conduct the survey?
Was it
advantageous?
Why?
jfermin@spup

55. How did you choose
your respondents?
Describe your selection
procedure.
jfermin@spup

56. Did you encounter
problems in tabulating
the results? What are
these?
jfermin@spup

57. Survey VS Census
Survey: it is a form
of data collection
conducted to gather
opinions or feedback
from people about a
variety of topics
jfermin@spup

58. Survey VS Census
Census: the data
gathered come from
the entire population
jfermin@spup

59. A.Primary Sources
B.Secondary
Sources
jfermin@spup

60. Primary Sources
includes information
collected from an
original source of data,
which is firsthand in
nature
jfermin@spup

61. Primary Sources
government
institutions, business
agencies,
e.g. (PSA)
jfermin@spup

62. Secondary Sources
includes information
collected from
published or
unpublished sources,
such as books,
newspapers
jfermin@spup

63. Sampling
is the process of careful
selection of members of
a population to study and
make generalizations
about a population
jfermin@spup

64. Sampling
1.It is more economical
2.It is faster to accomplish
3.It allows for wider scope
4.It produces accurate info
5.It is sometimes the only
feasible method to use
jfermin@spup

65. n=N/1+Ne
2
Where: n= sample size
N=population size
e= margin of error
jfermin@spup

66. n=N/1+Ne
2
Ex: In a population
size of 1000 with
e=5%, what would be
the sample size?
jfermin@spup

67. --a procedure used
to determine the
individuals or
members of a sample
jfermin@spup

68. A.Probability Sampling
B.Non-Probability
Sampling
jfermin@spup

69. --a sampling technique
wherein each member or
element of the population
has an equal chance of
being selected as
members of the sample
jfermin@spup

70. A.Random Sampling
B.Systematic Sampling
C.Stratified Random Sampling
D.Cluster Sampling
E.Multi-Stage Samplingjfermin@spup

71. A.Lottery Method
B.Table of Random
Numbers
jfermin@spup

72. --select a random
starting point, then
draw successive
elements from the
population
jfermin@spup

73. k=N/n
Ex. The population is
45 and sample size
is 14
jfermin@spup

74. --dividing the elements
of a population into
different categories or
subpopulations
jfermin@spup

75. A group of students
wanted to conduct an
experiment in the
university about the use
of cellular phones.
jfermin@spup

76. Strata Number of
students
Elementary2500
High School9500
College 4500
Total 16500
jfermin@spup

77. StrataNumber of
students
Percentag
e
Samples
to be taken
Elementar
y
2500
High
School
9500
College4500
N=16500
jfermin@spup

78. --sampling wherein
groups or clusters
instead of individuals
are randomly chosen;
area sampling
jfermin@spup

79. --is a sampling technique
wherein members of the
sample are drawn from
the population based on
the judgment of the
researcher
jfermin@spup

80. --is also called subjective
sampling
•Convenience Sampling
•Quota Sampling
•Purposive Sampling
jfermin@spup

81. Convenience
Sampling
-samples are determined
based on convenient,
availability, proximity or
accessibility to the
researcher
jfermin@spup

82. Quota Sampling
-samples are determined
with the same percentage
(as that of stratified) but
not done randomly
jfermin@spup

83. Snowball sampling
-A member of the sample is
chosen through referral of
the other members of the
sample
jfermin@spup

84. Modal Instance
sampling
-members of the sample are
selected based on the
typical, most frequent
observation or modal cases
jfermin@spup

85. Exercises
1. An actress is preparing for
the role of a young female
who was recovered from a
severe drug addiction. She
decided to get information
from people who have been
in such a case.
jfermin@spup

86. Exercises
The actress looked for a
reliable person who can
refer her to somebody who
has recovered from the
same addiction. What
method of sampling is this?
jfermin@spup

87. Exercises
2. A group of computer science
graduates wants to put up an
internet café. To ensure that
they will cater to their target
clients’ needs, they conducted
a survey by giving out survey
forms to college students and
yuppies
jfermin@spup

88. Exercises
Strolling at the nearest mall. To
identify the respondents, the
researchers listed the
characteristics of the students
and yuppies, looked for persons
who fit the criteria. What was
the method of sampling used?
jfermin@spup

89. PRESENTATION
OF DATA

90. GROUPED DATA
ARE DATA THAT ARE
ORGANIZED AND
ARRANGE INTO
DIFFERENT CLASSES OR
CATEGORIES
jfermin@spup

91. UNGROUPED DATA
ARE DATA THAT ARE
NOT ORGANIZED, OR IF
ARRANGED, COULD
ONLY BE FROM
HIGHEST OR LOWEST
TO HIGHEST
jfermin@spup

92. METHODS OF
PRESENTING
DATA
jfermin@spup

93. jfermin@spup

94. IMPORTANT
CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE DATA ARE GIVEN
EMPHASIS
IN PARAGRAPH FORM
jfermin@spup

95. 35224
772324
25262223
28252820
20302524
jfermin@spup

96. THE HIGHEST SCORE
OBTAINED IS 30 AND THE
LOWEST IS 2. 15 STUDENTS
GOT 20 AND ABOVE, WHILE
ONLY 5 GOT TEN AND BELOW.
GENERALLY, THE STUDENTS
PERFORMED WELL IN THE
TEST.
jfermin@spup

97. jfermin@spup

98. SHOWS THE
GROUPINGS OF THE
DATA INTO A NUMBER
OF CLASSES
(intervals/categories)
jfermin@spup

99. SHOWS HOW THE
DATA ARE
DISTRIBUTED AMONG
CLASSES
jfermin@spup

100. TABLE NUMBER: FOR EASY
REFERENCE TO THE TABLE
TABLE TITLE: EXPLAINS THE
CONTENT OF THE TABLE
COLUMN HEADER : DESCRIBES
THE DATA IN EACH COLUMN
jfermin@spup

101. ROW CLASSIFIER: SHOWS THE
CLASSES OR CATEGORIES
BODY: MAIN PART OF THE TABLE
SOURCE NOTE:PLACED BELOW
THE TABLE WHEN THE DATA
WRITTEN ARE NOT ORIGINAL
jfermin@spup

102. TABLE 4: DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS IN XYZ HIGH
SCHOOL ACCORDING TO YEAR LEVEL
Year Level Number of Students
1st Year 300
2nd Year 250
3rd Year 285
4th Year 215
N = 1050
SOURCE: XYZ HIGH SCHOOL REGISTRAR
jfermin@spup