1. Topography associated with horizontally layer rocks.pdf

Geography, topography

1. TOPOGRAPHY
ASSOCIATED WITH
HORIZONTALLY
LAYER ROCKS
Geomorphology

2. Characteristics and
processes associated with
development of hilly
landscapes and basaltic
plateaus

3. •Stratified rock –rock composed of layers or strata
•Bedding planes –planes separating layers of rock
•Lava flow-lava pours out onto earths surface where it cools and becomes solid
•Dolerite sill-a horizontal layer of igneous rock that has formed along a bedding plane
•Igneous rock –rock that forms when magma cools and condenses
•Landscapes-area with a number of landforms
•Plateau –large high lying area that is relatively flat
•Sedimentary rock-rock that is formed through deposition and compression of sediment
•Sheet wash-rainfall flowing over the land as a sheet
•Gullies-small narrow, long areas of erosion on a long slope
•Badlands-a landscape with narrow gullies and sharp ridges formed in arid climates
•Mass waiting-movement of eroded material down a slope.

4. •Hilly landscapes and basaltic plateaus form in areas where the strata is horizontal
•The strata of these landscapes can erode at a similar rate
Source: https://live.staticflickr.com/8475/8125216936_537ce01a61_b.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pajarito_Platea
u.jpg/350px-Pajarito_Plateau.jpg

5. Hilly landscapes
•They are formed by layers of rock with equal
resistance
•Climate of the area effect the landscapes
•Landscapes with hilly rounded slopes are
formed when sheet wash and mass waiting
takes places. Generally in a humid climate.
•Rainfall runs off down the slope and takes
sediment with it.
•Hills that have gullies and sharp ridges
generally form in arid climates
•The slopes are uneven and steep
•This landscape can also called the Badlands,
which something that was termed in USA
Source: https://www.thesouthafricaguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Valley_of_A_thousan_hills.jpg
Valley of thousand
Hills KZN
Source: https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/badlands-np-andreas-eckert-ste-
small_1.jpg
Badlands
USA

6. Basaltic plateaus
•Basaltic plateaus can also be called lava plateaus
•Built up over a long period of time to form this
layers
•Many fissure eruptions have caused lava to erupt
on the earths surface
•the lava cools and creates a horizontal layer of
basalt that can be eroded equally
•The basalt layer gives rice to basaltic plateaus
•Drakensburg –the thick layer on top is a basalt
layer
•Vertical erosion has taken place = valleys
•The Deccan Trappsin India is also an example
•It formed over millions of years
•Iceland is another example
Source: https://res.cloudinary.com/dah7fhgud/image/upload/w_auto,c_scale/0050016752_1460_640.jpg
Source:
https://www.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/styles/inline__450w__no_aspect/public/deccan_16x9.jpg?itok=U
gUSk2mx

7. Characteristics and
processes associated with
the development of
canyon landscapes,
Karoo and scarp retreat

8. •Tectonic uplift –rising of a land mass due to tectonic uplift
•Cap rock-horizontal layer of hard and resistant rock found at the top of a
mountain
•Mesas –flat topped table mountain with great width and height
•Buttes-flat topped hills with greater height than width
•Point buttes-narrows hills with sharp peaks at the top
•Conical hills-small pointed hills
•Scarp retreat –erosion of scarp slope causes loss of ground over the whole slope,
but no loss of height
•Pediplain-large, low angled plain

9. Canyon landscapes
•These landscapes form where rocks are stratified
and the layers are horizontal
•This landscape has rocks that are not do not erode
at the same time. Thus some of the rocks will
erode quicker than others
•Due to tectonic uplift, a fault landscape is
developed
•Over time rivers erode the flat layer
•It finds the cracks and weak areas of the rock and
erode downwards
•The more resistant part of that flat layer remains.
•= mountains and valleys
•The climate plays a role on how the landscapes
looks. In humid the mountains are rounded in
shape but in arid they are very angular and steep.
Motlatse(Blyde) River Canyon Mpumalanga
Source: https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/bN7iu-8_u-
jvZDoUBjk88Ya6bsEa4HaF6Tswa7eYzjlrPiifQT3OUxyFq3WKtaWjq9VxFyaq09oMbA3ohuAmf1M=s512

10. Fish River Canyon, Namibia
Source: https://www.info-namibia.com/images/attractions/landmarks/fish-river-canyon/Fish-River-Intro.jpg

11. Karoo landscapes
•Karoo landscapes develop from the canyon
landscape
•The Karoo landscape has flat topped
mountains or hills that have concave slopes
and vary in size
•It is very dry in these areas and there is little
rainfall
•The landforms generally have the cap rock
that is resistant to erosion
•The cap is generally dolerite
•Sandston and shale are below (they get
eroded away)
Source: https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTU1Lrntp0_PDKMjJtB69GTb16UqGspQFV9YPbYF1shjKv_Mt
c3&usqp=CAU

12. How does the Karoo landscape form?
•Over time canyon flood (valley floor) gets wider
as erosion continues over time. The plateau
surfaces get narrower.
•The resistant cap rock allows for the plateau to
remain its original height.
•These processes lead to landforms such as
mesas, buttes and table mountains.
•Over time, when it does rain the water erodes
the softer rock and the landforms get smaller
and smaller.
Source: https://images.slideplayer.com/16/4894987/slides/slide_6.jpg

13. Concept of scarp retreat and back wasting
•Rivers erodes down into the landscape. Creating valleys and mountains.
•The height of the landforms created remains the same due to that capped layer of
harder rock. Over time the landforms do get narrower due to erosion.
•The slopes are steep and they retreat parallel to them selves (inwards) over time
•This process = scarp retreat or back wasting

14. Source: LearnXtraGeography Grade 12

15. Source: https://i.pinimg.com/736x/6f/4f/43/6f4f431c126899c1ab133a8529ad49e6.jpg
Source: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/57/0e/45/570e4528a7c6aa9357c5fbe30e27c5bb.jpg